Yimeng, since ancient times, has been a representative and leader of Qi culture, with a large number of celebrities. As far as celebrity output is concerned, Yimeng area is firmly at the top of the list. Qi culture, represented by Yimeng land, and Lu culture, represented by Confucius and Mencius, echoed from a distance, stirred up and influenced each other, and * * * formed the two spiritual cores of Qilu culture.
the famous figures in Yimeng mountain area are: Wang Xizhi, the sage of books, Zhuge Liang, Yan Zhenqing, Meng Tian, Liu Hong, Wang Xianzhi, Wang Dao, Zuo Baogui, Liu Xie, Kuang Heng, Wang Xiang, Bao Zhao, Yan Zhitui, Zeng Zi, Xunzi, Tan Zi, and many other names that have illuminated the future. Liu Hong, the father of China's abacus calculation and an outstanding astronomer and mathematician, was born in Mengyin (now Mengyin County, Shandong Province), Taishan County in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was born in the fourth year of Yongjian in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 129) and died in the fifteenth year of Jian 'an (AD 21). He was an outstanding astronomer and mathematician in ancient China.
during Yan Xi's reign of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty (158-166), Liu Hong said, "Take a captain as an official, and worship Liang Zhong". Being an official for several years, he is honest and upright, and officials and people are afraid and respectful. After Liu Hong was appointed as the satrap of Shanyang, he also moved to be the Hou Xiang of Qucheng (now Yexian County, Shandong Province), and his position was equivalent to that of the county satrap. During his tenure as a minister, Liu Hong distinguished rewards and punishments, emphasized education, changed customs, and was feared and loved by officials and people. He became a well-known administrative official with great prestige and achievements.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty said that Hong Shan counted, and there was no spouse in the world. Xu Yue, wei ren in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote the book "The Legacy of Numerology". Xu Yue said in the book: "Liu Huiji is knowledgeable and biased towards mathematics ... There are still many kinds of Li Shouzhu techniques, one of which counts." Liu Huiji mentioned by Xu Yue is Liu Hong. Liu Hong, the father of abacus calculation, was honored as "the sage of calculation". Abacus is one of China's five great inventions.
The first calendar in China, the Dry Elephant Calendar, was created by Liu Hong after careful research. Ganxiang Calendar had a great influence on the revision of calendars in past dynasties, and it was used by later generations.
in 26 ad, Liu hong finally approved his dry calendar, which was a masterpiece of calendar after more than 1 years of research, inspection, enrichment and improvement. Unfortunately, Liu Hong died in about 21 AD. Before his death, he didn't see the dry calendar for which he had worked hard for decades officially issued. But his heart and blood were not in vain. Thanks to the efforts of Xu Yue's student Kan Ze and others, the dry elephant calendar was officially put into use in Dongwu from 232 to 28 AD. More importantly, with its numerous creations, Ganxiang Calendar has made the traditional calendar look brand-new, exerted great influence on later calendars, and wrote a glorious chapter in the history of ancient calendars in China. Liu Hong is also famous as an astronomer who made epoch-making achievements.
research achievements of the moon movement and eclipse-leading the world
Liu Hong's astronomical achievements are mostly recorded in the dry calendar, and his contributions are various, among which the research achievements of the moon movement and eclipse are the most prominent.
The modern research on the value of copulation period put forward by Liu Hong at that time shows that its accuracy is the highest since entering the Han Dynasty, and it is also an advanced value in the world at that time. These facts and achievements show Liu Hong's scientific attitude of attaching importance to practice and its test, being rigorous and fair, and seeking truth from facts. Zhuge Liangzi Kongming (181-234 AD), also known as Wolong (also known as Fulong), Han nationality, Langya Yangdu (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province), prime minister of Shu Han, was an outstanding politician, strategist, inventor and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period.
When he was alive, he was named the marquis of Wuxiang, and he was called the loyal marquis of Wuxiang. Later, in order to admire Zhuge Liang's military talents, the Eastern Jin regime made him the King of Wuxing. His representative works include "Before the Model", "After the Model" and "The Book of Commandments". Invented wooden ox and flowing horse, Kongming lantern, etc. Chengdu has the Temple of Wuhou, and Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote the famous book Shu Xiang.
Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou: Zhuge Liang is also concerned with the country, comforting the people, showing manners, making appointments with officials, obeying the power system, being sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will be rewarded for their enmity, those who violate the law and neglect will be punished, those who plead guilty and lose their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degradation; Ordinary things are concise, physics is the foundation, fame and responsibility are real, hypocrisy is contemptuous; At last, those who are afraid and love it within the territory of the state, although the punishment and politics are harsh and have no complaints, admonish Ming with their intentions. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and he is a horse of Xiao.
