what is the basic expression of the article? ▲ There are five basic ways to express the article: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation ▲ About the technique of expression: expressing feelings directly by holding objects, writing scenery, lyrical narration, expressing feelings directly, flashback, and contrast, setting off the symbol of Zhang Xianzhi, setting off imagination, caring for objects, setting off feelings, setting off objects, setting off beautiful scenery, setting up sadness, combining reality with positive description, and so on. ▲ What do you mean by narration? What is the function of narration? Narration is an expression method by which the author introduces and explains people, events, environment and their development and evolution through general statements. Answer the question "what is it?" ▲ What are the types and methods of narration? There are two types of narration: one is general narration, and the other is concrete narration. The general narration is also called brief description, which is to introduce people, events and environment with simple pen and ink and provide readers with a general impression. Specific narration, also called detailed description, is to explain the characters' deeds and environment in detail with detailed pen and ink. There are four narrative methods: sequential narration, flashback, interpolation and supplementary narration. Shunxu is a narrative method according to the development process of events or the natural order of characters experience. It conforms to people's general cognitive habits, is clear in organization and context, and is easy to describe people and things completely. Flashback, also called reverse pen insertion. It's a way to narrate the ending of an event (character) or the wonderful and touching fragments in its development, and then narrate them in chronological order. There are three kinds of flashbacks. One is to advance the ending, the other is to advance a certain segment, and the third is to recall the way, and express the author's feelings in the front of the article. The advantage of flashback is that it can cause suspense and make the structure of the article varied. Interpolation is to insert another narrative in the process of narrative. Interpolation can enrich the content of the article and enrich the story. There are also three situations in interpolation: first, the inserted content is related to the described content. This kind of narration is also called narration. Second, the inserted content is a supplement and comment to the narrative content. This kind of interpolation is also called supplementary narration. Another situation is that the inserted content is in the opposite order to the original narrative, which is also called reverse narrative. ▲ Who are commonly used in narration? There are three commonly used narrators: the first person-me and us; The third person-he, they and the second person-you, you. ▲ What problems should we pay attention to when narrating? (1) to clear clues. Only by determining certain clues can we be organized, and no matter how complicated the situation is, it can be self-organized. (2) to understand. In order to tell readers what it is, narrative must grasp six elements: time, place, people, events, causes and consequences. Only in this way can readers get a complete and clear impression. ③ Be detailed and appropriate. When describing one thing, we can't use our strength evenly in each stage of its development process. When describing several things, we should also have a focus. According to the specific circumstances of the article, it should be detailed but not miscellaneous, detailed but not barren, simple but not crude. 4 to be ups and downs, "Wen is like looking at the mountains and not liking peace." We should be good at using various narrative methods alternately, and use techniques such as cadence, speed, intermittent reading and clutch to make the narrative ups and downs. ▲ What is description? What is the role of description? Description is to describe the state, action, nature, characteristics, color and layout of the environment of the characters in vivid language. It answers the question of "how". Represent objective things concretely, vividly and vividly, giving people a sense of reality in person. The function of description is: ① to show the style of natural scenery; ② Show the form, manners, speech and inner world of the characters; ③ Show the background or specific environment of the characters' activities. ④ Arouse people's aesthetic emotions, influence people's feelings, deepen people's feelings about the beauty of objective things, and make the works attractive. ▲ What types of descriptions are there? There are four types: character description, environment description, scene description and detail description. ▲ What is character description? What kinds of characters are described? What are the requirements? Character description includes: ① Portrait description. That is, write about the external characteristics of the characters, such as voice, smile, dress, expression and posture. There are many methods of portrait description. From the perspective of description, there are descriptions through the introduction of characters in the works, descriptions through the comparison of different characters, and descriptions by side contrast; From the description technique, there is a complete description, a static description and a dynamic description; In terms of the use of pen and ink, there are meticulous descriptions and understated sketches. The requirements of portrait description are: first, to convey the spirit with form and grasp the representative features in appearance; Second, we should be unique, ingenious and avoid following the same pattern. ② Action description. That is, the description of people's specific actions. The requirements of action description are: to show the ways, methods and steps of the characters' actions concretely and vividly, and to answer the question of "how to do it" satisfactorily. ③ Language description. That is, express personalized characters in personalized language. There are two ways to describe language. One is monologue. (The characters in the work talk to themselves). One is dialogue (two or more people ask and answer each other). To do a good job in language description, first of all, the language must conform to the identity, situation, thoughts and personality characteristics