The Theory of Confucius and Mencius
(Designed by Chen Rong of Xinhua Junior High School)
Text Study
1. Text reading is temporarily unavailable
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2. Word research
1. I am determined to learn from ten years old: Youyicheng Go is equivalent to "you", which is used between integers and zeros in ancient Chinese . "Ten to five" means fifteen.
Ambition.
2. Thirty Erli: Li, self-reliance, here refers to standing on etiquette, that is, doing things in accordance with etiquette and law.
3. Not confused at forty: confused, (be) confused.
4. At fifty, you know your destiny: know, understand, know. Destiny refers to the laws and laws of nature.
5. Sixty and ears are attuned: no matter what you hear, you can understand its meaning without thinking too much and distinguish right from wrong.
6. When you are seventy, you can follow your heart’s desires: follow, follow. Desire: want.
7. Do not exceed the rules: exceed: exceed. Ju: Rules, laws.
8. Learning without thinking means nothing (wǎnɡ): nothingness, confusion.
9. Thinking without learning is dangerous (d i): dangerous, dangerous.
10. Why is Kong Wenzi called Wenye: Kong Wenzi is the Weiguo official Kong Yu (yǔ). Why, that is, "with what", with, by. Name, say. Wen, Kong Yu's posthumous title was "Wen".
11. Sensitive and eager to learn: sensitive and agile. OK, I like it.
12. Don’t be ashamed to ask: Shame, shame. To ask, to ask for advice from a person of humble status. Don't be ashamed to ask, that is, don't be ashamed to ask.
13. It is called the text: it is because, therefore. Yes, this. Because.
14. For example (p) such as:, for example, such as. For example, metaphor.
15. For example, weishan: wei, the original meaning is to do, here it refers to accumulation.
16. Unfinished (ku): completed, completed. Bao, earth basket. One basket, one basket of soil.
17. I stop: stop, stop.
18. For example, flat ground: flat, used as a verb here, to fill up.
19. Even if you are in a hurry: years old, even if you are old. Shoe, fall.
20. Advance, I am going: Advance, move forward. This means keep doing it. Go, go, here refers to move forward.
21. No or, the king is unwise: or, the same as "confusion", strange. Hu: Equivalent to "yu", for.
22. Although there are things that are easy to produce in the world: years, even. Easy, easy. Give birth, grow.
23. One day exposure (p): exposure, the same as "exposure", sun exposure.
24. Ten days of cold: cold, making... cold.
25. I see (xi n) is also rare: see, appear, here refers to meeting the king. Rare, few.
26. The one who retreated and became cold has arrived: retreat means retreating to home. The cold ones, those who make him cold, refer to those who flatter the villain. To, to.
27. How can I be cute? How can I help you? How can I help you? Meng, germination.
28. Jinfu (f) The game of chess is a number: Jinfu, pronounce words. Chess, Go. To, as. Numbers, skills, techniques.
29. Those who are good at chess in Tongguo are also: Tongguo, the whole country. Good, good at.
30. Shi Yi Qiu Tuo (hu) Two-person chess: Shi, Shi Shi. Instruct, teach.
31. Wei Yiqiu is listening: Wei, only. is, a particle, used between the prepositioned object and the verb to emphasize the object. Wei Yi Qiu is listening, that is, "Wei Yi Qiu".
32. Although one person listens to it: although, although.
33. Thinking that a swan (h) is coming: thinking, thinking. swan, swan.
34. Siyuan (yu n) bends the bow (zhu) and shoots it: aid, pull, here is extended to take. Pay, the rope tied to the arrow, here is the arrow.
35. Although, learn from it: Although, although. Together, together.
36. Fu Ruozhi: Fu, no. If, and, comparable.
37. Because of its wisdom and position: position. With, the same as "椤", interrogative modal particles.
38. Feiranye: non, not. Of course, this is it.
39. Believe in "The Book" completely: completely, completely. "Book" refers to "Shang Shu".
40. I wrote in "Wucheng": Yu, for. "Wucheng" is the title of a chapter in the ancient "Shangshu". Its content probably describes the story of King Wu of Zhou's attack on Shang Zhou. It is now lost.
