From 1 century to the 2nd century, Confucius' thoughts spread to Korea. In the 3rd century, Korean scholar Wang Ren came to Japan with a copy of The Analects. Since then, "Confucius" has taken root in Japan. Japanese Confucianism was deeply influenced by Confucius' thought, which played a great role in the Meiji Restoration and made the Meiji Restoration a great success. Influenced by China, not only Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Southeast Asia and other countries and regions also built temples dedicated to Confucius under the guidance of Confucius. Since16th century, Confucius' thoughts have been introduced to western countries, and his idealism and moral thoughts have become a weapon for bourgeois thinkers to oppose religious superstition, which has promoted the development of the Enlightenment. It can be seen that Confucius' theory has spread all over the world and played an inestimable role in the development of all mankind.
Among all non-western regions, the most successful modernization is Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province, and the cultural traditions of these countries and regions are based on Confucius' theory. However, in the past century, in the academic and cultural circles of Chinese mainland, Confucius' theory has not only been ignored, but also been the object of criticism and attack. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, ideas such as democracy, liberalism, romanticism and Marxism-Leninism have become weapons for China people to attack Confucius' theory from various angles, making China a country that has neither really realized modernization nor retained its traditional advantages. This makes us have to re-examine the wisdom of China's revolutionary line against tradition and modernity in modern times. The author believes that although Confucianism was born 2500 years ago, it is still full of vitality until today, and we have not really understood its vital part. The idea of "ethics and benevolence" advocated by Confucius is accepted by the world. Ethics is a reasonable way for people to get along with each other, and morality is a principle that a person should have. "Benevolent government" means that the rulers should not only educate the people morally, but also govern with "benevolence" to win the hearts of the people. Confucius' ideal is to realize a world of great harmony among people, and the important topic of this year's two sessions is "building a harmonious society", which coincides with Confucius' ideal. Therefore, the author suggests that the dominant position of Confucianism should be restored, the value system of Confucianism should be rebuilt, and the part of Confucianism that conforms to contemporary society should be excavated from the eyes of contemporary people for our use to change our society today, make our society more stable and make our country more prosperous!
What influence does Confucius' theory have on later generations? Confucius' theory became the orthodox thought of feudal culture, which played an important role in China's traditional culture and had a great influence on later generations.
The far-reaching influence of Xiang Yu's anti-Qin on later generations can only be answered as "no far-reaching influence" in the sense of the topic of friends.
Because there was chaos in the world at that time, the central plains competed for the male. Although Xiang Yu defeated Zhang Han's main force of Qin Jun in the Battle of Julu, it can only be said that it promoted the process of the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Because even if Xiang Yu was defeated at this time, the Qin Dynasty could not defeat all the rebels in the world and regain control of the whole country. It was only a matter of time before the Qin Dynasty collapsed.
Even without Xiang Yu, with Zhang Han's ability, I personally think he may not be able to defeat Liu Bang Group. Therefore, the main force of the Qin Dynasty will not be eliminated by Xiang Yu, but also by Liu Bang. It's only a matter of time.
Therefore, it can only be said that the anti-Qin uprising in the late Qin Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on later generations. As for Xiang Yu, he is just one of the modest waves.
The influence of Confucius and Mencius on later generations ■ Confucius (55 BC1-479 BC) was a thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Famous mountain, the word Zhong Ni. Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. Ancestors are aristocrats of the Song Dynasty. Jin Mu, the father of the fifth ancestor, took refuge in Lu, and later decided to avoid Lu. My father, uncle, is a warrior of Lu. He is famous for his bravery.
■ Confucius lost his father at the age of 3, and moved to the sparrow with his mother Yan Zhizhai and was taught by him. When Confucius was young, he was "a child's play, forbidding the army as a gift." . When I was a child, my family was poor. 15 years old was determined to study. The dragon, on the other hand, became a "Commissioner" in charge of warehouses and a "farmer" in charge of cattle and sheep. He is open-minded and eager to learn, and has no regular teacher. According to legend, he invited Li to learn the truth of being a man from Changhong and the piano from the teacher. At the age of 30, he has become a well-known local scholar, and started a private school under his tutelage. Its ideological core is "benevolence", and "benevolence" means "love". He regards "benevolence" as the norm and purpose of benevolence, so that "benevolence" and "courtesy" can be used mutually. It is advocated that rulers should govern the people with virtue and treat others with courtesy, so as to reproduce the prosperous time of the Western Zhou Dynasty when "rites and music were conquered from the emperor" and realize their ideal of "great harmony".
