Original 2. 1 Confucius said: "Rule the country by virtue (1), such as Beichen (2) living in its place (3) and the stars (4)." Note (1) Governing the country by virtue: the meaning of taking use. This sentence means that the ruler should rule the country by virtue, that is, "rule the country by virtue." (2) Beichen: Polaris. (3) location: location, location. (4) altogether: the meaning of the same arch and the same circumference. Confucius said: "(Zhou Jun) ruling the country by virtue will be like the North Star in a certain place surrounded by many stars." Commenting on this passage represents Confucius' thought of "rule by virtue", which means that if the ruler practices rule by virtue, ministers and people will automatically revolve around you. This is a principle that emphasizes the decisive role of morality in political life and advocates moral education as the principle of governing the country. This is a valuable part of Confucius' theory, which shows that the basic principle of Confucian governance is rule by virtue, not severe punishment and severe law. Original 2? 6? 12 Confucius said, "The Book of Songs is 300 (1). In a word, it is' thinking innocently'. " Note (1) The Book of Songs has 300 articles: it refers to the number of the Book of Songs, actually it is 305 articles. (2) Coverage: generalization. ⑶ Innocent thoughts: pure thoughts without evil thoughts. Confucius said: "There are 300 books in The Book of Songs, which can be summarized in one sentence: pure thoughts have no evil thoughts." Original 2? 6? 13 Confucius said: "Tao (1) politics (2), equipment (3) punishment, people are free from shame (4); Tao is virtue, courtesy, shame and decency. " Note (1): Channel. Guide. Guide. (2) Politics: government decrees, politics and law. (3) Unity: standardization and control. (4) People are free and shameless: ordinary people have no shame in order to escape punishment. Exemption: no. 5] Grid: correction. It contains the meaning of surrender and naturalization. Confucius said, "People are guided by laws and regulations, and punished by punishment. People have no sense of shame in order to escape punishment: they use morality to guide people and etiquette to regulate people. Ordinary people not only have a sense of shame, but also submit to their hearts. Original 2? 6? 14 Confucius said: "I am determined to learn [2] five out of ten, stand at thirty [3], be puzzled at forty [4], know my destiny at fifty, be pleasant at sixty, and be satisfied at seventy." Note (1) is: again. (2) learning: learning. (3) Stand: Stand firm. Be sure of what you say and do. (4) Not confused: not confused, not opinionated. Listening to people can distinguish right from wrong. [6] Do not overstep the moment: Do not overstep the moment. Confucius said: "I am determined to be a scholar at the age of fifteen, understand etiquette at the age of thirty, and stand firm on the road of life." Forty years old, stubborn and not confused. At the age of fifty, I knew the fate of life. At the age of sixty, I can tell right from wrong by listening to people. When I am seventy years old, I will do what I think and will not cross the line. " Original 2? 6? 15 Meng ① asked Xiao. Confucius said, "No violation." (3) In (4), my son told me, "Ask me about filial piety, and I said,' No violation'" and said, "What is it?" Confucius said, "The things in life are courtesy; When you die, you will be buried and sacrificed. " Note (1) Meng: Doctor Lu Guo, jealous, nicknamed "Yi". (2) No violation: No violation of etiquette. The ancients who violated the etiquette system called it violation. Object ellipsis. Fan Chi: Xu Fan, a student of Confucius, was late. (4) in: driving. (5) things: clothing. [6] with: preposition. Use, take and follow. Meng asked Confucius what filial piety was. Confucius said, "Filial piety means no breach of etiquette." Soon, Fan Chi drove for Confucius, and Confucius told him, "Sun Meng asked me about filial piety, and I replied,' Don't break the ceremony'." Fan Chi said, "What does this mean?" Confucius said: "Parents are alive and serve them according to the prescribed etiquette;" When parents die, they shall be buried according to the prescribed etiquette and sacrificed according to the prescribed etiquette. "Original 2? 6? 16 Meng ① asked Xiao. Confucius said, "Parents only worry about their illness. "Note (1) Meng: son of Meng." Wu "is posthumous title. (2) Parents only worry about their own illness: there are two kinds of sayings. One is that parents only worry about their son's illness. One is that children only worry about their parents' illness. Both can pass. Its: He, demonstrative pronoun. As can be seen from the above, one refers to parents. Second, it refers to children. Meng, what is filial piety? Confucius said, "Parents only worry about their children's illness." Original 2? 6? 