First, the rule of the northern warlords.

1, the social crisis in the early years of the Republic of China

The Revolution of 1911 contributed to the disintegration of the old system and the establishment of the new system, so the history of China stepped out of the old track of regime change.

The bourgeois revolutionaries created the cornerstone of the Republic of China, and Yuan Shikai won the post of President of the Republic of China, but the revolutionaries were not satisfied with this result, and Yuan Shikai was not satisfied with this result, so he began the struggle between democracy and autocracy in the late Qing Dynasty under the new historical conditions. When the Republic of China lost its Congress and provisional laws, it was just an empty shell. The battle to protect the law ended the Hongxian monarchy. With the death of Yuan Shikai, the autocracy and formal unity he maintained all his life ended. However, the people who overthrew Yuan Shikai could not establish a new unity. On the occasion of the arrival of the old reunification and the new reunification, a period of warlord separatism appeared.

Warlords are a feudal force with unusual characteristics: first, in the hands of warlords, the army has become a private thing; Second, private armed forces and armies divide places and form private territories. Without armies and territories, there would be no warlords. Therefore, the essence of warlord rule is military rule under strength, which is more turbulent and dark than general feudal rule.

Yuan Shikai and his later Beiyang warlords were reactionary political armed groups of feudal comprador, suppressing the revolution internally; Take refuge in imperialism. The autocratic rule and separatist regime of warlords, disputes and even melee have brought endless disasters to the people and caused great damage to the economy. Sun Yat-sen witnessed it with his own eyes. He said: "My husband went to the Manchurian dictatorship and was reborn into the tyranny of countless robbers. It is more poisonous than before, so the interests of the people are not good! "

The greatest achievement of the Revolution of 1911 was the abolition of the feudal monarchy for two or three thousand years, which made all subsequent attempts to restore the monarchy fail. 1922, Liang Qichao said in the Introduction to the Evolution History of China in Fifty Years that "if you are as wise as Yao Shun, as violent as Qin Shihuang and Ming Taizu, as cunning as Cao Cao and Sima Yi, no one will ever agree."

2. Where is the way out for China?

This issue is once again before the people of China. The enthusiasm of the last generation of revolutionaries declined. Except for some political and military struggles that are still around Sun Yat-sen and have little effect, a large number of people are depressed. Even Lu Xun himself was silent for almost ten years, reading Buddhist scriptures, expanding inscriptions and copying Ji Kang to pass the time. In this crowded and muggy dark kingdom. Some advanced intellectuals reflected on the lessons of the failure of the Revolution of 1911 in disappointment, depression and pain, and decided that to establish a veritable Republic, we must fundamentally transform the national character.

Chen Duxiu fled to Japan after the failure of the Second Revolution, and returned to Shanghai from Japan in 19 15.

In his view, why did the revolution fail? Because of the lack of the process from the Italian Renaissance to the French Enlightenment. This lesson must be made up, without which the revolution will not succeed; Success cannot be consolidated. Therefore, he called this movement the "last awakening" of the people. He said, "Although most people in China are not opposed to republicanism, their minds are full of old ideas of the imperial era"; "To consolidate the Republic now, we must first wash away all the old ideas against the Republic from the people's minds."

Because of the huge gap between the hope of China society aroused by the Revolution of 1911 and the darkness of China in the early years of the Republic of China, the huge gap caused great waves, and the New Culture Movement came into being.

Second, the new culture movement and ideological emancipation

The new culture is relative to the old culture, and it is beyond the old culture precipitated by thousands of years of history.

1, China people seek truth from the west.

During the Opium War, the reformers of the landlord class learned from foreigners to control them.

During the Westernization Movement, Chinese style used Western style.

Constitutional monarchy of the reform movement of the institutional bourgeoisie

Bourgeois Democratic Republic of the Revolution of 1911.

Culture (Ideological Revolution) New Culture Movement Democracy and Science

It can be seen that the first step is scientific and technological progress; The second step is to combine scientific and technological progress with political reform; The third step is scientific and technological progress plus political reform plus ideological emancipation.

The symbol of the rise of the new culture movement;

At the beginning, Chen Duxiu named his magazine Youth. You can see that he will change.

