Qian Fu: Refers to the so-called gentlemen at that time, that is, the Kuomintang reactionaries. Lu Xun naturally criticized them with cold eyebrows. Lu Xun spoke for the Chinese proletariat, just like an old scalper, willing to contribute his strength to the proletariat.
Mr. Lu Xun once said: "A cold brow looks at a thousand men, but one bows his head and is willing to be a bully". This is Mr. Lu Xun’s ambition and also Mr. Lu Xun’s stance. At the same time, this should also become our current ambition and stance. In front of the people, what we want to hate are the reactionaries, those bureaucratic and bourgeois counter-revolutionaries, and those corrupt officials who still control the power of the people. We can only respond with a cold eyebrow to the reactionaries' so-called "thousand fingers". , don’t be afraid. We must give an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. We should treat our people as "cows" and "horses" to them as we treat "children". We must serve the people sincerely and honestly. We have to hate, be angry, love, and do something. We must use the "young spirit" of a full pursuer of truth, a practitioner of fraternity, and a brave warrior to "look down at thousands of people with cold eyebrows, bow our heads and be willing to be a coward".
Analysis of Lu Xun's "Self-mockery"
What do you want when you are handed over to Huagai? You have already met before you dare to stand up.
I pass through the bustling city with my broken hat, and my boat is full of wine.
His eyebrows are cold and he points his fingers at thousands of people, bowing his head and willing to be a Ruzi Niu.
Hide in the small building and become one, regardless of winter, summer and spring and autumn.
What do you want from the canopy? Excellent
The broken hat covers the face in the busy city, and the boat is full of leakage in the middle of the river③.
His brows are cold and he points his fingers at thousands of people, but he bows his head and is willing to be a ruzi ox④.
Hide in the small building to form a unified ⑤, and take care of winter, summer and spring and autumn⑥.
Notes:
① "Lu Xun's Diary" on October 12, 1932: "In the afternoon, I wrote a banner for Liu Yazi, saying:
'Transport to Huagaiyu Why do you ask... Dafu gave him a meal, and the idlers stole half a couplet, so he invited everyone to do so. "On October 5th, Yu Dafu hosted a banquet for his brother Yu Hua in Jufeng Garden, and asked Lu Xun to accompany him. Xianren, ("Sanxian Collection·Preface" said: "I will print the materials collected when compiling "A Brief History of Chinese Novels" into "Novel Old News Notes", so as to save the inspection power of young people and imitate what I have written. The name of the proletariat refers to "leisure". And there are three "leisures"..." Therefore, the collection of essays is called "Three Leisure Collections" and he calls himself "Idle Man". Literary is his humble name for limericks. There are three theories for stealing half a couplet: First, Comrade Guo Moruo believes that he borrowed Qian Jizhong's "A full meal is a good thing for a child", not a half couplet but a half sentence, see note ④. Second, he borrowed from Nanshe poet Wan Yao Chu. Xigou)'s poem "The old hat covers the face in the busy city." 3. Comrade Xiong Rong provided that Lu Xun was at a banquet that day, and Yu Dafu joked: "Have you worked hard these days?" Lu Xun used the word "Hengmei" that he had thought of the previous day. Lian answered him. Dafu joked:
"It seems that your 'Hua Gai luck' is still Han's?" Lu Xun said: "Hey, let me tell you this, I got another half of the Lian, okay. It's a short poem. "The so-called "stealing half a couplet" refers to the first sentence ("Stealing half a couplet",
"People's Daily" February 22, 1962). Press , the first theory is that it borrows half a sentence instead of a half couplet; the second theory is that this poem was not found in the "Nanshe Poetry Collection"; the third theory is more consistent, and the "broken" in the poems recorded in the diary is replaced by "old",
"Leak" is used as "broken". Later, Lu Xun also used this poem when he wrote a fan for Japan's Sugimoto Yujo, and the word "pair" in the poem was used as "look".
②
Huagai: Lu Xun's "Huagai Collection·Inscription": "I have never learned fortune telling in my life, but I heard from the elderly that people sometimes have to have 'Huagai Luck'... This luck is good luck to monks: it has The canopy is naturally a sign of becoming a Buddha and becoming an ancestor. But ordinary people cannot do it. If the canopy is on top, they will be covered and have to hit the wall. "The canopy is like the clouds covering the head like flowers. "Ancient and Modern Notes": "Canopy. , It was made by the Yellow Emperor. When he fought with Chi You in the wilds of Zhuolu, there were often five-colored clouds, golden branches and jade leaves, ending above the emperor, with the image of flowers and buds, so it was used as a canopy.
