the meaning of enlightenment is to clarify, clarify and illuminate. It gives people inspiration and enlightenment. When it evolved into the proper term "Enlightenment", it meant ideological liberation movement and social liberation movement. In the west, the Renaissance movement from the 14th century A.D. to the anti-feudal and anti-religious ideological emancipation movement in the 16th-18th century, which was the forerunner of the bourgeois revolution, all belonged to the enlightenment stage. Therefore, enlightenment has the meaning of guiding people from darkness to light, from covering to revealing, and from ignorance to wisdom.

the enlightenment in the west lasted for about 4 years, forming two major ideological trends and two cultures. In modern times, philosophers, represented by Descartes, have always taken people and consciousness as the research objects, and used the logical method of rationalism to form a literary culture. Philosophers, represented by Bacon and Locke, take science and language as research objects and use empirical logical methods to form a scientific culture. This is the origin of western humanism and scientism. It continues until today.

Kant said: "The key point of the Enlightenment, that is, human beings get rid of the immature state they imposed on themselves, mainly on religious affairs", "makes people find that they should look at people according to their dignity-people are not just machines; ..... "(Noe: Kant: Selected Works of Criticism on Historical Reason, Commercial Press, 1991, pp. 29 and 31. According to Kant's exposition, the first thing of the Enlightenment is to get rid of people's immaturity, the second is to get rid of the ignorance caused by religion, and the third is to look at people from the perspective of people.

Nietzsche said, "The Greeks expressed the joyful necessity of experiencing this dream in their Apollo. Sun God, as the god of all modeling forces, is also the god of prophecy. According to its etymology, he is a' light emitter' and god of light. " (Note: Nietzsche: The Birth of Tragedy, Joint Publishing Company, 1986, p. 4. )

Cassirer, one of the founders of neo-Kantian value philosophy, pointed out that the spirit of enlightenment is an empirical spirit and a reasoning spirit, and the spirit of analysis ... analysis is a crutch given to the blind by a kind God. He said: "The Enlightenment believes that the actual road to the revival of scientific thinking in modern times is a concrete and self-evident evidence, which shows that the integration of' positivism spirit' and' reasoning spirit' is not a pure hypothesis. On the contrary, this established goal can be achieved and this rationality can be achieved." (Note: Cassirer: Enlightenment Philosophy, Shandong People's Publishing House, 1996, p. 7. )

e. Cahill said, "The focus of 18th century thought has increasingly shifted from general to special, from principle to phenomenon". (Enlightenment Philosophy, Shandong People's Publishing House, 1988, p. 21).

Voltaire pointed out that every mentally sound person has the concept of natural law in his heart. "All people who enjoy various natural abilities are obviously equal; When they play various animal functions and use their reason, they are equal. " (Note: Voltaire: Dictionary of Philosophy. See French Philosophy in the 18th Century. The Commercial Press, 1979, p. 88. )

Diderot believes that cognition not only originates from sensory experience, but also carries out rational thinking in order to grasp the essence and reason of things. He said: "It takes people some effort to realize how strict the law of seeking truth is and how limited the number of our methods is. Everything comes down to returning from feeling to thinking, and from thinking to feeling: constantly re-entering yourself and getting out of yourself. " (Noe: Diderot: On the Interpretation of Nature, see French Philosophy in the 18th Century, p. 326.

Engels said, "The great men who inspired people's minds for the coming revolution in France are very revolutionary in themselves. They don't recognize any outside authority, no matter what it is. Religion, view of nature, society, national system, everything has been criticized most mercilessly; Everything must defend its existence in front of a rational court or give up its right to exist. " (Note: Engels: On Anti-Turin, see Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, People's Publishing House, 1974, p. 56. )

Barrett said, "The Greeks invented logic. His definition of "man is a rational animal" literally means that man is a logical animal; ..... man is an animal capable of coherent and logical conversation. " (Note: Barrett: Irrational Man, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1992, pp. 8 and 81.

Marcuse said: "Technological progress has extended to the whole control and regulation system, and created some forms of life (and power), which seem to reconcile the forces opposed to this system and defeat or refute all the protests in the name of getting rid of the historical prospect of labor and control." "Faced with the totalitarian characteristics of this society, the traditional concept of technology neutrality can no longer be maintained. Technology itself can no longer be separated from its application; The technological society is a ruling system, and it is already operating according to the idea and structure of technology. " (Note: Marcuse: One-sided Man, pp. 3, 4 and 7. )

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2 "Enlightenment"

Marcuse said: "The government of developed and developing industrial society can only successfully launch, organize and develop technologies that can be applied by industrial civilization. (Note: Marcuse: One-sided Man, p. 3. )

Marx said: "* * materialism is a positive sublation of private property, that is, human self-alienation, and therefore it is also a real possession of human nature through and for people; Therefore, it is the return of man to himself as a social person, that is, a person who conforms to human nature. This return is thorough and conscious, and it preserves all the rich achievements of previous development. This kind of * * * productism, as a completed naturalism, equals humanism, and as a completed humanism, equals naturalism. " (Noe: Marx: Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts in 1844, People's Publishing House, 1979, p. 73.

frome said, "The problem in the 19th century was that God died, and the problem in the 2th century was that human beings died. In the 19th century, inhumanity meant cruelty; in the 2th century, inhumanity meant self-alienation. The danger in the past is that people become slaves, and the danger in the future is that people will become robots. " (Noe: Fromm: A Sound Society, Guizhou People's Publishing House, 1994, p. 291. )

