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Disease: a complex process of damage and resistance to damage caused by the interaction between the body and external pathogenic factors. During this process, the body's ability to adapt to the environment is reduced and productivity is reduced.

Wierxiao, the founder of cytopathology, once said: "Disease is life under mutated conditions."

The concept of disease is a summary of the understanding of the essence of disease. It changes with human beings Changes have occurred with the continuous improvement of the understanding of the disease and the development and changes of the disease itself.

Disease - is the destruction of the body's homeostasis and damage to metabolism, function, and structure caused by pathogenic factors. It is the body's The life process of fighting against pathogenic factors and damage through the anti-injury response.

Disease - is an injury and anti-injury struggle caused by the interaction between the cause and the body under certain conditions. A regular process, there are a series of functional, metabolic and morphological changes in the body, many different symptoms and signs appear clinically, and the coordination between the body and the external environment occurs.

Diseases can cause various symptoms, signs and social Abnormal behavior.

Symptoms - abnormal subjective feelings of sick animals caused by the disease.

Signs - are found on the bodies of sick animals through various examination methods. Objectively existing abnormalities.

Abnormal social behavior - abnormal purposeful (language and) behavior of sick animals (patients).

1) Different changes in the concept of disease Direction

The anatomical concept of disease - the essence of disease is the change of cellular ultrastructure.

The physiological concept of disease - disease is the destruction of constant homeostasis. Health is the internal The constancy or stability of the environment.

The concept of biochemical genetics of disease - the disease is caused by an inborn (hereditary) metabolic error.

The cause of the disease The concept of etiology - it is the abnormal life process caused by special causes.

The ecological concept of disease - it is the flexibility (adaptive flexibility) acquired by individuals in the process of evolution that cannot face the changed environment.

Psychological direction - the essence of disease is the comprehensive product of biological, psychological and social factors. That is, the disorder of the relationship between body and mind.

Sociological direction - disease is related to socio-economic conditions , "disease of civilization", "situational disease", etc., are also related to cultural background. The concept of "bioculture" has emerged.

The direction of systems theory - disease It is the destruction of the regulatory compensatory mechanism, resulting in the loss of the steady state of the body.

System theory cybernetics view of disease - disease is the destruction of low-entropy (ordered) steady state, which is The increase in entropy and the decrease (negative value) of the body's free energy.

New concept of disease - genetic disease and molecular medicine

The view of disease in molecular medicine - disease is Abnormalities in form and function at a certain level or at all levels (including its material basis - metabolism) are ultimately caused by variations in the structure or function of certain specific proteins, and these proteins are caused by corresponding genes in the nucleus with the help of cell receptors and cell The product of signal transduction in response (expression) after receiving a signal.

Normality of genes and their regulation is essentially the basis for determining physical health or disease.

Genetic diseases— —The expression of genes under an orderly regulatory mechanism is the prerequisite for human health. The abnormal response of human cells and the important molecular basis of many human diseases are the imbalance of this mechanism.

Single-gene disease (mono-gene disease or single gene disorder) - a genetic disease caused by one disease-causing gene. (Human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ADPKD)

Polygenic disease (polygenic disease or multigene disease) - is caused by multiple Diseases in which each gene controls its phenotypic traits. Each gene controls the phenotypic traits.

The effects of symptoms can be additive, synergistic or inhibited. Since the pathogenic effects of these genes are also affected by environmental factors, polygenic diseases are also called multifactorial diseases. Such as hypertension, diabetes, etc.

Acquired genetic diseases - due to infection by pathogenic microorganisms, the original genetic phenotypic traits such as functions of the host cells are changed or even lost. Such as AIDS.