"This refers to the car cover made by Huangdi in imitation of clouds.
③ Leaky boat sentence: "Wu Zi·Ruling the Army"; "It's like sitting in a leaky boat. Bi Zhuo said in "Jin Shu Bi Zhuo Biography": "Getting wine to fill hundreds of dendrobium boats... floating in the wine boats is enough for a lifetime." "
④
Ruziniu: Comrade Guo Moruo, in "The Qualitative Change of Ruziniu", mentioned that Hong Liangji's "Beijiang Poetry Talk" quoted a postscript redone by Qian Ji: "Drunk and drunken" Or it can turn into a village and give birth to butterflies, and when the food is full and the food is sweet, it can turn into a ox. "Pointed out, "But this allusion completely changed its character once it fell into Lu Xun's hands. Here, decay is truly magical. "(People's Daily, January 16, 1962) "Zuo Zhuan·Ai Gong Sixth Year": "Bao Zi said: 'Have you forgotten that the king broke his teeth because he was an ox?'" Qi Jinggong loved his children and pretended to be himself. As a cow, he held a rope in his mouth and let the child ride on it. The child fell and tore off his teeth.
⑤ Cheng Yitong: This means that I hid in the small building and had a Yitong child. The world.
⑥ Regardless of winter, summer and spring and autumn: that is, no matter how the outside climate changes, Lu Xun often suffered oppression under the white terror, so he compared it to "Jiao Hua Gai Lun".
"I met you before I dared to stand up." In order to avoid being pursued and persecuted by the reactionaries, I used a torn hat to cover my face. Even so, I was still in a very dangerous situation, like a leaky boat floating in the water. If you are not careful, you will sink. In such a dangerous environment, Lu Xun adopted a strong fighting attitude that would never compromise. Chairman Mao said in his "Speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art": "Lu Xun's two poems, "With cold eyebrows and cold eyes, a thousand people can point their fingers at each other, but with bowed heads they are willing to be like a bully" should be our motto. "Thousands of men" here refers to the enemy. We will never surrender to any vicious enemy. ‘Ruzi’ here refers to the proletariat and the masses of the people. All members of the Communist Party, all revolutionaries, and all revolutionary literary and artistic workers should learn from Lu Xun's example, be "cows" of the proletariat and the people, dedicate themselves to the cause, and die for themselves. "Chairman Mao spoke highly of this spirit. Lu Xun was persecuted by the reactionaries and often hid, so "hiding in a small building" is realistic, but it is not limited to realism. At that time, the reactionaries lost large tracts of land in the Northeast, and in 1932 During the January 28th Incident, the Nationalist Government moved its capital to Luoyang to avoid the enemy's threat. It did not move back to Nanjing until December of that year, so the author had not yet moved back to Nanjing, so he only satirized it. Escape, no matter how dangerous the motherland is.
In this poem, the two lines "Hengmei" have become famous sayings. "Hengmei" and "bow down" vividly describe the revolutionary warriors' treatment of the enemy. and two completely different attitudes towards the people. These two sentences are not only profound but also vivid. Comrade Guo Moruo praised this couplet in the "Preface to the Manuscript of Lu Xun's Poems": "Although there are only fourteen words, they convey the power of life and death." , clear love and hate; fully display the spirit of unity and struggle. This is truly unprecedented, and it is something that will come later. "The origin of "Thousands of People's Finger" is from "Hanshu·Wang Jia Zhuan": "There is a proverb: 'Thousands of people's fingers will lead to death without illness. '" The "thousand people" here means "thousands of men", which refers to the masses. But Lu Xun said in "To Li Bingzhong" on February 4, 1931: "Fortunately, nothing has happened now, so I can let go of my thoughts. However, the three accusations turned down, and the good mother became suspicious. As a matter of fact, he died without any disease. In this life, I don’t know what the future will bring. "Lu Xun gave a new meaning here. This "thousand men" does not refer to the masses, but refers to enemies, and refers to all kinds of enemies. This is the same as "Untitled" "A clear branch picks up the Hunan spirit", "We have no choice but to lose to Xiao Aimi", " "Xiao Aimi" refers to the number of enemies, which is consistent with "thousands of men" referring to the number of enemies. Therefore, Leng's "thousands of men" refers not to the single man whom Leng accuses of the masses, but to Leng's pointers to many enemies. Chairman Mao said, "'Thousands of men'" 'We are talking about enemies here' is absolutely correct.
As for "Self-mockery", there are still some differences in interpretation, which can be discussed.
