Brief introduction of Wang Anshi (102 1 ~ 1086) was a politician and writer in the northern song dynasty. The word Fu Jie, no, is Mid-Levels. Linchuan was born in Fuzhou (now Jiangxi). Seal Jing Guogong, called Wang. Shi Wen, also known as Wang Wengong. Wang Yi, Wang Anshi's father, was a local official since childhood, and moved to Xingan, Luling, Xinfan, Shaozhou and other places. In the fourth year of Jing (1037), his family settled in Jiangning. In the early years, when people were exposed to social poverty, they felt "lost for this" (Feeling). He "read little" (Biography of Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty) and "read all the books of hundred schools of thought, and as for the difficult classics, flat questions, materia medica and novels, peasant women and workers asked all questions" (answer Ceng Zi's solid book). On 0/7/8, 2008/kloc-,Ji and Qi claimed to be "humble, not self-deprecating, and wanted to have fun with Ji and Qi" ("Recalling the past poems and showing my brothers"), showing extraordinary interest. In the second year (1042), he was listed as the first scholar in Yang and signed the book as the judge of Huainan. After learning about Yinxian County, the Qing Dynasty (1047) began to build water conservancy projects and lend money to the people, which was deeply loved by the people. Jia□ (1056) was the animal husbandry judge in the first year, then the Changzhou official, and was appointed as the judge of Jiangdong Criminal Prison, Third Division and Imperial Decree. When he was a judge, he was entrusted by his colleague Song to compile Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty based on his Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty. Zong Shen ascended the throne and was called a bachelor and lecturer of Hanlin. In the second year of Xining (1069), he served as a political commissar and visited the Prime Minister the following year. With the support of Zongshen, the new laws of farmland water conservancy, young crops, total loss, armor protection, exemption from service, easy market and horse protection were formulated and implemented, which enhanced the national strength. Yu Xining stopped his visit in the seventh year (1074) and resumed his visit the following year due to the fierce attack of anti-reformists. After three classics and new meanings, he became a scholar. After nine years in Xining (1076), he resigned again, lived in seclusion in Jiangning, and concentrated on academic research and poetry creation. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1086), Sima Guang came to power and abolished the new law. Wang Anshi died of grief and indignation. Wang Anshi's deeds can be found in Biography of the History of Song Dynasty, Long Volume of Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Chronicle of Song Dynasty, Collection of Anecdotes of Song People, Song Chao, etc. Wang Anshi was an active participant in the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty initiated by Ouyang Xiu. As early as three years ago (1043), he criticized Yang Yi, a representative of the school, and others for "infecting the contemporary with ci, and scholars were fascinated by their original ideas", and criticized their writing style as "disorderly articles" (Preface to Poems of Zhang Punishment Department). Later, with the formation of the thought of political reform, his literary view obviously showed a utilitarian tendency. The core of his literary ideas are: "articles are suitable for the world" (biography of Dong) and "doing something to make up for the world" (book of masters). However, it does not deny the role of rhetorical skills: "formal beauty is not enough, and there is no precedent" (ibid.). His literary creation is the concrete practice of this proposition. Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. In his prose creation, the most outstanding achievement is essays. It can be roughly divided into four categories: ① Reciting political views directly to the emperor. For example, The Last Words of Injong criticized the corruption of the whole bureaucratic political system in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, and put forward the idea of "legalizing the former king" and "changing with changes"; "Nothing happened in this dynasty for a hundred years" systematically expounded the gains and losses of political measures during Renzong's reign of 4 1 year, and urged to get rid of the "disadvantages of not following customs at the end". This kind of article has the characteristics of tight organization, exquisite analysis, bold and direct words, careful tone, sincere and simple tone, inspiring and so on. In particular, Emperor Injong's calligraphy is carefully chosen, huge in size and meticulous in thought. Liang Qichao, who is close to him, thinks it is "the biggest writing since Qin and Han Dynasties", while Jia Yi's Chen Zheng Poetry Book is "a little square" (Wang Zhang21). (2) is a realistic prose. For example, Guoyuan and Shiyi are short and skillful; "Xing Xian" and "Yue" are repeatedly demonstrated from two sides, which is very logical; "Min" and "Knowing People" criticize the world for indulging in old habits, and the monarch is ignorant of sages, with sharp brushwork and far-reaching contributions. (3) It is the theory of people and historical criticism. Such as Zi Gong, Yun Shuo, Bo Yi, Reading Records of Jiangnan, Reading Biography of Meng Changjun and Reading Biography of Liu Zongyuan, contrary to the traditional view, these have not been published before, and Chu Ci thinks that it can be "praised by historical records". The full text of Reading Biography of Meng Changjun is less than 100 words, but it is a masterpiece in short articles. (4) Book order, letters and others. Such as Preface to Zhou and Preface to Poetry. , reflecting his anti-traditional political attitude in academic