Classic quotes from famous people in the Postgraduate Entrance Examination of Politics

Abstract The basic principles of Marxism are a subject that gives many students a headache, especially Marxist philosophy, especially when they see a certain philosophy A sentence said by a writer, a great person, or a celebrity may not make sense to you after reading it once, but the exam will cruelly test your understanding of the sentence. There is nothing more painful than this. I have summarized some famous quotes for you and made corresponding analysis for your reference.

1. "Material can turn into spirit, and spirit can turn into matter" (Mao Zedong)

This sentence has a premise, that is, in human beings In practical activities, "matter can turn into spirit, and spirit can turn into matter." The connotation of the definition of matter is objective reality. The origin and essence of the world is matter. Consciousness is the product of the long-term development of the material world. The essence of consciousness is the function and attributes of the human brain, and the human brain is the material condition and physiological basis for the generation of consciousness. Consciousness is the human brain’s subjective image of the objective world. Matter is primary, and matter determines consciousness. "Material can turn into spirit, and spirit can turn into matter" refers to the reflection of consciousness on the objective material world. Consciousness has the ability and function to understand the world and transform it. That is to say, it can reflect objective things and form concepts, thereby guiding practice and reacting on objective things.

2. "Human consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but also creates the objective world."

Consciousness can transform the objective world through practice, which is the reaction to the transformation of the objective world. "Human consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but also creates the objective world" is a very classic saying of Lenin. "Creating the world" mentioned by Lenin first refers to forming a new conceptual world in consciousness, and then through practice, turning the conceptual world into the real world, that is, the transformed human world. This is both a materialist and dialectical perspective, emphasizing the creativity and initiative of consciousness rather than an idealist perspective.

3. “Ideational things are nothing more than material things that have been moved into people’s minds and transformed in their minds” (Marx)

(1) Consciousness and ideas As far as its content is concerned, it comes from the external material world. The so-called "moving into the human mind" refers to the reflection of the external material world through feelings and thinking, turning material things into conceptual things in the human mind, that is, achieving a grasp of the concepts of the material world.

(2) The reflection of the human brain on the external material world is not a mechanical reflection of external objects, but the processing and transformation of objective materials by the human brain, so that concepts can be generated and the conceptual grasp of objective materials can be realized. . The process of the human brain transforming matter is a process of scientific abstraction and transformation of perceptual phenomenon materials, thereby conceptually grasping the essence and laws of objective matter.

4. “There is nothing in the world except moving matter” (Lenin)

(1) Dialectical materialism believes that the world is material, and the material world is Of movement, change, and development. Material is the subject of movement, any movement is the movement of matter, and material is the carrier of movement; movement is the fundamental attribute and way of existence of matter, it includes all changes and processes, and any substance is a moving substance.

(2) Matter and motion are inseparable: on the one hand, matter is matter in motion, and there is no matter apart from motion. This is because any substance contains internal contradictions, and contradictions inevitably cause motion; matter exists through motion. On the other hand, motion is the motion of matter, there is no movement apart from matter. This is because matter is the carrier of all motion. There are various forms of material movement. They are different from each other and transform into each other under certain conditions.

(3) To imagine matter without movement is a metaphysical materialist worldview; to imagine matter without movement is an idealist worldview.

(4) Movement is universal, eternal, unconditional, and absolute; rest is a special state of movement, which is relative and conditional.

Under certain conditions and within a certain range, the movement of matter may be in a temporarily stable and balanced state, that is, a relatively static state, but its movement never stops. Therefore, there is nothing in the world except matter in motion.

5. “The opposition between matter and consciousness only has absolute significance within a very limited scope. Here, it only recognizes what is primary and what is secondary. Absolute significance only exists within the scope of basic issues of epistemology. Beyond this scope, the opposition between matter and consciousness is undoubtedly relative." (Lenin)

This sentence is intended to illustrate the absolute nature of the opposition between matter and consciousness. There is only one point, that is, which one is primary, matter or consciousness? Beyond this scope, (in human practical activities) matter can be transformed into consciousness, and consciousness can also be transformed into matter. The opposition between the two is relative. It makes sense.