Regarding the title "Self-mockery" Explanation: First, "As for the word 'self-mockery' mentioned by Lu Xun, it is just a twist. In fact, Mr. Lu Xun does not need to laugh at himself. "Since there is no need to laugh at oneself, then why should we "deprecate oneself"? Does saying Qubi mean that there is no meaning of "self-deprecating"? The question is not clear yet.
The second is: "This poem is called self-mockery, but it is actually a satire on the enemy." Then it is mocking the enemy rather than mocking oneself. If there is really no self-mockery, then why bother with the title "Self-mockery"? 3. "Self-mockery is self-mockery. What did Lu Xun mock about himself? He mocked his own experiences, mocked his own situation, that is, mocked the enemy's treatment of himself. "It is self-deprecating. The object of ridicule in every poem is always oneself." Is ridiculing oneself the same as ridiculing the enemy? Every poem is mocking oneself. Are these two sentences also mocking oneself?
So how should we explain "self-mockery"? The title "self-mockery" has its origin. There is a category in "Selected Works" called "Construction", which includes Dongfang Shuo's "Answering Guests", Yang Xiong's "Explanation of Mocking", and Ban Gu's "Answering Guests". These three titles include Mocking and Play. The first article "Answering" "Guest Difficulty" is the answer to ridicule. These three articles all explain the guests' laughing at themselves, which is not "self-deprecation" and is different from "self-deprecation". But "Han Shu·Dongfang Shuo Biography" said: "Because of the discussion of setting up a guest to embarrass oneself, one uses one's humble position to comfort oneself." Dongfang Shuo assumed that a guest was mocking him. It was not that there was really a guest mocking him, or that he was mocking him. Laugh at yourself and then answer it yourself. Yang Xiong's "Explanation of Mocking", Ban Gu's "Replying the Guest", and Han Yu's "Jin Xue Jie" are all the same. They all assume that someone is mocking themselves. In fact, they are mocking themselves, and then they answer the questions themselves. Therefore, "Selected Works" calls Dongfang Shuo and three other articles "essays", indicating that the guest who mocks himself is the author's assumption, that is, the author's self-mockery. This type of article is divided into two parts, one part is to laugh at oneself, and the other part is to explain. In fact, it is self-deprecation and self-explanation, but in the form of being a guest, one is making fun of oneself and explaining oneself.
Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" was modified from this kind of "explanation of ridicule" article. It removed its formal mockery and self-explanation and adopted its actual self-mockery and self-explanation, which is called " Self-deprecating”. The past "explanation of ridicule" was actually divided into two parts: self-deprecation and self-explanation. Lu Xun's "self-deprecation" was also divided into two parts: self-deprecation and self-explanation. In the past, "Jie Mo" first assumed that the guests asked themselves questions to mock themselves. Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" also first asked questions to mock himself, such as "What do you want when you are handed over to the canopy?" It is actually a question sentence. What else do you ask for? In the past, articles about "explanation of ridicule" all used words that ridiculed oneself, such as Dongfang Shuo said "the lips are rotten and the teeth are falling", Yang Xiong said "the extension of the official", and Ban Gu said "the body is weak and the gate" , Han Yu said, "The postscript stops the trouble after, and it is easy to get blamed." Lu Xun also had similar "self-deprecating", such as "I have bumped into my head before I dared to stand up", which is similar to the fear of bumping into the "Hengti Hengmen", and "it is easy to get blamed"; "a broken hat hides the face" describes himself, It also belongs to the same category as those described by oneself as "lips rotten and teeth fall off" and "head child teeth chipped". This is the self-deprecating part.
In the past, "Jie Mo" was often written with its own identity. For example, Dongfang Shuo said, "Ji is the same as Fan Li, and Zhong is loyal to Zixu." "Laughing Phoenix", compared to the Fenghuang, Ban Gu said that "the wall of the He family",
"it lasts for thousands of years but shines brightly". Lu Xun also had a sarcastic remark, that is, "with a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, one bows his head and is willing to be a bully". Its profound meaning has been fully elucidated by Chairman Mao, and it is naturally far beyond that of his predecessors. Therefore, "Self-mockery" contains a self-mockery part, and it is not like the explanation cited above that "self-mockery" is a twist, "a satire on the enemy." Saying that one has good fortune and good fortune, but one does not dare to stand up and cover one's face with one's hat. How can this be called a "quick pen" or a mockery of the enemy? Doesn't saying that one has good luck with good fortune does not mean that one has good luck with good fortune? How can one ridicule the enemy by saying that one has good luck with good fortune? "Self-mockery" also has a self-explanatory part, and not every sentence is self-mockery.