opinions, that is, Su Shi called "falling into the legacy of six arts and breaking his own will" ("Wang Anshi gave a teacher"); The style of writing is "simple but capable" (Shen Deqian's Eight-character Banknotes in Tang and Song Dynasties, Volume 30), and every word has a focus. Answer Sima's suggestion to refute Sima Guang's criticism of the new law with strict logic; Answer to Lu Jifu is a dear John book with the attitude of resolving regrets and grievances, putting personal grievances aside and showing an open mind. Narration plays an important role in Wang Anshi's prose. Biographies, such as The First Doctor, describe his father, kings, kings and officials in simple language, which is honest and clean. There is not much pen and ink, but the impression is quite clear. Shang Zhong Yong describes Zhong Yong's tragic experience that he eventually fell from a prodigy to an ordinary person because he didn't learn the day after tomorrow, and states the purpose of persuading him to learn. The theme is typical. There are a large number of epitaphs, which are usually a summary of the owner's life, official history and personality. The writing is concise, wonderful and clean. I occasionally insert a few vivid stories, which are focused, cordial and touching. For example, the Epitaph of Confucius, an assistant minister to merchants, is not good at writing ghosts and gods, and gives several examples of killing monsters and snakes to outline the image of an atheist. Travel notes such as "A Trip to Baochan Mountain", "Write about yourself with an inscription, be affectionate, and be poor in work" (Li Guangdi quoted "Wen Chun, Imperial Selection of Tang and Song Dynasties", volume 58). Generally speaking, Wang Anshi's narrative prose does not focus on writing landscapes and telling stories, but prefers to use topics to express ideas, so some works are obviously not vivid enough. The lyrics are mostly Acura. Written in four-character rhyme, such as "Sacrifice to Yuan" and "Sacrifice to Fan Yingzhou Zhong Yanwen", the words are simple, affectionate and quite infectious; Written in miscellaneous rhymes, such as Ode to Ouyang Wenzhong, it highly praised Ouyang Xiu's literary achievements and moral sentiments, with clear rhyme and full of gratitude, which was the most prominent among the mourning poems written by various factions at that time. However, some sacrifices made for others and purely for entertainment cannot be exempted from customs. There are also lyrical articles in the preface, such as "A Classmate's Farewell", which expresses the meaning of mutual warning and comfort between friends and sings deeply and tactfully. Wang Anshi studied Mencius and Han Yu in his early years. Ouyang Xiu pointed out to him: "Although Meng and Han are tall, they don't have to be alike. Take their natural ears. " (The First Book with the King) From then on, it was enlightened. He combines Han Fei's preciseness, Xunzi's richness and Yang Xiong's simplicity, forming a unique style: steep sculpture, vigorous and straight, simple and natural. Wu Dexuan said, "Wang is a man who never tires of accumulating ancient books" (An Introduction to China's Ancient Literature at the Beginning of the Month), pointing out that Wang can win the beauty of all people. Modern Zhu Ziqing said: "Wang is a politician and his works are brilliant." (Classic Works 13), pointing out the differences between his prose and Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. Wang Anshi's poems are not only numerous, with more than 1500, but also distinctive and unique. Most of the poems written before retiring to Jiangning belong to political poems. He wrote his feelings of observing and analyzing social reality for a long time and his desire to help the world and standardize customs into his poems, mainly including Love, Hebei People, Suffering from Salt, Appreciating Tea in the East of Uncle Zhan, Faxi, Merger, Rescue, Reading Imperial Books, Eryun, Fu Yong and so on. These works are closely related to real life, and their contents are relatively substantial; In art, there are generally some shortcomings, such as too much discussion, insufficient image and blunt language. Such as the poem "Bing", Hong Mai thinks that "its words are inexhaustible" (Volume 3 of Rong Zhai Shi Hua). After taking office, he vetoed the new law. Under the attack of the anti-reformists, he created many poems, such as Many People, Gifts, Zhang Wang, Six Poems about Things and Lonely Children, which showed his firm will to promote the new law. Wang Anshi is a patriotic poet, and poems expressing patriotic feelings occupy a certain proportion in his political poems. Entering the fortress, sending Zhao to Shaanxi to be punished, handsome, painting a tiger in the mountains, and Pingjie are all representative works of this kind of poetry. There are also many poems about history and nostalgia. Such as two poems by Shang Yang, Zai□, Han Xin, Fan Ceng and Jia Sheng. , has a profound meaning. Li Dongyang thought that "you can't be clear at a glance if you have great pen power" (Poems of Huailutang). The two songs, which have always been well known to people, are all based on the sympathetic image of Zhao Jun with meticulous descriptions and subtle discussions. Huang Tingjian thinks that "it can be compared with Li Hanlin and Wang Youcheng" (quoted from Li Mi's Notes on Wang Jingwen's Poems). Wang Anshi also wrote a lot of works about traveling, boarding ships, giving gifts and mourning for friends, among which Thoughts on Traveling, Climbing to the Peak of Flying, Palace Wall in the Western Pacific, Farewell to My Old Grandson, Farewell to Hong Zhou, Farewell to Wang Fengyuan and Missing Wang Fengyuan are all rare masterpieces. However, there are also many works that are polite and empty words that spread allusions and idioms, and their artistic value is not high. During the 10 years