41. Just take two or three strategies: Sina Go strategy, made of bamboo slips.
42. A benevolent person is invincible in the world: a benevolent person, a benevolent person. At, in.
43. To be benevolent and to be unkind: to be equal. Zhiren: A person who is extremely benevolent refers to King Wu of Zhou. Extremely, extremely. To attack, to attack. The most unkind, extremely unkind person refers to King Zhou of Yin.
44. And He Qizhi's flow of blood (chǔ) also: He Qi, how could it be. Pestle, a stick used for pounding rice or beating clothes. Flowing pestle, wooden stick drifting.
3. Chapter Research
This course selects four quotations from Confucius and two quotations from Mencius, respectively selected from "The Analects" and "Mencius".
1. Confucius said: "When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I was established; when I was forty, I was not confused; when I was fifty, I knew the destiny of heaven; when I was sixty, my ears were obedient; when I was seventy, I followed my heart's desires without going beyond the rules. "
Translation:
Confucius said: "When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I could do things according to etiquette; Able to understand the laws of nature; at sixty, one can hear words and understand their meaning; at seventy, one can follow one's will without breaking the rules."
Content understanding:
This quote is from Confucius. He recounts the process of his moral cultivation and summarizes the realms he has achieved at each stage of his life. Starting from "the ambition to learn" in childhood, as the age continues to grow, the learning continues to deepen, the accumulation of knowledge, the improvement of cognitive ability, and the life experience continue to climb to new heights. Confucius told us from his own life experience that "ambitiousness to learn" in youth will lay a solid foundation for life-long growth and development; and lifelong learning will enable people to continuously improve and benefit for life.
2. Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is in vain; thinking without learning is peril."
Translation:
Confucius said: "Just learn If you don’t think, you will be confused, and if you only dream without learning, it will be very dangerous.”
Content understanding:
This quotation talks about “learning” and “thinking”. relationship. The consequence of learning without thinking is "indulgence", and the consequence of thinking without learning is "dangerous". The two situations are contrasted, proving the importance of "learning" and "thinking" from the opposite side, and pointing out their inseparable relationship. . It can be seen that learning and thinking must be closely integrated in order to gain something.
3. Zigong asked: "How do you call Confucius Wenzi Wen?" Confucius said: "He is quick and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask questions. This is why he is called Wen."
Translation :
Zigong asked: "Why did Confucius give him the posthumous title 'Wen'?" Confucius said: "He was quick and eager to learn, and was not ashamed to ask for advice, so he was given the posthumous title 'Wen'." "Wen".
Content understanding:
Confucius took the opportunity to explain the posthumous title of Confucius Wenzi to the students, explained his understanding of "wen", and elaborated on the attitudes and methods of learning—— Diligent and studious, and not ashamed to ask questions. We can also see Confucius’s own learning attitude and methods. In addition, we have also seen that Confucius, as an educator, was very good at seizing educational opportunities.
4. Confucius said: "It is like a mountain. If I stop before I can reach a barrier, I will stop. It is like a flat land. Even if I walk on a barrier, I will go forward."
Translation :
Confucius said: "For example, if I am piling up a mountain of soil, but only one basket of soil is missing, I stop and do not do it. This is because I stopped on my own initiative. For example, if I fill up a depression, only one basket of soil has fallen. But if I continue to work, that’s why I take the initiative to move forward.
Content understanding:
Confucius used the metaphors of "making a mountain" and "a flat ground" to discuss the importance of perseverance. Nature. Things that are about to succeed will fail in the end because they do not persevere to the end, resulting in all previous efforts being wasted (there is a sentence in "Shang Shu" that goes "Nine steps up the mountain, and the success will fall short"); although the arduous task has only just begun, as long as we keep moving forward , we can eventually succeed. From this we can understand: Learning is important and we cannot stand still; retreat and advancement are all about ourselves, not others.