Historical evaluation:
Liu Bei: "There is Kong Ming in solitude, and there is water in fish. May you not say anything. " "You just ten times xelloss, will be safe, and finally great things. If the heir can be supplemented, supplement it; If it is incompetent, you can take it yourself. "
Si Mahui: "Confucian scholars and common people, do they know the current affairs? He who knows the times cares about Junjie. There are Wolong and Feng Chu here. "
Meng Huo: "Gong, Tian Wei is also powerful, and southerners will no longer oppose it."
Jia Xu: "Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country."
Ye?Liu: "Zhuge Liang is good at treating others."
Xu Shu: "This person can be seen at once, but he can't be compromised. The general should take care of it in vain. " "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong is also"
Sima Yi: "He is really a genius in the world.
Sima Yan:" It's good that I have this person to help me, so I don't have to work today! "
Liu Chan replied to Zhuge Liang's imperial edict: "Ma Su was to blame for the battle of the street pavilion, but you led me to disgrace myself, seriously disobeyed your wishes and obeyed. The year before last, Yao Shi smashed Simona; At the age of this year, Guo Huai fled; The surrender of Bian and Qiang, the revival of the two counties, and the ferocity of Weizhen were obvious. Today, Fang was harassed, but Yuan evil was not an owl. You were given a big responsibility, and you did the country's heavy work, but you lost yourself for a long time. That's why you glorified Hong Lie. Now that you are the prime minister, you should not resign. "
Liu Chan paid tribute to Zhuge Liang's imperial edict: "Only your body is endowed with civil and military skills, and you are clear and sincere, and you are entrusted with the orphans, and you help me to bow down, and you are determined to keep quiet and chaotic; Therefore, the Sixth Division has been reorganized, and SHEN WOO has been impressed, and Wei Town has been barren, which will make great contributions to Jihan and participate in the great honor of Iraq and Zhou. How not to hang, things are going to be awkward, and you are dying! I mourn with grief, and my heart is cracked. Fu Chongde's preface is meritorious, and Ji Xing's life is posthumous, so it shines in the future and publishes immortality. Today, I made Du Qiong, the commander-in-chief, present you with the seal of the Prime Minister Wu Xiang Hou, and make you a loyal Wu Hou. There is a spirit in the soul, and Jiazi is honored. Alas! Alas! "
Emperor Kangxi: "Zhuge Liangyun: Do your best until you die. Only Zhuge Liang can be such a minister. "
Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, was very appreciative of Zhuge Liang's deeds. He wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including Shu Xiang (including two Shu Xiang with the same name), The Fourth Poem about Historical Sites, Zhu Gekongming, Eight Arrays, Gu Bai Xing, Wuhou Temple, Zhuge Temple and Ge Ye. In Shu Xiang, the third summons weighted him with affairs of state, and to two generations he gave his true heart. But before he could conquer, he was dead, and heroes have wept on their coats ever since ",also become a famous sentence about Zhuge Liang's life in the future. Other poets have also written many poems to praise Zhuge Liang, such as Reading Zhuge Wuhou's Book and Giving Uncle Cui Shaofu of Chang 'an a Gift for Kunji, Song Dynasty statesman and writer Wang Anshi's Zhuge Wuhou (two poems), Southern Song Dynasty poet Lu You's Visiting Zhuge Wuhou's Desk, Tang Dynasty Dou Chang's Visiting Zhuge Wuhou Temple, and Tang Dynasty Zhang Xiao Biao's Zhuge Wuhou Temple.
While affirming Zhuge Liang's intelligence, Mao Zedong tried to analyze the reasons for Zhuge Liang's failure to unify China. In view of Zhuge Liang's general strategy of attacking Cao Wei in Jingzhou and Yizhou in the "Longzhong Dui", he commented: "It was a mistake at the beginning, but it was a thousand miles away and divided into two forces. In the end, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang were invincible. " The previous sentence means that Zhuge Liang's strategy is not appropriate. Jingzhou is thousands of miles away from Yizhou, and the practice of dividing the two places will inevitably make Shu Han lose his military advantage. The last sentence "three-point force" refers to Guan Yu's guarding Jingzhou, Liu Bei's attacking Dongwu, and Zhuge Liang's northern expedition to the Central Plains. The historical fact of "three-point force" eventually led to the loss of the foundation for the unification of China. However, some people disagreed with Mao Zedong's analysis. Longzhong hoped to support Jingzhou Army's Northern Expedition with the whole Jingzhou, which was "benefiting the South China Sea", and Yizhou carried out the pincer strategy. However, Liu Bei failed to achieve it later, and because of the loss of Nanjun, Guan Yu lost his advantage in the battle of Xiangfan, not because of the split force. On the other hand, Mao Zedong once commented on the historical events of losing the street pavilion and beheading Ma Su: "The first battle is bright and it is appropriate to be on the battlefield." It is believed that Zhuge Liang should lead the army to advance at that time, and should not disperse his troops and entrust others with responsibility.