of the characters, so that people can believe that this person can only speak in this way; second, the language must be accurate, concise and vivid. ④ Psychological description. That is, the method of directly describing the inner activities of characters in a specific environment. It is a direct perspective of the characters' thoughts, feelings, reason and the whole spiritual world, and can better expose the most hidden things in the characters' hearts. The methods of psychological description mainly include: psychological analysis; Show in words and actions; Expressed in dreams, hallucinations, etc. Attention must be paid to psychological description: first, don't impose the author's feelings on the characters; Second, we should pave the way for the necessary environmental conditions for psychological activities; Third, it should be interwoven with other description methods, and it is not appropriate to make a long, static and monotonous psychological description. ▲ What is environmental description? What is the role of environmental description? Environmental description refers to the description of objective external conditions that are directly related to the characters in the works or the feelings expressed by the authors. It includes natural scenery and social environment. The function of environmental description is: ① to show the background of the work and point out the time, place and social background; ② Set off the characters' personalities and show their mental outlook; (3) promoting the development of the plot and increasing the realism of the story; ④ Highlight the theme of the article and reflect social life; (5) express thoughts and feelings, revealing the author's mind. ▲ What is scene description? What are the methods of scene description? What are the requirements for scene description? Scene description: it refers to the description of the life picture formed by the relationship between characters in a certain time and environment. Or it can be said to be a comprehensive form of character description. There are two main methods of scene description: one is bird's-eye view, that is, to write the overall scene and atmosphere of the scene from the overall point of view. In this method, the key is to write a complete artistic picture, instead of seeking subtlety on the point, but seeking breadth on the surface. The other is close-up. That is, the typical scenes that are representative and characteristic in the scene are highlighted in a concentrated and meticulous manner. There are two requirements for scene description: first, write about the events that happened at the same time and in the same environment, pay attention to its surroundings, combine the time and place with the characters, and ask someone to have a picture. Second, intercept the cross section of the event process, and write the dynamic and static state to show the relationship between the characters. ▲ What is detail description? What is the role of detail description? Detail description, that is, the description and description of people, things, scenery and things with typical significance. Detail description plays a great role: ① it can contribute to the twists and turns of the plot; (2) can show the distinctive personality of the characters; (3) can show the unique characteristics of environmental scenery; ④ It can enhance the expressive force of the theme. ▲ What are the methods and requirements of description? There are six common description methods, namely, direct description and indirect description, meticulous description and line drawing, attitude description and dynamic description. Both direct description and indirect description are from the point of view when describing. Direct description, also called positive description, describes people, things and environment from the front, so that their appearance can be directly revealed. Indirect description is also called profile description. It does not directly describe the object itself, but indirectly sets off the object to be described by describing others. Therefore, people also call this method "baking clouds to hold the moon" method. Meticulous description and line drawing, from the degree of description, meticulous description, that is, the description of thick pen and heavy color, meticulous carving. Sketch, that is, understatement, simple outline. Static description and dynamic description are from the change of description object. Static description means the description of plane and static characters and scenery. Dynamic description is a description of the modality of the development and change of characters or scenery. The requirements of description are as follows: ① Be true and specific. That is to say, we should grasp the characteristics of the object to describe it, so that its state, color and emotional appeal can be vividly described on the paper. ② Choose a good angle. There are several angles of description: the bystander's angle, the party's angle and the witness's angle. Choosing an angle should proceed from one's own unique feelings, conform to the usual logic of people's observation and understanding of things, and pay attention to point to area. ③ It should be refined and vivid. Refinement means that the language is accurate, concise and vivid, and that the text is lively and vivid. ▲ What is lyric? What is the function of lyricism? Lyricism means that the author expresses his subjective feelings and thoughts and feelings in the article. Its functions are: ① to move people with emotion and enhance the appeal of the article; ② Develop artistic conception, express and deepen the theme; (3) Render the atmosphere, show the style of writing, and run through the meaning of the article. ▲ What are the lyric methods? (1) direct lyricism, also known as direct expression of chest meaning, that is, the author directly pours out his feelings. (2) Lyricism, also called narrative lyricism, is a lyrical way for the author to get emotional because of things and integrate feelings into narrative; (3) Lyricism by borrowing scenery, also called feeling in scenery or describing lyricism, that is, the author places his feelings in the description of scenery and expresses his feelings with the shape, color concentration and style of the scenery. (4) talk about lyricism, also called emotion in reason. That is, to put feelings in truth and express thoughts and feelings by reasoning. ▲ What are the requirements of lyricism? (1) to have