5. Mencius said: "Nothing depends on the king." Unwise. Although there are things in the world that are easy to grow, if they are violent in one day and cold in ten days, nothing can survive. It's rare for me to see it. The person who retreated and became cold has arrived. How can I be cute? Today's chess game is about numbers, and it's a small number of things. If you don't concentrate on it, you won't be able to do it. Yi Qiu is one of the best players in the country. He asked Yi Qiu to teach two people to play chess. One of them concentrated on the game, but Yi Qiu listened. Although the other listened, he thought that there was a swan approaching, and he wanted to help him and shot it with his bow. Why is he so wise? Said: Not so. "
Translation:
Mencius said: "It is not surprising that the king (here refers to the King of Qi) is not smart. Even Nie Weiping Go Dojo, the easiest plant to grow in the world, cannot grow again if it is exposed to the sun for one day and frozen for ten days. The times I can see the king are too few. I retreat to my home, and those flatterers take the opportunity to come to the king. How can I make his kind heart sprout? Playing Go as a skill is just a small skill; but if you don't concentrate, you can't learn it well. Yi Qiu is the best chess player in the country. Suppose Yi Qiu teaches two people to play chess: one of them concentrates on listening to Yi Qiu's words; the other person, although also listening to Yi Qiu's words, thinks that a swan is about to fly over and wants to shoot it with a bow and arrow. Study with that person, but you will definitely not be as good as that person. Is this because his intelligence is not as good as that person's? He replied: Not so. ”
Content understanding:
Mencius used the metaphor of “one storm and ten colds” to explain the reason why the king was “unwise” and told people that learning must be persevering in order to gain something. . Using "learning chess" as a metaphor, through the sharp contrast between the two people's learning attitudes, it tells us that even if they are taught by the same teacher, even if they are taught by the best teacher, the results will be different if the learning attitudes are different. It clarifies the principle that learning must be concentrated, and emphasizes that the effect of learning does not depend on intellectual factors, but is determined by learning attitude.
6. Mencius said: "It is better to have no "Book" than to fully believe in the "Book". I have only adopted two or three strategies from "Wucheng". A benevolent person is invincible in the world, and even benevolent attacks Even if it is unkind, how could it be so bloody?"
Translation:
Mencius said: "It would be better not to have "Shang Shu" at all. "Wu Cheng", I just trusted two or three pages of it. The benevolent people are invincible. How can the extremely benevolent King Wu of Zhou attack the extremely unbenevolent King Zhou of Yin and shed blood?"
Content understanding:
There is a record in "Shangshu" that King Wu defeated Zhou "with blood flowing and pestles flying, and the ground was bare for thousands of miles". Mencius did not believe it. He believes that benevolent people are invincible in the world. King Wu is the most benevolent person, while King Zhou is the most unbenevolent person. So benevolent and unbenevolent, there can be no bloody scenes of countless killings. Although this inference may not be consistent with historical facts, Mencius's questioning spirit is worth promoting. This passage tells us that we should not be superstitious about books when reading, but must have a skeptical and critical spirit.
These six quotations discuss learning from different perspectives such as the role of learning, learning methods, and learning attitudes. They use metaphors, examples, comparisons and other methods to explain things in simple terms, concisely and comprehensively, and have positive guiding significance for our learning.
These six quotations also left many classic aphorisms and idioms for later generations, such as:
At thirty, you stand firm at forty, and at fifty you know your destiny without confusion
Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous.
Don’t be ashamed to ask questions
A sudden burst of coldness
Concentrate on your heart
Believe that a swan is coming
Watch the letter , it is better to have no books.
IV. Background research
(1) About Confucius and "The Analects" (omitted)
(2) About Mencius and "Mencius" (omitted) < /p>
Teaching process
Teaching objectives: 1. Help students understand the meaning of sentences, accumulate classical Chinese vocabulary, and master "confused", "over", and The meanings of "甔", "罆", "violent", "several", "yuan", etc. in sentences; review "why", "isyi" and judgment sentence patterns.
2. Understand the use of metaphors, comparisons, examples and other artistic techniques to discuss in quotations.
3. Guide students to combine their own learning experience and think about the learning attitudes and methods recommended by ancient sages, so that they can have a beneficial impact on learning in reality.
Teaching focus: 1. Understand the meaning of words and sentences, and understand the underlying principles. 2. Read it by heart.
Teaching difficulty: The fourth lesson (Mencius said: "It is impossible for the king to be unwise...")
Schedule arrangement: two lessons
Teaching aids Methods:
Teaching process
1. Teaching design
First lesson:
(1) Introduction:
< p>1. Teachers ask questions and students answer freely:(1) What is the ideology and doctrine that has influenced China for thousands of years, spread to the world, and will continue to influence? ——Confucianism.