■ At the age of 35, Confucius left because of civil strife in Lu. In order to get close, he became a vassal of the nobles of Qi State. The following year, Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about political affairs. Confucius said, "A monarch should be like a monarch, a minister should be like a minister, a father should be like a father, and a son should be like a son." Gong Jing appreciated it very much and wanted to use Confucius, but Yan Ying and Qi Xiang stopped him and had to give up. I want to return to Shandong as soon as possible, continue to learn knowledge and train my disciples. 5 1 year-old, served as the governor in the capital of Lu (now a local official in Wenshang West). The result of good governance is "one year, all directions follow". At the age of 52, he was promoted from Zhongduzai to an ordinary scout in Lu. In 500 BC (the tenth year of Lu), Lu and Qi joined forces in Oracle bones, and Confucius put forward that "those who have military affairs must have equipment, and those who have military affairs must have equipment". Trying to intimidate Lu Jun into submission, Confucius reprimanded him with courtesy, which saved national dignity, so that Qi Huangong had to agree to form an alliance to make peace and return Lu 'an and the three places to Lu. When Confucius was 54 years old, he was entrusted by Ji to take pictures. In order to improve the authority of the monarch, he put forward the idea of "reducing the three capitals" and restraining the three Huan (Dr. Lu San), but the result was opposed by the three doctors and failed. At the age of 55, the monarch and minister of Lu accepted the beauty presented by Qi, and indulged in debauchery all day long. Disappointed, Confucius abandoned his official position and left Shandong, leading his disciples around the world to find another opportunity to display his talents. During this time, he worked for more than 70 emperors, but nothing happened. In 484 BC (eleven years), Ji Kangzi of Lu listened to the persuasion of Confucius disciples and sent someone to pick him up from Weiguo.
■ Confucius returned to Lu, although he was honored as an "old man in the country", but he was still not reused. Instead of seeking official positions, he continued to devote himself to education and document arrangement. He trained more than 3,000 disciples in his life, 72 of whom were proficient in six arts (etiquette, music, archery, imperial defense, calligraphy and mathematics). In teaching practice, a whole set of educational theories, such as teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, paying equal attention to learning and thinking, drawing inferences from others, inspiring and inducing, studying and teaching others tirelessly, and the learning attitude of "knowing what it is, not knowing what it is" and "not ashamed to ask questions", are praised by future generations. He deleted poems, wrote books, ordered rites and music, revised Chunqiu, and comprehensively sorted out China's ancient literature. Grow old together with Yi, and reach the realm of "Bian Wei's Three Musts".
■ At the age of 69, his only son Kong Li died. 7 1 year-old, Yan Hui, a favorite pupil, died of illness. Confucius was extremely sad and sighed: "Heaven has fallen! The sky is lost! " This year, someone caught a monster named Lin in Luxi and died soon. He thought that the appearance and death of Kirin, a symbol of kindness and good fortune, was an ominous sign of chaos in the world, so he stopped compiling the book Spring and Autumn Annals. At the age of 72, I was deeply saddened to learn that my son had died in a national disaster. The following year (479 BC), in February of the summer calendar, Confucius fell ill for 7 days and died.
■ The main words and deeds of Confucius' life were compiled into The Analects by his disciples and re-disciples, which became the classics of later Confucianism.
Introduction of Mencius
Mencius (372 BC-289 BC) was born in Zou during the Warring States Period. He is a disciple of Confucius Sun Zi 'en and the master of Confucius' theory. I once lobbied Liang to promote my idea, but it was useless. When he returned to his hometown in his later years, he co-wrote a book with disciple Zhang Wan, which became Seven Chapters of Mencius, and recorded his academic opinions, words and deeds.