Of course, Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" is very different from the predecessors' "Explanation of Mockery", both in form and content. The predecessors used to laugh at oneself, but Lu Xun only called it "self-mockery". This is a different proposition. The ancients mocked others to express their grievances, and used self-explanation to gain status. This was mainly to ridicule themselves. They did not dare to touch the feudal rulers for their own grievances, and it also had the function of beautifying the feudal rulers. Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" is a revolutionary poem that dares to stab the Kuomintang reactionaries, shows his contempt for the enemy, and shows his determination to fight for the revolutionary cause to the end.
So what's the point of comparing it to the predecessors' "Explanation of Mockery"? This just shows Lu Xun's development in creation, just like Lu Xun's "My Broken Love" has inherited and developed. Pointing this out will help us understand the title "Self-mockery" and make it more consistent with the reality of the poem.
The second is the explanation of the last couplet: "Hide in the small building and become one, regardless of winter, summer, spring and autumn." One said, "The last two sentences are a satire on those people at that time who only cared about their own comfort and did not care about politics." The second theory is a satire on the Kuomintang reactionaries who moved their capital to Luoyang during the January 28th Incident in 1932 and did not move back to Nanjing until December. The author had not yet moved back when he wrote this poem. Three said, "'Hide in a small building' once again expresses the idea of ??'trench warfare' that Lu Xun has always advocated. The 'small building' is a bunker fortification and a trench on the front line. Hiding in a small building and taking advantage of the opportunity to attack is for the better." Preserve yourself, attack the enemy, and destroy the enemy. "Fourth Theory" "Chengyitong" means to form a unified unit, and to be tit-for-tat with the Chiang Dynasty. Although the "small building" is small, it is an outpost in the struggle against the proletariat. The entire revolutionary struggle of the class is connected together."
Look again at what the predecessors wrote about "Jie Mo" in the latter part. Dongfang Shuo said, "Although time is not used, I still have no disciples, and I live alone"; Yang Xiong said, "I am lonely and lonely, and I am a house of virtue"; Ban Gu said, "Practice your aspirations carefully, and guard your heavenly talismans." ". They all talk about being content with loneliness and being able to protect yourself, not to ridicule others. It is inappropriate to say that satire is not about politics. The main thing to be satirized is the enemy. It is a matter of education for those who are not interested in politics, not to satirize them. Lu Xun's "hiding in a small building" is similar in form to the predecessors' "living alone" and being content with loneliness. Of course, the spirit of the two is completely different. The former is about retreat, and the latter is about fighting.
How to fight by "hiding in a small building"? Is it to use the small building as a trench for trench warfare? We only know that when the enemy invades the city for street warfare, we hide in the small building to fight in the street. The small building serves as cover to attack the enemy. How could Lu Xun use small buildings as trenches when he was fighting for counter-cultural "encirclement and suppression"? When fighting for counter-cultural "encirclement and suppression", we must use newspapers and periodicals as fighting positions to attack the enemy. If we leave the fighting position of newspapers and periodicals, even if we hide in small buildings, How to attack the enemy? Lu Xun's trench warfare was his use of various pen names when writing essays about battles. To confuse the enemy, he used various ingenious artistic techniques to blind the enemy's eyes when writing combat essays. In this way, he covered himself and attacked the enemy, instead of "hiding in a small building" to save himself and attack the enemy. The third theory may not be consistent with reality. The Fourth Theory believes that "hiding in a small building" means holding on to one's position, and "unifying" means being connected with the entire revolutionary struggle of the proletariat. But the original sentence is about "hiding in a small building" to become unified, that is, hiding in a small building and becoming unified. It does not mean that the small building is used as a stronghold and then connected with the revolutionary base area to become unified. It is precisely because hiding in a small building to dominate the world that it corresponds to "Don't worry about winter, summer, spring and autumn." No matter what the political climate of the outside world is, don't worry about it! That means don’t care. If the small building as a stronghold is connected with the entire revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, then we have to pay close attention to the political climate of the outside world. How can we ignore it? Therefore, the fourth theory cannot help but go too far.
So what do these two sentences mean? Lu Xun was under persecution by the reactionaries and was often hiding, so hiding in a small building became my unification. No matter what changes the political climate outside, This is "self-mockery", but it is not limited to self-mockery. It is also a satire that the Kuomintang reactionaries only know how to avoid, no matter how dangerous the motherland is. These two sentences are not only "self-deprecating", but also use "self-deprecating" to violently attack the enemy and hit the enemy's vital point. This shows that "self-deprecating" is the battle of the revolution. These two sentences are a powerful combination with the couplet "Hengmei Lengdui".