The responsibility for building society falls on young people. He believes that young people are not only young and strong, but also "people with brains", so that they can shoulder the responsibility of freshness and liveliness.

Chen Duxiu put forward six hopes and demands for young people: "independence rather than slavery", "progress rather than conservatism", "enterprising rather than closed to the outside world", "hard work rather than empty talk" and "science rather than fantasy". This aroused the enthusiasm of young people. For a time, science and democracy have become the most interesting topics for young people.

2. The basic content of the New Culture Movement before the May 4th Movement.

(1) basic slogans: "democracy" and "science"

Chen Duxiu's so-called "democracy" and "science" are derived from the English transliteration of the first syllable of the two nouns "science".

Democracy advocated at that time: first, it refers to democratic spirit and democratic thought; The second refers to the bourgeois democratic political system.

Science advocated at that time: first, it refers to the scientific thought, scientific spirit and scientific method of understanding and judging things; Second, it refers to specific science and technology and scientific knowledge.

(2) Main weapons: evolution theory and personality liberation.

(3) Basic contents:

Advocate democracy and oppose dictatorship; Advocate science and oppose superstition and blind obedience; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.

(4) Before the May 4th Movement, the New Culture Movement focused its criticism on the feudal orthodoxy of Confucianism. Therefore, arranging holes and opposing holes became the starting point of the ideological revolution.

Democracy and science are incompatible with China's traditional values. Confucianism, which has a history of more than 2,000 years, has been politicized because of its combination with imperial power and ethicized because of its combination with Confucianism. Confucianism advocates "morality, ethics, life and politics in feudal times", which is incompatible with the goal of "building a new country with western style" proposed by the advocates of the New Culture Movement.

Lu Xun published the vernacular novel Diary of a Madman in New Youth, which was his first vernacular novel and the first javelin that he began to use Lu Xun's pen name to fire at feudal ethics. "I looked at the history and found that there is no age in this history. Every page is crooked with the words' benevolence, righteousness and morality'. I can't sleep anyway. I read it carefully in the middle of the night and saw the words from the cracks. The words' cannibalism' were written all over the book. "

For a time, overthrowing "Kongjiadian" became the most fashionable slogan for young people. Politically and ideologically, it dealt an unprecedented blow to feudal rule, accelerated the awakening of China people and formed an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement.

It is worth noting that the criticism of Confucianism and anti-Confucianism by the New Culture Movement does not mean completely anti-tradition, let alone "Westernization". Chen Duxiu and others strongly criticized Confucianism because some people tried to continue the feudal dynasty and unify the people of China with Confucianism. Moreover, the tradition of China is not only Confucianism, but also Confucianism, as well as excellent traditional culture such as a hundred schools of thought contend. Hu Shi, for example, never said a word that totally negated China's tradition in his life. In the early days of studying in the United States, I made many speeches and published many papers to publicize China's cultural traditions. In his view, the "real problems" faced by China people in culture can be said; How can we absorb modern culture most effectively, make it consistent with our inherent culture, coordinate and continue to develop? "This idea has never given up in his life. Therefore, in the introduction of the Outline of China's Philosophical History, he also advocated that the two philosophical systems of China and the West should contact and influence each other, thus "producing a new philosophy of China". In addition to other important contributions, he presided over two important tasks in cultural undertakings all his life: one was to sort out national heritage, and the other was to compile western books. The former aims at systematically sorting out the ancient cultural heritage of China; The latter aims to systematically introduce western cultural classics. The fundamental purpose of these two tasks is to seek the mutual combination of Chinese and western cultures. In a word, the most important leader of the New Culture Movement is not a simple Westernization faction or a thorough anti-tradition faction, but a pioneer who pursues the combination of Chinese and Western to create a new culture.

The broad masses of intellectuals boldly bring in new ideas, new concepts and new cultures through the debate between foreign countries and summer countries, and think about Chinese style and western style. They broke into the lifeless China like wild horses, and the whole of China changed. Since 2000, the New Culture Movement has denied the authority of feudal thought, and people dare to criticize and oppose it, creating conditions for the spread of Marxist thought.