The main points of Mencius' theory
Theory of mind and nature
Goodness and Four Purposes —— The Root of Moral Value
Mencius' theory of "good nature" mainly shows Confucius' concept of "benevolence" Confucius' "benevolence" lacks theoretical basis and has not explained the "root of moral value".
Therefore, Confucius should establish a kind of "conscious consciousness of the root of moral value", and think that goodness is the basic consciousness of human beings, which is manifested in compassion, shame, resignation and right and wrong. The "four ends" show that moral value consciousness is innate. This can supplement the deficiency of Confucius' theory of "benevolence"
Discrimination between Righteousness and Benefit —— Manifestation of Moral Value
Mencius believes that "four ends" are inherent in the conscious mind and belong to the "essence" of human beings, that is, the so-called human nature. Human nature is necessarily different from animals, and this kind of "different from animals" means "dying well". He pointed out that people are not good because they are blinded by selfish desires. Therefore, people should give up self-interest in order to achieve social justice. The purpose is to establish a good personal morality.
Yiqi Chengde
Mencius put forward that we should rely on self-cultivation and the exertion of goodness to fully develop the "four ends" in our hearts, which Mencius called "perfection" The cultivation of "doing one's best" cultivates noble spirit, makes people become "gentlemen" who are rich and powerful, but can't move or bend, and then control their emotions with "mind" to achieve virtue.
Mencius believes that the real world is a moral world, and the standard behind the moral root is "heaven", which is manifested in people and is "sex". If people have enough self-cultivation, they can know the nature and achieve the "harmony between man and nature". Mencius pointed out that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light", and that to protect the interests of the people, the monarch should take care of the people as the premise. Therefore, the destiny lies in the heart, not in the monarch. The bitter king has no way, and the people can overthrow it. But if the monarch has a purpose, the people should stick to their posts. Mencius, the former king, advocated benevolent governance, and he must follow the example of the former kings (Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, and) to govern politics in order to implement benevolent governance in the world. Benevolence and Wang Dao Mencius advocated that benevolence should be implemented after benevolence. Mencius believed that "people can't stand it" is "politics can't stand it", and benevolent politics is a necessary condition for unifying the world. The concrete manifestation of benevolent government is kingly way, making the family serve the people and enjoy folk music, and implementing kingly way and "respecting the kidney to enable people".
The concept of rule by virtue Confucius' theory of "benevolence" is conscious morality; Mencius' "benevolence" has educational function. The monarch should cultivate virtue, which is the condition of benevolent governance. Therefore, he advocated "ruling by virtue". Mencius advocated the benevolent governance of serving people with virtue and opposed the hegemonic policy of serving people with force, with the aim of alleviating the pain of people's livelihood and easing social contradictions. Therefore, Mencius advocated "kingly politics" and opposed bullying and being afraid of hard work to serve the people. Mencius believed that the ideal economic system was "minefield system". The "mining field system" means that the land belongs to the state, and the state grants farmland to the people for cultivation, but the people also have to help cultivate public land as a tax payment. So farmers have "constant production" (constant and fixed cultivated land), and the country will be stable.
Educational proposition-implementation from beginning to end
Mencius believed that it was necessary to "cultivate talents in the world" and advocated personality and moral education. He said: "We should respect the teaching of order and apply it in the sense of filial piety." . Moreover, Mencius believes that self-cultivation is the basic point of reading, but he also believes that human goodness cannot be cultivated from the outside (education can only play an influential role), and ultimately it must be realized by one's own thinking. In the method of self-cultivation, we advocate free development and guide the situation.
In addition, Mencius also attached great importance to the learning environment. Only by putting students in a good environment and giving them spontaneous education can they succeed. The influence of Mencius' theory on later generations inspired the unknown Neo-Confucianism. Mencius put forward the theory of "inner sage", pointing out that human nature is good, as long as everyone develops goodness, suppresses material desires and reflects on themselves. This method of introspection became the mainstream of Confucianism in later generations. Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Lu Jiuyuan, Wang Yangming and other Song and Ming Neo-Confucians all inherited Mencius' theory in this respect.