after Wang Anshi retired to Jiangning, his thoughts were very contradictory. On the one hand, he continued to care about the new law and wrote poems praising its effectiveness. Five Poems of Yuan Feng, Yuan Feng Xing Xian De, and Hou Yuan Feng Xing depict people's happy scenes after a bumper harvest. Although they are not without beauty, it can be seen that he still enthusiastically supports Zongshen to continue to implement the new law. He expressed his ambition in twists and turns. In the last two sentences of the famous poem "Apricot Blossoms in the North Skin", Chen Yan thinks that "it's just his own identity" (The Essence of Song Poetry, Volume II). Other works, such as Chenopodium album, Plum Blossom, Plum Blossom in Dushan, Wang Mi Stone and Owl, all show his positive attitude of not forgetting politics and refusing to be detached from things. On the other hand, due to the increasingly vacillating religious sects in implementing the new law, Wang Anshi's situation became more and more difficult, and he had to turn to Buddhism to relieve his mental depression. Three poems, three fables and twenty poems in a cold mountain, show that he is getting farther and farther away from the world. In addition, he also expressed his love for mountains and rivers, cultivated his feelings and wrote a lot of pastoral poems. Among them, Nanpu, Dyeing Clouds, Mr. Yin's Writing on the Wall of the Lake, Riverside, Beishan and Boating in Guazhou are all recognized masterpieces in ancient and modern times. Wang Anshi has a large number of poems, some of which are natural. Under his advocacy, this special poetic style developed in the Song Dynasty. So Yan Yu said, "Gong Jing is the longest set of sentences." ("Cang Hua")

Wang Anshi's poetic styles in his early and later periods are quite different. In the early stage, I mainly studied Du Fu's spirit of caring about politics and sympathizing with people's sufferings. The portrait of Du Fu fully illustrates his dumping of Du Fu. Poetry in this period is rich in content and full of passion. In art, modern poetry mostly imitates Du Fu's poetic technique, while ancient poetry obviously absorbs the vigorous, vigorous and straightforward characteristics of Han Yu's poetry. However, poems such as "Reading Ink" and "Prose at the End, Only Rhyme" (Li Yiyu quoted in Wang Jingwen Gong's Note) contributed to the boring discussion of Song poetry. In his later poems, he followed the road of Du Fu's "getting old and getting refined" in art, and pursued perfection in antithesis, allusion and meter. It also absorbed the advantages of Wang Wei's poems and further enhanced the artistic beauty. Ye Mengde said: "In his later years, Wang's poetic laws were particularly strict, and he chose words and made sentences, but he could not publish them occasionally. However, his intentions and remarks are random, and his words are natural, but there is almost no comparability between them (Shi Lin Shi Hua). Wu Zhizhen said that he "sends his feelings to the outside world, and his tragic feelings are at leisure" (Preface to Linchuan Poems), which appropriately pointed out the artistic characteristics of his later poems. Yan Yu called Wang Anshi's poems "Wang Gong Jing Style" ("Cang Lang Shi Hua"), mainly referring to the later poetic style. There are also people who are dissatisfied with Wang Anshi's later poems, such as saying that he was "injured" (quoted from Fang Shi Hua), Ye□ saying that he was "just delicate" (volume 47 of Xue Xu), and Zhao Yi saying that several of his poems were "literally demanding, and he was exhausted. But on the whole, Wang Anshi's poetry creation played a great role in eliminating the influence and creating the situation of Song poetry. His famous comment on Yuefu poetry, "it seems the most extraordinary, but it is easy and difficult to achieve" (On Zhang Shi), contains his own creation, which gives profound inspiration to later poets, and Huang Tingjian and Yang Wanli are influenced by it. However, he sometimes loves to refine clumsy sentences, emphasizes the rhyme of pretending to be forced, and uses obscure classics, which has opened up the bad atmosphere of Jiangxi poetry school to pursue formal skills such as dangerous rhyme and hard language. Wang Anshi's poems are few in number, but they are highly artistic. The word "supporting a feeling of embarrassment" in the cold anvil of Bieguan: [Gui Zhixiang] Jinling Nostalgia deserves to be "a halal, Jia Xuan" (Yihengguan Ci Selection), both of which are rare masterpieces. The collected and edited poems and essays of Wang Anshi were compiled into a collection by Xue Ang and others in Song Huizong, which has long been lost. There are two kinds of works handed down from generation to generation: One is the Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan, which is widely used in the twenty-fifth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty and the engraving of He Zhongcheng in the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing, both of which are 100 volumes, and originated from Zhan Dahe's engraving in Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is called Linchuan Edition. The other is Wang Wen's official document collection, which is also 100 volume, but the title and arrangement are different from Linchuan's, and only two books are left. The Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan compiled and published by Zhonghua Book Company from 65438 to 0959 is based on Linchuan edition and other rare books. At the end of the article, 47 lost poems collected by Han from Wang Wen's Incomplete Documents are attached as an appendix. This is a relatively complete anthology of Wang Anshi. 196 1 year, Shanghai Editorial Institute of Zhonghua Book Company obtained two volumes of Long Shu Shu, and eliminated its duplicates, making the Collection of Wang Wen's Official Documents complete.