the true feelings, not to create feelings for the text, moaning without illness; (2) to be in harmony with the content, maintain a consistent style, and form an organic connection; ③ Have a positive and healthy interest. ▲ What is discussion? What is the function of discussion? Discussion means analyzing and commenting on objective things and expressing one's own views and attitudes. The functions of discussion are: ① to enhance the expression effect of the article and improve the militancy; (2) Clarify the theme of the article and reveal its ideological significance; ③ A compact chapter structure that runs through the context. ▲ What are the methods of discussion? Common discussion methods are as follows: ① Discussion between narratives. That is, talk while telling. You can discuss it first, or discuss it first and then discuss it. It is necessary to closely link discussion with narration, so that discussion is self-narrative, concise, flexible and natural. (2) integrating reason with emotion, that is, integrating discussion into lyricism and explaining truth through lyricism. (3) borrow the end to discuss, that is, discuss by associating the things described. This kind of discussion must be intrinsically related to the things described, and at the same time, it should be associated with the object itself. (4) discuss outside the article. That is, at the beginning or end of the article, add an argumentative text that is both independent and related to the content of the text. In addition, there are quotations, questions and suggestions. ▲ What is explanation? What's the function of explanation? Explanation means to explain clearly the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relations and functions of things in concise words; Express the characteristics of the characters' experiences clearly. The functions of explanation are as follows: ① Use it to explain arguments in argumentative writing; (2) use it as an annotation in the narrative; ③ In news, use it to introduce background materials and strengthen content expression; ④ Use it to express scientific knowledge or things in scientific reports or textbooks. ▲ What are the methods of explanation? There are many ways to explain things and things, and the commonly used methods for explaining articles mainly include the following. Definition explanation method: also called definition. Sometimes in order to highlight the main contents and problems of things, things are often defined in concise words, so that readers have a clear concept of the explained object. Numeric notation: also called column number. Sometimes in order to explain the characteristics of things quantitatively, some figures are often used to explain them accurately and scientifically. Comparative explanation: also called comparison. In order to explain some abstract or unfamiliar things, comparing them with concrete or familiar things can often enhance the effect of explaining things. For example, in the article "The Great Hall of the People", in order to illustrate the building area of the banquet hall, the author used the method of comparison: "The banquet hall with 5, seats is another scene. Its area is 7, square meters, which is bigger than a football field, and its exquisite design is rare. " Metaphor explanation: also called metaphor. Using the familiar things as metaphors can make the things to be explained concrete and vivid, and help people understand the characteristics of the things to be explained. Illustration: also called example. It is to make more complicated things or abstract things specific, clear and easy to understand by enumerating facts. Classification description: also called classification. It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes, functions and other attributes, things can be divided into several categories, and then explained one by one according to the categories. Using the classification method, we should explain different aspects of things and things separately according to certain standards. Citation: also called citation. Quoting some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings can make the explanation more convincing. For example, the article "Stone Arch Bridge in China" quoted Zhang Jiazhen's words in the Tang Dynasty, indicating that Zhao Zhouqiao's design and construction are ingenious. In addition, there are questions and answers, descriptions, charts, etc. ▲ What problems should we pay attention to? ① Grasp the characteristics of the object to be explained: ② Be good at telling the suspects of things; (3) that should be carried out objectively; ④ Explain in simple, accurate and detailed words. ▲ The role of the beginning of the article 1) Cut to the chase The so-called "cut to the chase" is a figurative statement, which refers to directly cutting into the main point. For example, "Praise of Poplar" touched the theme at the beginning: "Poplar is really extraordinary, I praise poplar!" This kind of writing is crisp and neat, and it is quick to get into the topic, so it is favored by many students. (2) Quoting the classics to show the inside story; quoting epigrams, famous sayings, poems or proverbs at the beginning can enhance the momentum at the beginning, make people feel lofty and lofty, and achieve the effect of attracting readers and highlighting the center. The following examples are commonly used: 1. Poetry begins with a poem, which is magnificent and shocking. Such as: "Don't wait for leisure, it's white." My father is over forty, and his head is white, but he is still very ordinary ... 2. At the beginning of the proverb, the children are familiar with it, which makes him feel kind and stimulate interest. For example, there is a saying in China: "Three wooden sticks can't make a fart." My father is a man who doesn't like to talk ... 3. The opening method of famous sayings not only makes your meaning concise and concise, but also can concentrate on expressing the main idea of the article, which plays a finishing touch and adds a lot of color to the article. For example, a student wrote "Self-confidence": Edison, a famous scientist, said, "Self-confidence is the first secret of success." Yes, with self-confidence and continuous efforts, you can succeed. 4. The method of introducing a story by quoting an allusion or a short story in real life can increase the interest of the article and arouse the reader's interest. For example, when a student wrote Tolerance, he began: "A reason."