17 Ziyou (1) asks filial piety. Confucius said, "Today's filial piety means that it can support [2]. As for dogs and horses, both can be kept; Disrespect 3, why not do it for 4? " Note (1) Ziyou: Confucius student Yan Yan, Ziyou. ⑵ Can support: Can support parents. (3) Respect: filial piety. (4) Don't: differences. Ziyou asked about filial piety, and Confucius said, "Filial piety now only means being able to support parents. Even dogs and horses can be kept by people; If there is no filial piety to parents, what is the difference between supporting parents and raising dogs and horses? " Original 2? 6? 18 Xia Zi asks for filial piety. Confucius said, "Color is difficult. Disciple [2] takes care of something; There is food and wine (3), sir (4) (5), and Zeng (6) thought it was filial? " Note (1) color is difficult: it is difficult for a son to repay a debt of gratitude. Color: skin color. (2) Disciples: children. (3) food: food. (4) Sir: father, brother and elder. 5] (turn four tones): eat and drink. [6] Zeng: Unexpectedly, unexpectedly. Adverbs. Xia Zi asked about filial piety. Confucius said, "It's hard to repay a debt of gratitude. Children help them when something happens; If there is wine and food, let the parents and elders enjoy it first. Can this be considered filial piety? " Original 2? 6? 19 Confucius said: "I am always with Hui (1), and I don't violate (3), like a fool (4). Retreat and save [5] its private [6], send [7] is enough, and retreat is not stupid. " Note (1) Hui: Confucius student Yan Hui, Zi Ziyuan. He is the most proud student of Confucius. (2) all day: all day. (3) No violation: no objections and questions. (4) stupid: stupid. (5) Province (Xingsanjiao): Observation and inspection. [6] Private: Private. This refers to words and deeds. (7) Develop and invent. Confucius said: "I taught with Yan Hui all day, and he never raised any objections or questions, which seemed stupid. When he comes back, I will observe his words and deeds, so that I can give full play to my opinions. It can be seen that Yan Hui is not stupid! " Original 2? 6? 1 10 Confucius said, "Look at what it is, what it is, and what its security is for." . Anyone here? "Attention (1) So: What did you do? (2) by: all experiences. (3) What you are doing: What you are doing with peace of mind. (4) Yan: He, Yan. (Sue): Hide, hide. Confucius said: "to observe a person, we should observe what he has done, understand all his experiences and observe what he is doing with peace of mind." ".So how can he hide it? "Original 2? 6? 1 1 1 Confucius said, "You can learn new things by reviewing old ones." Note (1) Reason: Old. (2) teacher: teacher. Confucius said; "When reviewing what you have learned, you can have new discoveries and new experiences, so that such people can become teachers." Original 2? 6? 1 12 Confucius said, "A gentleman is not a tool." Note (1) Container: utensils and appliances. Confucius said: "A gentleman can't have only one purpose like a vessel." Original 2? 6? 1 13 Zigong asks you. Confucius said, "Speak before you act." Note (1) Say what you want to say first: implement what you want to say first. (2) follow: follow. Here, it means to act before you speak. Zi Gong asked Confucius what a gentleman was. Confucius said: "A gentleman always puts what he wants to say into practice first, and then says it." Original 2? 6? 1 14 Confucius said, "The week of gentlemen (1) is not as good as (2), nor is the week of villains." Note (1) Week: One. (2) Bi (Bi Sisheng): collusion. Confucius said; "Gentlemen unite by virtue without collusion, while villains collude by self-interest without unity." Original 2? 6? 1 15 Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Note (1) Wang (three tones): falsely accused Wang, cheated. (2) Almost: doubt. Confucius said; "(just) reading without thinking, you will feel confused and get nothing; If you dream (blindly) but don't study (diligently), you will feel confused and get nothing. " Original 2? 6? 1 16 Confucius said, "Attacking (1) is heresy (2) and attacking (3) is harmful." Attention (1) attack: attack and criticism. 2 heresy: incorrect view. S: Here you are. (4) Already: stopped and eliminated. Confucius said; "Criticize those incorrect views, and the evil can be eliminated." Original 2? 6? 1 17 Confucius said, "By (1)! Teach [2] women [3] to know [4]! Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also 5]. Note (1) Author: Confucius student Zhong You, word. (2) Teaching: teaching and educating people. (3) Female (Ru San Sheng): Tong Ru, Ru. The "woman" below is "you". (4) know: know. 5] Know also: This is the correct attitude towards knowing and not knowing. Confucius said, "Zhong You! Teach you the correct attitude of knowing and not knowing! Knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing. This is wisdom. Original 2? 6? 1 18 Zhang Zi ① Xue Ganlu ②. Confucius said, "Suspicious people (3), it is rare to think carefully about the rest (4); See more dangers, be cautious [5] the rest, and have less regrets [6]. If you don't say anything, you will regret it, and Lu will be among them. " Note (1) Zhang Zi: Confucius student Sun Shi, Zhang Ziren. (2) receive a salary: ask the official to receive a salary. Do: beg. (3) Doubt: Doubt. Que: seeking a vacancy. (4) Widowhood: reduce mistakes. 