3. The significance and limitations of the New Culture Movement before May 4th Movement.

(1) Meaning: Unprecedented Enlightenment Movement, Unprecedented Deep Emancipation Movement.

Objectively, it has created favorable conditions for the spread of Marxism in China.

Because of this, Mao Zedong commented on it: "This movement is lively, progressive and revolutionary." "There has never been such a great and thorough Cultural Revolution in China's history."

(2) limitations:

Due to the limitations of class and times, there are inevitably some weaknesses.

In terms of ideological understanding, giving priority to reforming national character does not reveal the necessity of fundamentally reforming China's existing basic social system. In fact, without the revolutionary practice of transforming the social environment that produced feudal thoughts, it is impossible to fundamentally transform the thoughts produced by this social environment and the national character caused by it only by the shouts of a few people and limited propaganda means.

In the way of thinking, there is a tendency to look at problems in a formalistic way. Look at the problem one-sidedly. If it's not good, it's absolutely bad. If it's good, it's absolutely good. China and the west are absolutely opposed, and complex phenomena are simplified. This formalistic way of looking at problems influenced the later development of this movement.

Why did the advanced elements of the New Culture Movement doubt the plan of western capitalism at that time?

First, in the era of imperialism, the inherent contradictions of the capitalist system have been more fully exposed.

Second, the First World War further exposed the insurmountable contradictions inherent in the capitalist system in an extreme form.

This is undoubtedly a blow to China people who have placed their hopes on the future of China in the West. Seeing the degradation of material civilization in Europe and the West after the war, the progress of science and technology not only did not stop the war, but aggravated the harmfulness and cruelty of the war, which turned China people who looked around the world into deep disappointment, hesitation and pain in capitalist civilization, and Westerners doubted themselves.

19 18 At the end of March, the First World War ended and the Paris Peace Conference will be held soon. Confused by the realistic problems in China, Liang Qichao went to Europe to inspect. Regarding the purpose of this trip, Liang Qichao himself said that he wanted to learn something and see post-war Europe. This trip made him see the ruin and poverty suffered by Europe after World War I. They crowded together, using semi-wet firewood and cinders, so that they had to rely on physical exercise to keep warm. They only had enough to eat, not to mention being rich and delicious. He also directly experienced the sadness and disappointment of the European bourgeoisie.

Liang Qichao: "People in the whole society are caught in the dull fear of doubt, just like a ship that has lost its compass. When it encounters wind and fog, it is good to know how to live in the future. " They have a saying called "the end of the century", that is, the end of the world has arrived.

Li Dazhao: "This war has made people doubt the authority of European civilization, and Europeans themselves have to reflect on the true value of their own civilization."

Since westerners have doubts about themselves, why do China people follow the west and follow suit?

Third, the fact that China people's efforts to learn from the West have repeatedly failed makes them have great doubts about the feasibility of the bourgeois republic plan in China.

"The imperialist aggression broke China's dream of learning from the West. It's strange, why does Miss Wang always invade students? China people have learned a lot from the west, but it doesn't work, and their ideals will never be realized. Many struggles, including national movements such as the Revolution of 1911, have failed. The situation in the country is getting worse every day, and the environment forces people to live. Doubts have arisen, increased and developed. " (Mao Zedong)

"This bitter experience is a good thing for the advanced elements in China. If the old road doesn't work, they will find a new way out. " . (Mao Zedong)

This provided the soil for the spread of Marxism in China, and China's failure at the Paris Peace Conference made China people have a deeper understanding of the nature of capitalism. At that time, some radical nationalists such as Li Dazhao began to explore the road of saving the country and the people under the new historical conditions. "Eastern civilization declines in stagnation, while Western civilization dries up under material conditions", "The world must have a third civilization, which is not enough to cross the cliff". (Li Dazhao)

In this way, the development of the new culture movement is divided into two trends. Some people (such as Li Dazhao) inherited its scientific and democratic spirit and reformed it on the basis of Marxism; Others (such as Hu Shi, etc. ) took the bourgeois road.

Suspicion of the west only shows the inevitability of turning. Why should we turn to Marxism? Because of the Russian October Revolution.

Third, the October Revolution and the spread of Marxism.