Hawke, Harmo and Adorno criticized: "The technology of cultural industry is only used for standardization and serial production, and gives up the difference between the logic of works and the social system." "Technical rationality is the rationality of rule itself." (Noe: Hawke Harmo and Adorno: Dialectics of Enlightenment, p. 113. ) "The purpose of enlightenment has always been to make people get rid of fear and become masters. But the fully enlightened world is full of great misfortune. " (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno: Dialectics of Enlightenment, translated by Hong Peiyu, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 1. ) The arbitrariness and compulsion of reason show that myth and science are of the same origin, "and myth and science are the expressions of the spirit of enlightenment" (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno: Dialectics of Enlightenment, translated by Hong Peiyu, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 12. ）。 "Knowledge is power, which enslaves living things infinitely and obeys the masters of the world infinitely." (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno, Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 2. ) Under the definition of enlightened knowledge, knowledge despises ideas and thoughts. Knowledge is a practical method and skill. "People gave up thinking when studying science in the new era. People use formulas instead of concepts, and rules and contingency instead of reasons. " (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 3. ) "The relationship between the spirit of enlightenment and things is just like the relationship between dictators and people. Dictators only know people when they can manipulate them. Scientists only know things when they can make them. Only then can scientists know the thing itself. In the process of using things, scientists always regard the essence of things as the entity he has mastered. This equality constitutes the unity of nature. " (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 7. ) "The essence of enlightenment is to choose one of the two possibilities, and inevitably choose the right to dominate production. People always have to make a choice, either to make nature dominated by themselves or to make themselves subordinate to nature. With the development of the bourgeois commodity economy, the hazy horizon in the myth was illuminated by the inferred rational sunshine. Under the strong sunshine, the seeds of the new barbaric state have developed and grown. " (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 28. )

"Good deeds become evil, while domination and oppression become virtues." (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 96. As a result, "for rulers, people have become data, just as the whole nature has become data for society." (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 8. Sober people see that "the ideal of the technological world is to abolish nature, that is, to completely control nature and feed it back to people: comprehensive exploitation, as the unity of ideal and reality, can only adhere to the nature of exploitation, that is, the principle of false absolute and blind rule, and develop into the ruling technology of all social forms." (Noe: H. Gunny and R. Lingut: Hawke Harmo, China Social Sciences Press, 1992, p. 89. )

Hawke Harmo and Adorno pointed out: "With the aid of this rural life with narcotic drugs, the ruthless society makes the enslaved class bear the sufferings they can't bear, and there is no reason to maintain their own survival. In fact, this rural life is just an illusion of happiness, which makes people live a hard life insensibly and exist like animals. " (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, pp. 56-57. )

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3 "Enlightenment"

Hawke Harmo and Adorno said: "In the process of the development of the enlightenment spirit, it is always inevitable that certain theoretical viewpoints will be criticized destructively. The destruction of heroes in mythology and the principle of inevitability of destiny followed by logical conclusions fabricated from fables not only dominate everything, but also become strict rules of formal logic and various rationalistic systems of western philosophy, and also determine various conclusions of the same content system that start with the hierarchy of God and denounce the real drawbacks through the obscurity of God. Just as myth has been enlightened, the spirit of enlightenment has become more and more intertwined with mythology with the progress of mythology. " (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 9. )

"Today, fear and disgust, the characteristics of being ridiculed and disgusted, can be regarded as a sign of strong progress in the process of human development. From aversion to feces and human flesh, to contempt for superstition, laziness, spiritual poverty and material poverty, it is pursuing a route that becomes a real and inevitable way of action. Every step is a progress and a stage of the spirit of enlightenment. However, all the early changes, from early pantheism to myth, from matriarchal system culture to paternal system culture, from slave owners' polytheism to Catholic hierarchy, replaced the old mythology with new, enlightened mythology, replaced the matriarchal female leader with a large group of gods, and replaced the respect for the dead with respect for the lamb. Under the brilliance of enlightened rationality, everyone is objective and in fact. (Note: Hawke Harmo and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Chongqing Publishing House, 199, p. 85. )

As Hawke Harmo said: "... When technical knowledge expands the scope of people's thoughts and activities, as a person's autonomy, people's ability to resist the growing large-scale domination of institutions, people's imagination and people's independent judgment are also reduced. The development of enlightenment spirit in technical tools is accompanied by a process of losing humanity. In this way, progress is in danger of canceling its real goal-human thought. " (Noe: Horkheimer, Eclipse Freason, New York, 1974, p.v-vi.)

Kant believes that "the Enlightenment is that human beings break away from their own immature state. Immature state means that you are powerless to use your own reason without the guidance of others. When the reason is not the lack of reason, but the lack of courage and determination to use it without the guidance of others, then this immature state is imposed on itself. Sapereaude！ Have the courage to use your own reason. This is the slogan of the Enlightenment. " (Note: Kant: "Answer this question:" What is the Enlightenment? " ",in the historical rational criticism anthology, He Zhaowu translation, the Commercial Press, 199), page 22. )

since rationality is a kind of ability to distinguish human beings from other objects, and even from the self acted by the object. (Noe: Kant: Principles of Moral Metaphysics, translated by Miao Litian, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1986, p. 17. )

Kant's way of defining enlightenment is almost entirely qualitative. It is defined as an Ausgang, an "Exit" and a "Wayout". ..... In the text on enlightenment, he only deals with the problems of contemporary reality. He doesn't try to understand the present on the basis of a totality or future results. He is looking for differences: what makes today different from yesterday! (Note: Foucault: "What is enlightenment? ",translated by Wang Hui, in" Culture and Sex ",Sanlian Bookstore, 1998, p. 424.