It was not until the12nd century that the Germans expelled the Slavs who settled here, and only then did they establish two villages and towns along the Spree River and use their Slavic names. Berlin, built in 1237, is located on the east coast of spree river where merchants live, and Cohen is located on the west coast of spree river. It is a fishing village.
1307, Berlin and Cohen merged into one city, named Berlin, and became an important commercial center under the rule of Ascani family. /kloc-In the 4th century, Berlin joined the Hanseatic League, which is an important commercial alliance between the Baltic Sea and Northern Europe. But at this time, Berlin was just a wild town in the frontier of the holy Roman Empire.
14 1 1 year, Frederick, a family from the southwestern German family, became the governor of the border (Markgraf), pacified the war in this area and became the elector of Brandenburg. From 14 15, Berlin became the capital of the elector of Brandenburg. From 1640 to 1688, Friedrich William greatly strengthened centralization and established an absolute monarchy.
After his son Frederick I succeeded to the throne in 1688, he created the prosperity of culture and art in Berlin. He built Charlottenburg Palace, armory, church and Potsdam Palace, which earned Berlin the reputation of "Athens on Carnival".
170 1 year, the elector Frederick I was crowned king of Prussia, and Berlin became the capital of Prussia. Starting from Frederick William I and frederick the great in the18th century, Berlin built a large number of Baroque and Rococo-style buildings in the west of the medieval old city, forming a new city named Friedrich Stadt.
Since the19th century, Berlin has expanded on a large scale again. 18 10, Humboldt university in Berlin was founded. Starting from 1837, Prussia began the process of industrialization and established Siemens and other factories in Berlin. 1848 during the revolution, there was also an uprising in Berlin.
1862, William I appointed Bismarck as prime minister. 187 1 year, Berlin became the capital of the German Empire. 1894, the architect Vallot built the parliament building.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Berlin had reached the level of London, new york and Paris in industry, economy and urban construction, and became another world political, economic and cultural center.
193365438+1On October 30th, Hitler became German Chancellor. On February 27th of the same year, there was an arson case in Congress. 16 Olympic Games was held in Berlin in 1936, and Nazi Germany used it as a window to show itself. 1938 in the crystal night incident, there was an incident of smashing and looting Jewish property in Berlin.
1948 in order to oppose the monetary reform carried out by the allies in west Germany and force the allies to withdraw from Berlin, the Soviet Union launched a blockade of Berlin for half a year. Allied forces foiled the Soviet air raid attempt in Berlin.
On June 1953 and 17, workers in East Berlin protested against the decline in living standards and were quickly suppressed by Soviet troops. 1958165438+1010, Khrushchev declared that the occupation of Berlin by the four great powers was outdated, demanded that the United States, Britain and France withdraw their troops from West Berlin, and said that within six months, West Berlin would become a "free city" where Soviet troops could freely enter and leave.
199 1 year, the german parliament voted to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin before 2000. Since then, Berlin has begun a large-scale reconstruction work. Build a new parliament and prime minister's office in the north of the parliament building. Potsdam Square, once a warning zone covered with mines at the foot of the Berlin Wall, has now become the commercial center of Berlin. Germany has regained its position as the cultural and economic center of Europe.
Extended data:
Berlin is located on the lowland plain in the northeast of Germany. The average altitude is below 70 meters. The stratum is sandy, dotted with spree river and a large number of lakes and canals, which provides rich groundwater for Berlin and makes Berlin's forests flourish.
According to Cobain's climate classification, Berlin belongs to temperate/humid climate. The warm and humid air flow from the North Atlantic makes the winter climate warmer. It is cool and pleasant in summer, with relatively uniform rainfall distribution throughout the year and a little more rainfall in winter.
The annual average temperature in Durham, Berlin (located in Steglitz-Tze Lehndorff) is 9.7 C (49.5 F), while the annual average precipitation is 57 1mm (22.5 inches).
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