John reid wrote Ten Days that Shocked the World and introduced the October Revolution, which made people around the world sit up and take notice of Russia.

1 and the influence of the October Revolution on China

1848 The publication of the * * * Declaration written by Marx and Engels provided a new coordinate for the development of human history, and from then on, the world proletariat had its own ideological guidance to fight. Marxism was introduced to China in the late Qing Dynasty, but before the Russian October Revolution, China people's understanding of Marxism was concentrated on economics and public ownership, mixed with utopian socialism and anarchism, so China people at that time did not really understand Marxism.

The October Revolution had the greatest influence on China's ideological circle: it provided an operable "paradigm" for the transformation of socialism from theory to practice and from ideal to reality, that is, Marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialism, that is, the theory of class struggle and proletarian dictatorship, that is, Lenin developed the Marxist theory of "one country revolution wins first".

The October Revolution let China see the hope of national liberation, and let the people of China, who groped in the dark, discover that the third civilization Marxism higher than capitalist civilization is scientific socialism.

As Mao Zedong said, "The October Revolution brought us Marxism–Leninism with artillery. The October Revolution helped the advanced elements all over the world and China, and used the proletarian world outlook as a tool to observe the destiny of the country and reflect on their own problems. Take the road of Russia-this is the conclusion. " Obviously, from the very beginning, Marxism was mainly accepted by the people of China as a weapon to save the country.

2. How did the October Revolution push the advanced elements in China to turn over? (that is, the Enlightenment of the October Revolution)

First, realize that countries with backward economy and culture can also use socialist ideas to guide themselves to the road of liberation.

This makes frustrated and confused China intellectuals see hope.

Second, the newly-born Russia called for opposing imperialism and treating China with an equal attitude, which effectively promoted China's advanced elements' yearning for socialism.

Third, the October Revolution inspired the advanced elements in China with new revolutionary methods.

For example, as Dong said, we had a revolution with Sun Yat-sen, but Sun always relied on warlords. When the revolution developed, Sun Yat-sen could not catch it, and as a result, others also caught it. So we learn from the Russian way, because we see the power to mobilize the masses for revolution from the Russian way.

192365438+February, Peking University voted for the greatest man in the world. In the opinion polls, Lenin got 227 (46%) of all 497 votes, ranking first. World-renowned American President Wilson only got 5 1 vote. In this way, Marxism gained a real acceptance foundation in China. As a result, a group of Marxists appeared in China, and Li Dazhao was the first person to raise the banner of Marxism on the land of China.

Case: Before the May 4th Movement, how did the October Revolution push Li Dazhao from bourgeois democracy to socialism and spread Marxism in China?

Conditions: Studying in Japan enabled Li Dazhao to initially lay the ideological foundation of socialism. During the Revolution of 1911, Li Dazhao first stepped onto the bourgeois stage. He eagerly yearned for the capitalist democratic Republic and enthusiastically cheered the establishment of the bourgeois democratic Republic. Before studying in Japan, he had no contact with socialism. After moving to Japan, while studying at Waseda University, he began to devote himself to studying and enthusiastically propagating the October Revolution. Since the October Revolution, he has deeply felt the changes in the world and the development of China.

Propaganda: attach great importance to, devote oneself to research and enthusiastically publicize the October Revolution.

Practice: Li Dazhao became the earliest Marxist in China, studying and spreading Marxism.

Li Dazhao published in New Youth: The Victory of Bolshevism and the Comparative View of French-Russian Revolution. "Look at the future world, it must be the world of red flags!"

China's advanced elements turned to Marxism, which played a two-way role in the specific international environment;

First, the First World War and China people's doubts and abandonment of the capitalist program; Second, the more direct influence is that the victory of Russian October Revolution is the result of Marxist practice.

At the same time, China's advanced elements turned to Marxism, with dual demands of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism: from the inside, feudal politics, economy and culture had become a huge obstacle to the social development of China at that time; Externally, the imperialist occupation of China made saving the nation from extinction a prerequisite for China's rejuvenation and self-improvement.

Fourth, the May 4th Movement: the beginning of the new-democratic revolution.

The May 4th Movement is a process.

Beijing academic declaration

The demonstrators set out for Tiananmen Square.