2. Film criticism: refers to the feelings of ordinary viewers after watching a film.
3. ontology: Ontology is a basic branch of metaphysics, and the English word ontology comes from the Greek words ο ν (being) and λ? γο? A combination of (learning). Ontology mainly discusses the existence itself, that is, the basic characteristics of all real things.
4. Methodology: A. (Quoted from "Yahoo Knowledge") Discours de la méthode is a famous philosophical treatise published by Descartes in 1637, which has a great influence on the way of thinking, ideas and scientific research methods of Westerners. Someone once said: Europeans are all Descartes in a sense, that is, they are influenced by it.
Descartes pointed out in Methodology that there are four steps to study problems:
(1) Never accept any truth that I am not clear about, that is to say, I should try my best to avoid recklessness and prejudice, and I can only be very clear and certain according to my own judgment, and there is no truth that is doubtful.
that is to say, as long as you have not experienced the problem personally, you can doubt whatever authoritative conclusion you have. This is the famous "doubt everything" theory. For example, Aristotle once concluded that women have two fewer teeth than men. But this is not the case.
(2) The complex problem to be studied can be decomposed into several simple small problems as far as possible and solved separately one by one.
(3) Arrange these small problems from simple to complex, and start with the problems that are easy to solve.
(4) After all the problems are solved, check them together to see if they are complete and completely solved.
Before the 196s, the methods of western scientific research, from machinery to human anatomy, were basically carried out according to Descartes' methodology, which greatly promoted the rapid development of modern western science. But it also has some defects, such as the function of human body, which is only the synthesis of various parts of machinery, and the interaction between them is not well studied. It was not until the Apollo moon landing project appeared that scientists found that some complex problems could not be decomposed and had to be treated in a complex way, which led to the emergence of system engineering, and the method of Methodology was replaced by a comprehensive method for the first time. The emergence of systems engineering
has greatly promoted many large-scale western traditional sciences, such as environmental science, meteorology, biology, artificial intelligence and so on.
Descartes also put forward the famous saying "I think, therefore I am" for the first time in methodology, and introduced the Cartesian coordinate system for the first time. It is of great significance for Newton and Leibniz to invent calculus theory.
B, ways to understand and transform the world.
5. Mitri: French film theorist, who is regarded as a master of classical film theory. In his famous book Film Aesthetics and Psychology, he pointed out: "Film aesthetics boils down to determining how and why one form is superior to another because of the relationship between certain content and certain intention. In other words, it should establish its psychological basis for these forms under certain circumstances."
6. Ge Daer: a famous director and the standard-bearer of the new wave movement of French films.
7. Talentino: According to the context, it should refer to Quentin Talentino, an American director who is called "a genius".
8. film criticism: It refers to putting forward professional opinions and suggestions on a film in terms of lens, composition, script, photography, etc. It is a way of film theory.
9. China filmmakers have never participated in the evolution of film theory from classic to modern and from ontology to methodology.
1. Mr. Shao Mujun doesn't like the so-called film semiotics, gender theory and mirror theory, just as bunuel doesn't like "The Semiology Of Clonic Image".
Chapter I Forbidden Movies
This chapter mainly talks about the electrical inspection system in the United States, Europe and China, and discusses the local electrical inspection system in China from ancient times to the present, from outside to inside. Personally, I think the author advocates using commercial methods instead of political and metallurgical means to censor films.
1. The sentence "... film, a frivolous writing compared with other art forms ..." is debatable, or I think too much, and the author is just making an analogy. Because movies are not a kind of writing, movies are movies. Just like a musician composing music, it is not true to say that he is writing. Composing music is composing music.
2. The first nude scene in film history appeared in the film "Bathing after the Dance".
3. The film censorship system mainly classifies films according to four aspects: sex, violence and terror, drug abuse and abnormal life display.
4. The censorship system in the United States:
In 1915, American states and local governments began to set up censorship committees to cut and ban films that they thought were bad.
This situation is largely due to the recognition and support of local governments by the federal legal system. A film of a film company was banned by the Ohio government. In 1918, the company filed a lawsuit against the Ohio government, taking the state government to the federal court. After a series of debates in this case, the Supreme Court finally made a ruling, saying that film as an entertainment industry is not restricted by the freedom of speech in the First Amendment to the Constitution, and film screening is "purely commercial" and cannot be regarded as "a part of the news media or a tool of public opinion". Therefore, movies are not entitled to enjoy the protection of "freedom of speech" in the First Amendment to the Constitution, but are subject to pre-examination by the state and municipal governments. Thus, it is confirmed that it is legal to censor and guide movies. This is a precedent that has a crucial impact on the American film censorship system.
Because the whole American legal system is a case law system. Its written law is very simple, but every case has the force of law. So you're the first one to judge, and I'm the second one to judge. This case was not until 1956 that another case about the restriction on the import of a film by the famous Italian director Rossini into the United States basically overturned this restriction.
in p>1922, in order to ensure the box office revenue, "pure" film pictures and content, the film censorship Committee began to set up. This organization is led by Will Hayes (Presbyterian, Republican, and former post office director). In 193, Daniel Lauder, a Catholic priest, publicly declared that movies were corrupting people's morality, and drafted a film censorship code, which was quickly accepted by the giants of the film industry and executed by Will Hayes, the chairman of the American Film Association (renamed MPAA in 1945), so it was called Hays Code in history.
Hayes Code.rar (12.31kb)
In 1934, Hayes established the code enforcement bureau, a self-regulatory body with compulsory power, namely the Hays Commission. Every film from 193 to 1968 was influenced by Hayes Code, which was absolutely ethical. All scenes related to sex, violence and abnormal life were banned and children were born? NO！ Naked? NO！ The kissing scene can't last more than 3 seconds. I think this has something to do with the kissing competition that came into being in the United States later. To give another small example, Marilyn Monroe's photo in the vent was praised as a classic by countless people:
The Seven-Year Itch ignored the eyes of countless men at that time, and it actively or passively made full use of the restrictions of the Hayes Code. Let's take a look at the current American film classification system:
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Book Shadow
27-1-29 at 11: 4 am Hays Code.rar (12.31 KB).
English version of Hayes Code
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Photos
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American film rating system
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