(2) Who is the founder of Confucianism? ——Confucius (named Qiu, courtesy name Zhongni, a native of the late Spring and Autumn Period).
(3) Who is the greatest Confucian master after Confucius? ——Mencius (named Ke, courtesy name Ziyu, born in the Warring States Period).
(4) Confucius is respected as a "sage", so what is Mencius respected as? ——"Asian Saint".
(5) In which two classics are the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius collected? ——"The Analects" and "Mencius".
(6) Confucius was a great educator. Do you still remember which of the "Eight Principles of the Analects" we have learned talk about learning? ——Isn’t it true that one should learn and practice it from time to time? To know is to know, and to not know is to know. This is knowledge. If you review the past and learn the new, you can become a teacher. If we are three people, we must have a teacher; choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones. I don't eat all day long, and don't sleep all night long, thinking about it, it's useless, it's not as good as learning. Those who know are not as good as those who are good at it, and those who are good at it are not as good as those who are happy.
2. Teacher's introduction: The theme of the third unit is "There is a way to learn" (writing on the blackboard), that is, there is a way to learn. (Written on the blackboard: To: do. Tao: method, law.) As great educators, Confucius and Mencius both "learned to have the Tao". Many of their remarks about learning have been handed down, influencing generations of scholars. , their thoughts and wisdom are a great asset of our ancient culture. Let us enter the ninth lesson "On Confucius and Mencius". The wisdom of the sages will surely inspire our contemporary students again.
3. Write the topic on the blackboard and understand the meaning of the question: Confucius and Mencius - Confucius and Mencius talk about learning (Lun: discussion, discussion)
Instructions:
(2) First read the Four Principles of Confucius' Theory of Learning, and read them thoroughly.
1. Students use notes and reference books to notate new words and read the text aloud.
2. Students read together, the teacher pronounces correctly, and writes on the blackboard (especially if there are no notes after class).
y jǔ p
Do not exceed the rules, for example
3. Students read it two or three times together until they read the pronunciation of the word correctly.
4. Students read aloud for 2 minutes by themselves. The goal is to read accurately, read thoroughly, and read fluently.
5. Encourage students to volunteer to demonstrate reading aloud. After several people demonstrate reading, the whole class reads together.
Explanation:
The focus of this part is to use various methods to guide students to read the text. To learn classical Chinese well, the first thing is to read aloud accurately, smoothly and fluently. The so-called reading a thousand times will make its meaning self-evident. A large number of readings can give students a good sense of language and lay a solid foundation for subsequent understanding and recitation.
(3) Understand the meaning of words and sentences in the four principles of Confucius’ theory.
1. Students use annotations and reference books to read and understand on their own, mark what they cannot understand and be prepared to question.
2. When students have questions, teachers and students will clear up their doubts together.
Explanation:
The design of the questioning link aims to mobilize students' enthusiasm for active learning, and also allows teachers to understand students' obstacles to understanding, so that they can carry out targeted and focused tasks. explain. When students are reading by themselves, teachers can inspect and provide some guidance on students’ use of reference books. To clear up doubts, students who are capable should try it first. When students are unable to answer, teachers should inspire and guide students, either by “reviewing the past to learn something new” or by “drawing from analogies” to eliminate obstacles to understanding. When encountering problems that students cannot solve based on their current knowledge and abilities, teachers can give answers. In this way, students no matter what level they are, can highly concentrate their thoughts and devote themselves wholeheartedly in this link.
3. Students talk about the general idea, and the teacher gives guidance and provides guidance on the accuracy and smoothness of the translated sentences.
4 (1) The whole class cooperates at the same table, one person reads aloud, and the other person speaks the meaning of the sentence in modern Chinese.
(2) Choose four pairs of deskmates to cooperate in front of the whole class.
(4) Deeply understand the "way of learning" contained in the four principles of Confucius's theory of learning.
1. Teachers and students should work together to find out the idioms or aphorisms left by these four quotations for future generations:
At thirty, you will stand firm at forty, and at fifty, you will not be confused, but you will know your destiny
< p>Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous.Don’t be ashamed to ask questions
2. Students read the Four Principles of Confucius on their own, understand the "way of learning" contained in them, and talk about their understanding.
