Common in primary schools are: examples, figures, metaphors, classifications and comparisons.
What is common in middle schools are: giving examples, enumerating numbers, analogy, classification, comparison, quotation, drawing charts, defining, explaining and imitating appearances.
"Hypothesis" is not commonly used in primary and junior high schools, but can be learned in senior high schools.
(1) example
Give examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This method of explanation is called example.
For example, in the article "Marching into the Desert", the successful cases of sand control in desert areas of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia are cited, indicating that "the desert can be conquered".
To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.
Benefits: Make the meaning expressed in the article clearer, more vivid, more understandable to readers and more convincing.
(2) For reference
In order to make the explanation more substantial and specific, we can quote some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings, which can make the explanation more convincing. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings and epigrams, formulas and rules, allusions and legends, proverbs and sayings, poems and sentences, etc. Act as the content or basis of explanation to explain and introduce things. For example, the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" quoted Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the design and construction are ingenious.
Benefits: Make the article more convincing. Reflect the accuracy of explanatory language. Quoting ancient poems: it is the expository writing that is more poetic.
(3) Comparison
Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.
For example, in the Great Hall of the People, in order to illustrate the building area of the banquet hall, the author used the contrast method: "The 5000-seat banquet hall is another scene. It covers an area of 7,000 square meters, which is larger than a football field, and its exquisite design is rare. "
In the article "Seeing the weather from clouds", we compare clouds with clouds.
When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically.
Benefits: Explain some abstract or unfamiliar things and compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison.
(4) Column number
In order to specify the things to be explained, you can also use the method of enumerating numbers to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate.
For example, the article "The Dead Sea is Undead" explains the length, width and depth of the Dead Sea. The majestic Great Hall of the People also uses a series of figures to illustrate that the majestic Great Hall of the People is one of the most magnificent buildings in the capital.
Benefits: Numbers are the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things. Explaining with numbers can not only accurately and objectively reflect the facts, but also be persuasive. )
(5) Classification
It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes and functions of things, things can be divided into several categories, and then explained one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification.
Using classification, we should explain things and different aspects of things according to certain standards.
For example, "Seeing the weather from clouds" explains the forms of various clouds respectively.
Benefits: clear organization, clear at a glance.
(6) For example
Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.
Explain that the metaphor in method is consistent with the metaphor in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.
For example, the stone arch bridge in China: The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. The basic characteristics of stone arch bridge are expressed by analogy, which gives people a sense of beauty.
Benefits: abstract things become concrete, vivid and vivid. (or explain the characteristics of things in an exact, concrete and easy-to-understand way. )
(7) Imitate appearance
In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.
For example, in the article "China Stone Arch Bridge", "Lions with different postures are carved on each stigma. Some of these stone lions hug each other, some whisper, some listen to the sound of water, and some watch pedestrians. "
Pay attention to the difference between imitation and analogy. Simply put, as long as it is not an obvious metaphor or just a single metaphor, it is generally classified as "analogy".
Benefits: In order to make the object of explanation more vivid and specific.
(8) Definition
Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion.
Sometimes in order to highlight the main contents and problems of things, things are often defined in concise words, so that readers have a clear concept of the explained objects. For example, in the article "Overall Planning Law", the author defines the overall planning law with the method of explanation: "Overall planning law is a mathematical method to arrange the work process." The language is concise, concise and accurate.
When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description. Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science".
Benefits: It can make people understand abstract words more clearly when reading.
(9) explanation
From one side, make some explanations for a certain characteristic of things. This method is called explanation.
Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is what". The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation.
For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged. If the sentence "snow is solid precipitation formed in the cloud" is changed to "snow is solid precipitation formed in the cloud", it is not in line with the objective facts, because the solid precipitation formed in the cloud may also be hail. It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.
Benefits: It enables readers to better understand abstract words when reading.
Draw a chart
In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the shortage of using only words and explain some things more directly and concretely.
Benefits: it's obvious.
(1 1) as a hypothesis.
Hypothetical interpretation is a method to explain things by presupposing what will happen in the hypothetical environment.
For example, in The Sun: "Without the sun, the earth would be full of darkness, cold, wind and frost, rain and dew, plants and animals, and naturally there would be no one." This emphasizes the close relationship between the sun and human beings.
Benefits: From the other side of things, it is easy to understand.