1. Explain the essence and laws of teaching.
2. Understand and master the purpose of middle school teaching.
3. Master the teaching principles and methods in middle schools.
(A) teaching philosophy
Regarding what is "teaching", some people think that "teaching is to impart knowledge and skills"; Some people think that "teaching is class"; Others think that "teaching is intellectual education".
These views are specious. Although they seem reasonable at first glance, it is not difficult to find that they do not reveal the scientific connotation of teaching. From the first point of view, although imparting knowledge and skills is the primary task of teaching, it is by no means a task. At the same time, teaching is a bilateral activity including teachers' teaching and students' learning, while imparting knowledge and skills only embodies the activity of "teaching" but not the activity of "learning". The second view is to define teaching from the organizational form of teaching, but this is not complete. Because, besides classroom teaching as its basic organizational form, there are other organizational forms. Therefore, teaching cannot be equated with attending classes. The third point of view is that "teaching" and "intellectual education" are two concepts that are both different and related. Teaching is the basic way for schools to achieve educational goals, and it belongs to the category of school education activities (or work), and is juxtaposed with other school work such as ideological and political work, sports health work and logistics management. Intellectual education is an integral part of the all-round development education of socialism, which belongs to the category of educational content, alongside moral education, physical education, aesthetic education and labor technology education.
Teaching should not only accomplish the task of intellectual education, but also accomplish other tasks of individual education, which is the concrete way to develop education in an all-round way. Besides teaching, there are other ways of intellectual education, such as extracurricular educational activities and social practice. Therefore, intellectual education and teaching are not equal, but partially cross. Therefore, the above three viewpoints are essentially traditional teaching views that equate teaching with "teaching". This is incomplete and vague in theory, which greatly restricts teaching practice and teaching reform.
The scientific meaning of teaching should be: teachers guide students to actively learn systematic scientific culture and knowledge and skills, develop intelligence and physical strength, cultivate ability, and form good ideological and moral character and aesthetic taste. In other words, teaching is a unified activity in which students participate in teaching and learning under the guidance of teachers. Its purpose is to enable students to master certain knowledge and skills and obtain all-round development of body and mind. It can be seen that teaching is not just teaching, but an educational activity to educate people through teaching.
The concepts of teaching and education are both related and different. It is the relationship between part and whole, and teaching is included in education, which is a basic way for schools to carry out education. Besides teaching activities, schools should also educate students through extracurricular activities, productive labor and social activities.
(B) the significance of teaching
1. The role of teaching in the development of human society
Teaching is one of the powerful tools to solve the contradiction between individual experience and human social and historical experience. Teaching is one of the strong ties or intermediate links between society and individuals, especially with the new generation and promoting the development of human history. If society wants to continue to develop, it must be replaced by new generations. The accumulated experience, knowledge, writing, science, politics and ethics in the historical development of human society should be handed down from generation to generation. If we can't pass it on or pass it on badly, we can't make full use of it for the next generation, or even ask them to start from scratch, or take the detour that our ancestors took, it will delay the development of human society. As a new way of knowledge transfer, teaching not only adapts to the objective situation of social production development and knowledge growth, but also is a kind of accumulation, transfer and development created by human beings and an effective shortcut to create knowledge and cultivate talents. The early way of imparting knowledge individually in production was not only slow, but also limited and one-sided. With the emergence of social division of labor and writing, human beings have learned to organize and record knowledge with writing and compile it into teaching materials. It is flexible and convenient for teachers to organize young people to learn, which can greatly speed up the new generation's mastery of knowledge. It should be said that the historical experience of human society and individual experience are contradictory, that is, individuals often can not grasp the historical experience of human society well and can not adapt to the requirements of new social development; Or society is often divorced from personal development. Teaching is to solve this contradiction. It is very difficult to solve this contradiction, but school teaching has made outstanding contributions to this mission with its unique advantages and conditions.
With the rapid development of science and technology today, the contradiction between individuals and social and historical experience is more prominent. We should strive to let everyone, especially the new generation, master the essence of knowledge accumulated by human beings for thousands of years in the learning era of life, so as to engage in innovation and make contributions as soon as possible. In a word, teaching shoulders the heavy responsibility of social history and plays an important role in social development.
2. The role of teaching in the all-round development of individuals
(1) Teaching has enabled Zhiyu to break through the limitations of time, space and personal direct experience and expand his own scope of knowledge. Through teaching, individuals can learn about people and things thousands of years ago, understand the mountains and rivers thousands of miles away, and win the speed of understanding. Through teaching, individuals can effectively learn and master more knowledge and skills in a relatively short time. At the same time, this experience accumulated by human wisdom has the function of developing human wisdom. Because they are the crystallization of human wisdom and have high intellectual value.
(2) Teaching makes moral education the most important means, and science is the basis of understanding, which expands the space and wins time for moral education. Lenin pointed out in the article "The Task of the Youth League": "Marxism is a model of communism that comes from all human knowledge. Only by enriching your mind with all the knowledge wealth created by human beings can you become a communist party member. " Moral education in primary and secondary schools is an arduous systematic project, and its foundation lies in teaching. Whether it is to educate students on national consciousness, national consciousness and civic consciousness, or to form a scientific outlook on life, world and politics, it must be based on scientific knowledge. Therefore, teaching should lay a good knowledge and understanding foundation for students' future political, moral and social practice and the continuous improvement of socialist consciousness.
(3) Teaching provides unique conditions for physical education. First of all, teaching provides a scientific basis for physical education. The basic function of physical education class specially set up by the school is to provide students with theoretical knowledge and methods to protect their health and scientific exercise. Secondly, the teaching of physical hygiene is directly related to students' physical development, and other disciplines, especially some natural science knowledge, can also provide a lot of knowledge about physical health.
(4) through teaching, especially the teaching of aesthetic education courses (such as literature, music, art, etc. ), in the combination of theory and practice to teach students the basic knowledge of aesthetic education, through the teaching of various subjects, guide students to discover the beauty in the teaching content, so that students can accept aesthetic education in learning scientific knowledge.
(5) Providing students with systematic knowledge of modern production and promoting the combination of theory and practice through the teaching of various subjects; On the other hand, through specialized labor technology courses, we systematically learn labor technology knowledge and conduct comprehensive labor technology training for students.
3. The position and role of teaching in the education system
Compared with other school work, teaching takes up the most time, covers the widest range and has the most comprehensive and concentrated influence on students' development. It is directly related to the quality of school education, so it is the most important educational activity of the school. Therefore, it must occupy a central position and play a core role in the whole school work. It is not only the main part of education, but also the basic way or form of education. But we can't go to the other extreme, that is teaching. Because teaching cannot play a role unilaterally and in isolation from other forms of education.