6. "One cannot step into the same river twice"

It is the perspective of dialectics and the perspective of the Greek philosopher Heraclitus. It reflects the dialectical relationship between movement and stillness, which is the unity of opposites. On the one hand, movement and stillness are opposites. Movement is absolute, while stillness is relative. The two are distinct from each other and cannot be confused. The so-called motion is absolute means that motion is the fundamental attribute of matter. Everything is in eternal motion under any conditions and is unconditional. The so-called stillness is relative, which means that stillness is a special state of motion under specific conditions, and it is conditional. On the other hand, movement and stillness are unified. Movement and stillness are interdependent and interconnected. That is to say, there is stillness in movement and movement in stillness.

7. "No one can step into the same river even once"

It is a sophistical view of relativism, which was proposed by Cratyrus, a student of Heraclitus. point of view, he was the earliest representative of the Sophists in ancient Greece. He pushed the teacher's view that "one cannot step into the same river twice" to the extreme, saying that not only one cannot step into the same river twice, but "not even once." Cratylu believes that everything is changing and fleeting. Therefore, nothing can be judged, nothing can be said about what it is. Relativism does not recognize the relative stillness of things, denies the stability of matter, and does not understand the dialectical relationship between movement and stillness.

8. The world is unified in existence (Dulin)

This is an eclectic view. On the issue of the origin of the world, the materialist view believes that the world is unified by matter, not existence. The belief that the world is unified in existence is actually an eclectic view that attempts to cover up the opposition between materialism and idealism (not only is matter existence, but also spirit is existence, and existence can be said to be an ambiguous proposition).

9. “Matter is the sum of all things”

The most important thing for the sentence “Matter is the sum of all things” is to understand Lenin’s concept of matter. Lenin’s The extension of the concept of matter includes various specific forms of matter, and therefore is the uniqueness of all these specific material forms. In addition, we must distinguish the concept of sum in philosophy from that in mathematics. The concept of totality in philosophy is more about unity and homogeneity, rather than a simple sum of quantities.

10. “Everything that is in reason is originally in feeling.”

This view is the view of the British empiricist philosopher Locke. Materialist empiricism admits that perceptual experience is a reflection of objective things, but believes that perceptual experience is the only reliable one and rational knowledge is unreliable, or that there is no qualitative difference between rational knowledge and perceptual knowledge, and rational knowledge is just a classification and arrangement of perceptual knowledge. . The rationality mentioned in this sentence means rational knowledge, and feeling means perceptual knowledge. The keyword "omnipresent" is too absolute and exaggerates the role of perceptual knowledge.

11. “Understand things in an objective or intuitive form, rather than understanding them as human perceptual activities or practices.

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This sentence is excerpted from: Marx pointed out in "Theses on Feuerbach": "The main shortcoming of all previous materialism (including Feuerbach's materialism) is: Objects, reality, and sensibility should only be understood in the form of objects or intuitions, rather than as perceptual human activities or practices, and not from the subject. Therefore, contrary to materialism, the active aspect is developed abstractly by idealism, which, of course, does not know actual, perceptual activity itself. ”

Old materialism mainly refers to the fact that modern materialism only recognizes the materiality of the world as the basic principle of materialism in explaining the material origin of the world. However, because it regards people as abstract Therefore, he does not understand the role of human subjective initiative in understanding the material world, that is, he exaggerates the dependence of consciousness on matter and falls into metaphysics.

12. “Currency is naturally gold and silver, but gold. Silver is naturally not currency."

Currency is naturally gold and silver, which means that currency should be naturally made of gold and silver, or that gold and silver are born with the excellent characteristics of acting as currency. This is due to the natural characteristics of gold and silver. Determined by its attributes, gold and silver have the advantages of small size, high value, easy to divide, uniform quality, non-corrosive, and long-term storage.

Gold and silver are not currencies by nature, they are just two metals. It was not currency at the beginning. Currency is a historical category. After the concept of currency emerged, it can be said that gold and silver were currencies, but before that, they were generally equivalent. As society progressed, gold and silver became. The currency that is most suitable for performing general equivalent functions is less than 100 days after the postgraduate entrance examination. How to improve the professional course to learn more?