When Mencius formed the concept of "orthodoxy", he even regarded Yao, Shun, Yu, Yu, Wen Wang, Zhou Gong and Confucius as Confucian "orthodoxy" (a knowledge system of the same strain). Since then, the concept of orthodoxy and Confucianism have become an inseparable whole. The influence of people-oriented thought Mencius' people-oriented thought and benevolent government thought are based on the people's hearts. This revolutionary theory became the original idea of China's traditional political theory. However, this theory lacks modern democratic spirit, but it has become the rational source of restraining absolute monarchy in the traditional governance system.
Mencius' thought of "making production for the people" became the highest ideal of economic systems in past dynasties, such as the land equalization system in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
What influence does Confucius' theory have on later generations? China culture, with Confucianism as the main body, is the only culture in ancient human culture that has never been interrupted and continues to this day. It covers a wide area, forming a vast and densely populated country. Before the mid-Ming Dynasty, the development level of economy, science and technology, culture and education in China was among the highest in the world, which promoted the development of world civilization in many aspects.
The Confucian culture represented by Confucius can still spread abroad without relying on military force and political background, and radiate to neighboring countries with great humanistic spirit-benevolence, benevolence, harmony and moderation, forming a broad Confucian cultural circle. This fully shows that Confucius thought has had a great influence not only on Chinese civilization, but also on world culture.
In the first century, Confucius culture went south to Vietnam and east to Japan. As early as the early Ming Dynasty, North Korea established Sungkyunkwan Hall in Seoul, offering sacrifices to Confucius in the Confucian Temple, which promoted the development of culture, science and technology and social progress.
Looking back at the history of the above-mentioned civilization development and the influence of Confucius' theory on the East and the West, we can see that Confucianism, as the representative of China culture and Oriental culture, has its value and composition beyond the region and times, which is objectively needed by the development of world civilization and is worthy of being absorbed and carried forward by today's mankind.
The far-reaching influence of imperial academy Movement in Song Dynasty on later generations? Imperial academy in Song Dynasty was still the highest institution of higher learning, and later transferred to imperial academy. In the early Song Dynasty, only imperial academy was set up, and the enrollment was very small, and only children of officials with more than seven grades were accepted. In the fourth year of Li Qing, Song Renzong (1044), Fan Zhongyan carried out the New Deal (see Qingli New Deal), and began to co-establish a university with Xiqingyuan in Kaifengfu, Tokyo, enrolling 200 students in Neifu, and adopted Hu Yuan's method of lake study to formulate the "imperial academy Order". When Zhao Zhuan was in Song Shenzong, Imperial College London was expanded, the number of students increased to 2,400, and 80 schools were established. The imperial academy system was revised and the Three-She Law was implemented. In Zhao's time, Biyong was a foreign school, and imperial academy (including Biyong) enrolled 3,800 students. At the same time, the imperial examination was abolished and all talents were selected by the school. Imperial College reached its peak. In the 12th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 142), imperial academy was rebuilt in Lin 'an Prefecture, and by the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 700 students 1700.
Imperial academy formed a relatively complete academic system in Song Dynasty. Thai students are recruited from the children of officials below grade 8 and outstanding civilian children. During the period of Li Qing (104 1 ~ 1048), the students in the dormitory were supported by imperial academy. From the fifth year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1072), students living outside were also supported by imperial academy. In the Southern Song Dynasty, students living off campus had to pay "fast money" to eat in official kitchens. Half of the poor; Neshesheng, Aauto Quicker's chief executive and Aauto Quicker's instructions were all waived.
In Song Dynasty, imperial academy trained a large number of officials and scholars for the rulers. With the gradual formation of Neo-Confucianism and the ups and downs of political struggle, imperial academy has also become a place to spread Neo-Confucianism and compete with various political forces. Some students, such as Chen Dong and others, wrote words, which promoted the struggle against gold. The imperial examination education system in Song Dynasty had a great influence on later generations.