The couplet hanging in Zhugeliang Hall of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu was made by Zhao Fan, a scholar of Qing Dynasty, which attracted the attention of Mao Zedong and others. Its contents are: "If you can attack the enemy, you will be self-defeating, and you will learn from ancient times that soldiers are not belligerent; If you don't judge the situation, you will be lenient and strict, and you will have to think deeply later. "
Sun Yat-sen, the great revolutionary forerunner, praised Zhuge Liang in the "democracy" of the "Three People's Principles": "Zhuge Liang was very talented, so he was able to set up a good government in Western Shu, and he was able to go to the Northern Expedition from Qishan in six places, and he was as good as Wu Wei."
Biography of Zhuge Liang: 1. Life story of the characters:
Wang Xizhi, with a few words andno. Lian Zhai, Han nationality, was born in Linyi, Langya (now Shandong), and later moved to Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). In his later years, he lived in seclusion in Jinting County, China, and was known as a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He has been a secretary, a general of Ningyuan, and a secretariat of Jiangzhou. Later, he was the civil history of Huiji, and led the right general, who was called "Wang Youjun" and "Wang Huiji". His son, Wang Xianzhi, is also good at calligraphy, and the world is collectively known as the "two kings". . Since then, the calligraphy talents of the Wang family have come forth in large numbers. He died in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fifth year of Shengping, and was buried in Jinting Waterfall Mountain (also called Ziteng Mountain). The fifth Sun Heng's house was Jintingguan, and the site still exists. Dong Qichang wrote in "Essays on Painting Zen Rooms": "The preface to the Lanting Pavilion by the Right Army is the first in ancient and modern times, and its characters are all reflected in the belt, small or large, and they are all in the law, so it is also a divine product." Later generations cherish the beauty of white cloth, and although the copyists inevitably infiltrate their own brushwork, no one has slightly changed their composition and white cloth. As Jie Jin said in "Miscellaneous Stories of Spring Rain": "The Syrian Lanting of the right army is beautiful in words, especially in layout. The so-called increase of one point is too long, and the loss of one point is too short." The composition of Preface to Lanting is like dancing with natural beauty, and the beauty of its dancing is unparalleled.
Second, historical influence:
The calligraphy of Wang Xizhi, a descendant of later generations, influenced his descendants. His son is mysterious and good at cursive writing; Coagulation, working as a grass official; Emblem, good cursive script; Fuck it, be good at writing; Huanzhi, good cursive; Offering it is called "Little Sage". Huang Bosi's "On the Remaining View of the East" says: "Wang's four sub-books, Ning, Cao, Hui and Huan, are all handed down to Zi Jing, all of which have their own styles, but their bodies are different. Coagulate its rhyme, exercise its body, emblem its potential, rejuvenate its appearance and offer its source. " Later, the descendants continued, and one of Wang's calligraphy was passed on. Wu Zetian tried Wang Xizhi's book, and Wang Fangqing, Wang Xizhi's great-grandson of the ninth generation, presented ten volumes of the book traces of twenty-eight people from the eleventh generation to the great-grandfather, and compiled it into "Long live the Tongtian Post". After Wang Sengqian, Wang Ci and Wang Zhi were all kings in the Southern Dynasties, there were written scripts. Shi Zhiyong, the seventh grandson of Xihe, is a famous calligrapher in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Bookstore Wang Xizhi's calligraphy has influenced generations of bookstores. The establishment of Wang Xizhi's status as a calligrapher has its evolution process. Yu He, a calligrapher in the Taishi period of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in the Book List: "Han, Wei, Zhong (Yi) and Zhang (Zhi) were good at beauty, and the two kings were called English at the end of Jin Dynasty." The title of the Right Army was unparalleled at that time, while Wang Xianzhi was the one with the highest position in calligraphy between Song and Qi Dynasties. Dedicated to learning books from his father, he was extremely talented and sensitive to innovation, and transferred to Zhang Zhi, and created a cursive script that was connected from top to bottom. He even surpassed his father and became a saint, and he was called "two kings" with his father. Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties said in "On the Book with Liang Wudi" that "all people in the world respect books", and "there is nothing but ignorance of the Yuan Dynasty in the sea, and so is Yu Yishao". What changed this situation was that Liang Wudi Xiao Yan admired Wang Xizhi. He changed the book degree from "Wang Xianzhi-Wang Xizhi-Zhong You" to "Zhong You-Wang Xizhi-Wang Xianzhi". In "Twelve Ideas on Zhong You's Calligraphy", Xiao Yanyun said: "I don't respect my son, but I don't care much about my leisure." "Not successful", or "not caught", is not as good as meaning. Xiao Yan's position makes his comments have special appeal, so public opinion is determined.