Teacher’s introduction: These four quotations have left so many idioms and aphorisms for future generations, which shows their value. Can you understand the "way to learn" contained in these four quotations? Please read it carefully, think about it, and then summarize it briefly.
3. Students speak.
Principle 1: Young people should be "ambitious in learning"; lifelong learning will benefit you throughout your life.
Second: Learning and thinking must be closely integrated.
Principle 3: Be diligent and eager to learn, and don’t be ashamed to ask questions.
Principle 4: Persistence is the key to learning.
4. The teacher asked in depth: Do you think these words of Confucius make sense? If so, how are these words convincing? (What method was used?) Please choose one of the studies that you think is most convincing to you and talk about the results of your study.
5. Students study and speak.
The first one: Take your own experience as an example and speak from your own experience.
Second: Compare two situations
, negative argument.
Principle 3: Explain the meaning of "wen" and set Confucius Wenzi as an example.
The fourth one: metaphor and comparison.
(4) Reading and reciting.
Instructions:
The form of recitation can be free and lively, and can adopt the following forms:
1. Fill-in-the-blank recitation: the teacher recites half a sentence, Let the students continue the next half of the sentence.
2. Translation versus original sentence: A translation of a certain sentence is given, and students recite the original sentence.
3. Solitaire-style recitation: A group of students will recite solitaire using punctuation points as boundaries.
In practice, more forms of recitation can be created. In short, we strive to make students recite the text happily and effectively.
(5) Assignments
1. Copy the four theories of Confucius.
2. Recite the four theories of Confucius.
Second lesson:
(1) Introduction:
1. Teachers and students recite the four principles of Confucius together.
2. The teacher sets a question (explanation of the content words: "confused", "over", "甔", "almost", etc.), and students are free to answer the questions.
3. Teacher’s introduction: In the previous lesson, we have studied four classic quotations from Confucius’ theory. In this class, we will read two quotations from Yasheng Mencius’ theory. Mencius was a thinker and an educator. Not only was he good at learning, he had his own unique insights into learning attitudes and methods, but he was also good at teaching students to understand and apply. Today, let’s be Mencius’ students and listen to his teachings!
(2) When reading the first chapter of Mencius’ Theory of Science for the first time, read it thoroughly.
1. Students use notes and reference books to notate new words and read the text aloud.
2. Students read together, the teacher pronounces correctly, and writes on the blackboard (especially if there are no notes after class).
p hu h nɡ zhu
One day of violence, two people play the game of swans and bows
3. Students read it two or three times together until they read Correct pronunciation.
4. Students read aloud for 2 minutes by themselves. The goal is to read accurately, read thoroughly, and read fluently.
5. Encourage students to volunteer to demonstrate reading aloud. After several people demonstrate reading, the whole class reads together.
(3) Understand the meaning of the words and sentences in the first article of Mencius’ Theory.
1. Students use the annotations and the reference book Tianyuan Go to read and understand by themselves, mark the things they cannot understand, and be prepared to question.
2. When students have questions, teachers and students will clear up their doubts together.
3. Use the period as a boundary and ask several students to work together to talk about the main idea. The teacher will give guidance and provide guidance on the accuracy and smoothness of the translated sentences.
4 Students come up to the stage and choose their own partners. They choose one sentence, one person reads it aloud, and the other person speaks the meaning of the sentence in modern Chinese. (Use periods as boundaries and explain sentence by sentence.)
5. Read aloud to the whole class, with the teacher giving some guidance in terms of pauses, rhythm, emphasis, etc.
(4) Deeply understand the "way of learning" contained in the first article of Mencius's Theory of Learning.
1. Easy dialogue between teachers and students.
Teacher: This one seems to be more complicated, but have you noticed that it contains idioms and sentences that we are familiar with——
Student: (You can answer freely ), one is violently cold, one is concentrated, and one thinks that a swan is coming.
Teacher: Do you know what they mean? ——
Student: (can complement each other) One day, ten days of cold weather - three days of fishing and two days of drying nets, no perseverance; concentration - concentration, concentration of thoughts; thinking that a swan is coming - Inattentive, distracted, distracted.