Illustrate the profound influence of Greek philosophy on later generations with examples. We often consider the reasons for the development of things in daily situations. This is what we call concrete analysis of concrete problems, which is advocated by ancient Greek philosophy. (profit)
Secondly, the religious belief and the view of God and Buddha in daily life have been controversial topics in the field of ancient Greek philosophy for centuries (the dispute between idealism and materialism), but the worship of God and Buddha is still slightly better. As a result, many people who paint a strong color in the religious field gradually become blind worshippers of other schools. Although the country wants to stop it from the root, it can't do anything about it. In terms of policy, it just neither supports nor opposes advocating freedom of religious belief. Nowadays, Taoist priests and monks wear gold and silver, and from the past they have become alms (asking for money). There are also many of these in the news and online. This is also a great influence.
Of course, there are still many influences, but without the above understanding, I won't explain them in detail. Please come back if necessary.
What influence did Confucius' theory have on later generations? The essence of Confucius' thoughts and theories can be found in The Analects of Confucius, with 20 articles, 1 1000 words. The Analects of Confucius are quotations from Confucius, and some of them are records of Confucius' disciples' words and deeds.
It is a commemoration of Confucius and his disciples' words and deeds. This book has a profound influence on the history of China. Its ideological content, mode of thinking and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation and deposited on us.
In our life, our national character has been shaped. The Analects of Confucius embodies the core connotation of Confucianism-benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all the norms about "benevolence" and "music" are different.
Transcendence is a means to serve the ultimate moral perfection of "benevolence" As a representative of China culture, The Analects of Confucius was introduced to Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, and was also designated as a Japanese student by Japan's Dabao Order.
Compulsory course. 1594 After Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin, it was also translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, which were widely spread in western countries.
Confucius' thought takes "benevolence" as the core,
He believes that "benevolence" means "loving others", puts forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you" and "don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you", advocates the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness" and thinks that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy";
"Self-denial is benevolence". I am skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and think that "if you don't know my life, how can you cure ghosts" and "if you don't know my life, you don't think you are a gentleman". I also pay attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking" and put forward
"Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". It created the atmosphere of private school teaching, advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teaching without distinction", "learning without tiredness, teaching without tiredness" and emphasized that "gentlemen love learning Tao."
It's easy for a person to learn Taoism with a villain. Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, his ministers, his father and his son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the view of "not suffering from poverty but suffering from inequality".
Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with far-reaching influence.
When it comes to governing the country, Confucius attaches importance to the sufferings of people's livelihood, calls for benevolent governance, and hopes that rulers will treat people with kindness. he said
"tyranny is fiercer than tigers", he also stressed that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must first set an example. "They are upright and have no orders to do things; In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness.
"Loyalty" means being loyal to others and working hard; "Forgiveness" means putting yourself in others' shoes, "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and "The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult".
Confucius advocated self-love and love. Confucius was cautious about fate, and he believed in people's own strength. He believes that "sexual similarity is also far away", and everything depends on the individual's acquired efforts. Of course, there are some ideas in The Analects.
His thoughts are contrary to the historical trend, his political retro tendency, his excessive emphasis on hierarchy and order, and his introverted personality value orientation have all brought undeniable negative impacts on the development of China society.
Ring, we need to use modern consciousness to correct it. But flaws can't be covered up. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization just dawned, our ancestors had such profound wisdom in life that they could make our descendants proud.
Proud.
What is the important influence of Confucius' theory on later generations? Confucian culture, represented by Confucius, can still spread overseas without military power and political background, and radiate to neighboring countries with great humanistic spirit-benevolence, kindness, harmony and moderation, forming a broad Confucian cultural circle. This fully shows that Confucius' thoughts have had a great influence not only on Chinese civilization, but also on world culture.
What negative influence does Confucius' theory have on later generations? Confucianism, founded by Confucius, became the dominant position of spiritual civilization in China's feudal rule for thousands of years, and also became the ideological weapon for feudal rulers to consolidate their dominance. At that time, western countries were constantly innovating and reforming, and Confucianism was deeply rooted in China after thousands of years of inheritance, which made people feel arrogant and refused to accept any foreign advanced ideas. Finally, it led to the tragic ending of the gradual decline of modern China. The above is my unilateral understanding. If there are any shortcomings, please criticize and correct them.