5. ok: implement and do. [6] Small regrets: reduce regrets. Zhang Zi asked Confucius how to become rich by being an official. Confucius said: "Listen more, be suspicious, tell what you know carefully, and reduce mistakes;" See more, keep doubts, and do what you are sure of seriously, which can reduce regrets. Less mistakes, less regrets, the salary is here. "Original 2? 6? 1 19 Aigong (1) asked, "What is people's service? Confucius said to him, "If you make a mistake, the people will obey you." "If you are wrong, the people will not accept it." Note (1) Mourning for the public: Lu Zhijun. "Ai" is posthumous title. (2) What is it? Do something. (3) Defend right and wrong: recommend upright people and put them above evil. Wrong: put it, put it. Lu Aigong asked Confucius, "What can be done to make people obey?" Confucius replied: "Choose upright people and put them on evil people for reuse, and the people will obey. On the contrary, by selecting evil people and putting them on honest people, the people will not obey. " Original 2? 6? 120 Ji Kangzi asked: "What about making people respect [2], be loyal [3] and persuade [4]?" Confucius said: "Those who are near [5] should be honored as Zhuang [6]; Filial piety once, then loyalty; If you can't teach good deeds, you should be advised. " Note (1) Ji Kangzi: Lu Aigong is the prime minister and prime minister. "Kang" is posthumous title. (2) Respect: Seriously. (3) Loyalty: Loyalty, loyalty. (4) persuasion: persuasion. 5] Pro: Near. All the way to the bottom. [6] Zhuang: solemn and serious. (7) Filial piety: filial piety and kindness. Children are filial to their parents, and parents treat their children well. (8) Promotion: recommended selection. (9) No: people with weak abilities. ⑽ Persuade: encourage and encourage. There is self-encouragement here. Ji Kangzi asked Confucius, "What can we do to make people serious, as loyal as possible and encourage each other?" Confucius said: "If you take people seriously, they will respect you;" If you honor your parents and love the people, they will be loyal. If honest good people and people with poor educational ability can be promoted, they will encourage each other to do good. "Original 2? 6? 12 1 or ① Confucius said, "Zi ② does not govern the country ③? "Confucius said:" The book (4) said,' Filial piety is all right, while filial friends are brothers and teachers [6] are in charge.' It is also the government, and it is also the government. "Note (1) or: someone. ⑵ Xi: Why? (3) As a politician: participate in politics. (4) Book: Shangshu. The following three sentences are the essays of Shangshu, which were adopted into the ancient literature Shangshu. Friendship means friendship between brothers. Give me your finger, brother. (6) Application: extension and influence. Someone said to Confucius, "why don't you take part in political activities when you are an official?" Confucius said: "The history books say:' Filial piety! Only those who are filial to their parents can be promoted to brothers. Using this atmosphere to influence politics is to participate in politics. Why do you have to be an official to participate in politics? "Original 2? 6? 122 Confucius said: "people don't believe, I don't know if they can. The cart (2) has nothing to do with it, and the cart (4) has nothing to do with it. How can we do that? "Attention (1) letter: credit and reputation. (2) cart: ox cart. (3) (3) (3) (4) 9333 (4) Trolley: carriage. (5) (Yue Sisheng): wood pins at both ends of the front crossbar of the axle. Confucius said, "I don't know how to stand on the world if I don't keep my word." For example, ox carts, for example, are not equipped with hoes, for example, carriages are not equipped with hoes. How can it walk? "Original 2? 6? 123 Zhang Zi asked, "Do you know the tenth one?" Confucius said, "Yin's gains and losses are all due to reasons, so we can know." Obviously, Zhou's gains and losses are due to. Its successor, though immortal, can be named. Note (1) Ten generations: Ten generations, 300 years. In ancient times, thirty years was a lifetime. (2) reason: follow the tradition. (3) Profit and loss: waste and increase. Zhang Zi asked Confucius, "Can you know the etiquette system of the next ten generations in advance? Confucius said: "We can know what the ritual system of the Yin Dynasty abolished and what it added on the basis of the ritual system of the Xia Dynasty. We can know what the Zhou Dynasty abolished and added by following the etiquette system of the Yin Dynasty. Then, the dynasties that will rise after the Zhou Dynasty, even the next hundred generations, can be known in advance. "Original 2? 6? 124 Confucius said, "Sacrifice is not a ghost, please flatter it. "... if you don't do it, you will be brave. Note (1) Ghosts: The ancients thought that immortals were called ghosts after death. This refers to one's ancestors. (2) Flattery (three changes): Flattery. Confucius said, "It is a great honor to offer sacrifices to our ancestors. Seeing that things that are in line with justice dare not come forward, this is no courage. "