Teacher: Only by concentrating on learning can you achieve success. Of course, studying in a hurry and distracted will not be fruitful. At that time, some people thought that it was because of Mencius' ineffective guidance that the King of Qi was confused and unclear. Mencius said this to clarify his views. Have you discovered Mencius’s “secrets” for enhancing the persuasiveness of arguments? ——
Student: Metaphor (contrast).
Teacher: Who will give you a detailed explanation? (Students are encouraged to volunteer to serve as primary school teachers)
Notes:
This chapter is the longest and more difficult. The form of teacher-student question and answer helps teachers lead students to go deeper. Using idioms and sentences that students are familiar with as the starting point can arouse interest, and can bring something old into the new and quickly get to the core content.
The following explanations are for reference. Teachers can provide guidance based on students’ speeches:
1. First, use the growth of plants as an analogy to point out that if it is "a sudden cold," it will be easier to grow. It is impossible for all kinds of plants to grow, and the same is true for people. Mencius spent little time teaching the King of Qi, while villains spent a lot of time influencing the King of Qi. Of course, the King of Qi was stupid and unclear. It can be seen that education and learning must be carried out over a long period of time and persevere.
2. Let’s use the analogy of learning to play chess again. Two people learn to play chess from a national Go player at the same time, but the results are very different. This is by no means due to differences in their intelligence, but due to concentration and inattention. reason. Here Mencius again used contrasting techniques to compare the performance of the two people and strengthen the expression effect. This is true for learning chess, and it is certainly true for other aspects of learning. Concentration is essential.
2. Read aloud for 2-3 minutes, combining scattered reading and simultaneous reading.
3. Read aloud in fill-in-the-blank style, focusing on key sentences:
Although there are things that are easy to come into being in the world, , , there is nothing that can be born. It's rare for me to see it. The person who retreated and became cold has arrived. How can I be cute? Today's chess game is about numbers, decimals; , . Yi Qiu is one of the best players in the country. Let Yi Qiu teach two people to play: one of them listens to Yi Qiu; the other person listens to Yi Qiu, but wants to help him and shoots him with his bow. Why is he so wise? say: . ”
(5) Understand the meaning of the words and sentences in the second article of Mencius’ Theory of Learning.
1. Students read aloud with the help of notes and phonetic notation. The teacher writes in correct pronunciation. Writing on the blackboard.
chǔ
Blood's Flowing Pestle
2. Students try to talk aloud with the help of annotations to find out the problems.
3. Question, clarify the doubts and talk about the general idea.
4. In the dialogue between teachers and students, understand the questioning spirit that Mencius advocates in reading.
Teacher: We are no longer unfamiliar with the word "questioning". In Chinese classes, especially in classical Chinese studies, questioning is often used to help us learn. The "questioning" here mainly refers to raising questions about the knowledge we do not understand. Mencius also raised this when reading the ancient book "Shangshu". Is there any difference between this kind of questioning and what we just said?
Student: There is a difference. He has doubts about the content of the book and puts forward different opinions.
Teacher: How does "Shangshu" record the situation of King Wu of Zhou's defeat of Zhou?
Student: Blood Flowing Pestle (Blood Flowing Pestle)
Teacher: Mencius thinks this is the case. It’s not true. What’s his reason?
Student: The benevolent person is invincible, even if the benevolent person is defeated, how can he shed blood? (Please ask students to say it again in modern Chinese. .
)
Teacher: Although Mencius’s inference may not be consistent with historical facts, his bold suspicion and his spirit of not blindly following books are worthy of praise, because it shows that he was reading with his heart and that he was a thoughtful person. , people who can think. From then on, Mencius also left us a classic saying -
Student: It is better to have no "Book" than to believe in the "Book".
Teacher: Later, people extended this principle to reading all books and articles, and this sentence became "It is better to have no books than to believe in books."
5. Read the second chapter of Mencius’ Theory together.
(6) Summary, extended thinking, and assignments
1. Read "On Confucius and Mencius" together.
2. Think based on your own learning experience.
Teacher’s words: Although the classic remarks of Confucius and Mencius are more than two thousand years ago, they still shine with the light of wisdom to this day, and generations of scholars have benefited a lot from them. Reflect on our own learning. Is there anything that needs correction, adjustment, or improvement? Please choose one of the passages in the text to write a paragraph and talk about your own experience. You are required to appropriately quote the key sentences in this passage in the text. (If there is more time in class, students can be asked to think in class.)