The climax of learning
The climax of learning from Wang Xizhi for the first time in history was in the Southern Dynasties, and the second time was in the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong highly praised Wang Xizhi, not only widely collected Wang Shu, but also personally wrote praises for the biography of Wang Xizhi in the Book of Jin. When commenting on Zhong You, he said that he was "either full of goodness or suspicious", while when offering it, he belittled his "disease of calligraphy". On other calligraphers, such as Zi Yun, Wang Meng and Xu Yan, he said that he was "over-praised". By comparison, Emperor Taizong thought that the right army was "perfect" and "eager to pursue, this man is just the rest, what is enough to say?" Since then, Wang Xizhi's supreme position in the history of calligraphy has been established and consolidated. Scholars in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all respected the "two kings" of Jinzong. Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang, Xue Ji, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty, Yang Ningshi in the Five Dynasties, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Midi, Cai Xiang in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu in the Yuan Dynasty and Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty all converted to Wang Xizhi. Although the study of steles broke the scope of the study of calligraphy in Qing Dynasty, Wang Xizhi's position as a calligrapher remained unshakable. Although "the sage of books" and "the emperor of ink" are suspected of being "sanctified", the famous scholars and giants of generations are all convinced and admired by comparison and speculation.
Although Wang Xizhi was praised as a "book saint" in China's book history, he was not regarded as a solidified icon, but only as a symbol of "perfection" created by calligraphy in Chinese culture. Things are always developing and advancing. Wang Xizhi reached the peak of perfection in his time, and this "icon" will surely summon the latecomers to climb new heights of calligraphy in their respective times. Wang Dao, a native of Langya Linyi (now Linyi, Shandong Province), was a minister in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was one of the founders of the Eastern Jin regime and was called "the king and the horse * * * the world" in history.
Wang Dao, the founding prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, experienced three dynasties and was a famous politician. His brilliant achievements in establishing the Eastern Jin Dynasty and governing the south of the Yangtze River are even worse than Zhuge Liang's praise for governing Shu. However, due to various reasons, Wang Dao's position in the history of China has not been properly affirmed.
Throughout the history of our country, since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the focus of economy and culture has gradually shifted to the south. There are many reasons for this situation, but it has something to do with Wang Dao's success in governing Jin and developing Jiangnan. The era in which Wang Dao lived was the most chaotic in the history of China, with "five random China", and the Xiongnu, Xianbei and other ethnic minorities successively occupied the Central Plains. They attacked each other, and there was no peace and hunger everywhere, and the people were in dire straits. A large number of residents of the Central Plains moved south. Under such circumstances, Wang Dao assisted the mediocre Jin and Yuan emperors to establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty to resist the invasion of northern aliens and protect Jiangnan from war. It was Wang Dao who urged the Wu people to unite, unify the military and political affairs, and introduce northern civil and military talents, so that the talents in the south of the Yangtze River were abundant and the country was well governed; It was Wang Dao who settled millions of refugees fleeing from the south in the form of establishing manors, reclaimed land and developed handicraft workshops, which gradually prospered the economy in the south of the Yangtze River. It was Wang Dao who didn't remember honor or disgrace, didn't fear slander, and assisted three generations of emperors to smooth down civil strife, which made the situation in the south of the Yangtze River stable and people's lives stable. Imagine if there were no Wang Dao, Jiangnan would be devastated by the northern alien iron hoof. In that case, the prosperity of Jiangnan will be delayed for hundreds or even hundreds of years. Therefore, it is necessary for Wang Dao to administer Jin and develop Jiangnan. Meng Tian (? -21 years ago): Ji surname, Montessori, Ming Tian. Han nationality, ancestral home in Langya, Qi, is now a native of Mengyin, Shandong. A famous general during the Qin Shihuang period, known as "the first in China"