3. Assign homework:
(1) A short essay (about 150 words), with a self-written title, and the requirements are as above .
(2) Copy two articles of Mencius’ theory.
2. Design of writing on the blackboard
Stand up at thirty, do not be confused at forty, and know destiny at fifty, lifelong learning
Learning from Confucius without thinking is in vain, thinking without learning Then it's dangerous. The combination of learning and thinking is
Meng Busha asks diligently and learns well
On the shortfall of success and perseverance, there is
Study once and get cold and persevere
Concentrate on thinking that there is a swan coming and concentrate on your work
Believing in the "Book" is not as good as not having the "Book". Question boldly
3. Class Record
4. Questioning Q&A
5. Chinese knowledge
6. Digital book reading area
Teaching feedback
1. Training and testing
< p>(1) Required questions1. Explain the following highlighted words
(1) Standing at thirty ( ) (2) Not confused at forty ( )
< p>(3) When you are seventy, follow your heart's desires ( ) (4) Do not exceed the rules ( )(5) Learn without thinking, and you will lose ( ) (6) Thinking without learning, you will perish ( )
p>(7) Sensitive and eager to learn ( ) (8) Like a flat land ( )
(9) It is rare for me to see it ( ) (10) Let Qiu teach two people to play ( ) < /p>
2. Explain sentences in modern Chinese
(1) He is sensitive and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask questions, which is why he is called literary.
(2) Although there are things that are easy to grow in the world, if they are violent in one day and cold in ten days, nothing can survive.
(3) Although I have learned from it, it is not like it.
(4) It is better to have no faith in the "Book" than to have no "Book" at all.
3. Fill in the blanks according to the prompts:
(1) Confucius believed that Kong Wenzi was " , ", so he got the posthumous title of "Wen".
(2) Even if there is still a basket of soil left, if it stops drying, the mountain of soil will not accumulate. The Confucius quotation that expresses this meaning is:
, , , !
(3) " , ", this Confucius quotation compares two situations in which "learning" and "thinking" are partial to one another, telling people that only by combining learning and thinking can they gain something.
(4) Confucius is a model of lifelong learning and lifelong progress. Please write down the realms he reached when he was thirty, forty and fifty years old: , , . (In the original words of Confucius)
4. Please write down the meaning of the following idioms:
(1) Fall short of success (2) One attack and ten colds (3) Concentrate on one's purpose (4) Not ashamed to ask questions< /p>
Reference answer: Omitted.
(2) Optional questions
1. Please use the "Dictionary of Commonly Used Chinese Words" or relevant information to understand the following famous sentences.
(1) Be tireless in learning and teaching Go single-player games. ("The Analects of Confucius")
(Translation: Study hard without feeling satisfied, teach others without feeling tired.)
(2) I am not born to know, so good In ancient times, people were quick to seek for things. ("The Analects of Confucius")
(Translation: I am not born with knowledge, I just like classical literature and acquire knowledge through diligent pursuit.)
(3) A gentleman studies the Tao further, hoping that he will achieve it. ("Mencius Leaving Lou")
(Translation: A gentleman follows the correct method to achieve a profound state, that is, he must gain consciously.)
2. Please select " An article from "On Confucius and Mencius", combined with your own learning experience, talk about your views.
2. Expansion and extension
Those who are crowned kings are from Zhuji. When he was seven or eight years old, his father ordered him to herd cattle on the mountain. He broke into the school and listened to the students reciting books, and he memorized them silently. At dusk, he rebels and forgets his cattle.
Sometimes a cow comes to plow the fields, and the father angrily scolds it, but it is no longer the same as before. The mother said: "My son is so crazy, why won't he listen to what he does?" Mian Yin left and lived in a monk's temple. He went out at night, sat on the Buddha's knees, held the policy ② and illuminated the ever-changing lantern and ③ read it, and it was so loud that it reached the end of the day. There are many earthen Buddha statues, they are ferocious and terrifying, crowning children, and they are as peaceful as if they are not seen.
Note ①芊(xī): trample. ②Policy: Pass "book". ③Eternal lamp: The lamp in front of the Buddha statue remains bright day and night.
④Tian: Peace of mind