"Crossing the Lingding Ocean"

Wen Tianxiang (Southern Song Dynasty) Genre: Seven-Character Rhythm Poetry

After a hard encounter, only stars are scattered around.

The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating in the catkins, and the life experience is ups and downs.

Afraid to say panic on the beach, sigh alone in the ocean.

Who has never died since ancient times? Keep your loyalty to reflect history.

Edit the translation of this paragraph

Translation 1:

Relying on his own hard work, he mastered a kind of scripture, finally achieved fame, and began the turbulent and difficult politics Career;

It has been four years of hardship since he led the rebel army to fight against the Yuan soldiers.

The great rivers and mountains of the motherland were torn apart by the enemy's invasion, like catkins blown away by strong winds;

My own life experience was also turbulent, like the floating leaves under the blow of heavy rain. Ping bumps up and down.

Thinking of the defeat in Jiangxi and the evacuation from the panic beach, the treacherous rapids and severe situation still make people panic;

Thinking of the entire Wulingpo army last year Destroyed and trapped in the enemy's hands, now in the vast ocean alone, I can only lament my loneliness.

Since ancient times, who has never died? Sacrifice your life for your country, die a worthy death, and leave this sincere heart to illuminate history!

Translation 2:

Looking back on the hardships I experienced in my early years from the imperial examination to becoming an official,

It has been four weeks since the war ended.

The country is in danger like catkins in a strong wind,

An individual is like duckweed in a shower.

The disastrous defeat in Panpantan makes me still panic.

Lingxiayang was trapped in Yuanlu, and I lamented that I was alone.

Who has been able to live forever since ancient times?

I want to leave a piece of patriotic loyalty to reflect history.

Translation 3:

The reason for the suffering I encountered was that I was proficient in the scriptures and obtained an official position.

I spent four years on the desolate battlefield. A spring and autumn period.

The mountains and rivers are broken like catkins blown away by the wind,

The turmoil of life is like duckweed beaten by the rain.

Confessing fear on the beach of fear,

lamenting the loneliness on the lonely ocean.

Who can live forever since ancient times?

After my death, I will leave this red heart of loyal service to the country and let it shine in the annals of history forever.

Translation 4:

Because he read scriptures several times and passed the imperial examination, he was selected as an official by the imperial court.

Spend four years in frequent anti-Yuan battles.

The situation of the Song Dynasty was like catkins in the wind.

My life has been rough, like a duckweed floating in the rain without roots, rising and sinking.

The disastrous defeat in Panpantan makes me still panic.

Lingxiayang was trapped in Yuanlu, and I lamented that I was alone.

Who can never die since ancient times?

Let loyalty last forever!

Edit this section of the poet's introduction

Wen Tianxiang (1236 AD —1283), male, Han nationality, from Jishui, Jizhou (now part of Ji'an, Jiangxi), his original name was Yunsun, and his courtesy name was Lushan and Songrui. Later, he was unfortunately captured. While in prison, he showed great righteousness and was eventually killed for his unyielding actions. His poems in his later years reflected his steadfast national integrity and tenacious fighting spirit. The style is impassioned, desolate and tragic, and has strong appeal. There are "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan" and "Wenshan Yuefu".

Edit the background of this poem

In May 1278, Song Duanzong Zhao Shi, who was only 10 years old, died of illness due to being pampered since childhood and having a weak constitution after drowning. Lu Xiufu and others died again. Zhao Bing, the 7-year-old younger brother who supported Duanzong, ascended the throne as emperor, with the reign title Xiangxing. The court moved to Yashan, and Wen Tianxiang was granted the title of Duke Xinguo. In the winter, Wen Tianxiang led his army to Chaoyang County, Chaozhou, hoping to take advantage of the dangerous mountains and seas to collect grain and recruit troops, looking for opportunities to rise again. However, the Yuan army advanced by land and water and launched a fierce attack.

At the end of the year, Wen Tianxiang was suddenly attacked by the Yuan army at Wupoling in the north of Haifeng. He was defeated and captured. He immediately committed suicide by taking borneol, but failed. Zhang Hongfan, who had surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, tried to persuade him to surrender, but was severely rejected.

In the first month of 1279, the Yuan army left the Pearl River Estuary and attacked Yashan, the last stronghold of the Southern Song Dynasty (in today's Nanhai, Xinhui, Guangdong). Wen Tianxiang was escorted along with him. The ship passed Lingding Yang (Lingding Yang is at the mouth of the Pearl River in the south of Zhongshan, Guangdong, south of Zhongshan City. There is Lingding Mountain by the sea, and the sea below the mountain is called Lingding Yang). Marshal Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Army forced Wen Tianxiang to surrender the Song Army Commander Zhang Shijie who was holding on to Yashan. , Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem to express his ambition and sternly refuse. Wen Tianxiang's own note recorded in the "Guidebook" said: "On the last day of last month, Marshal Zhang ordered Marshal Li to cross the ship and asked him to write a letter to Zhang Shaobao to surrender. Then he said to him: 'I can't save my parents by myself. Is it okay to teach people to carry their parents on their backs? "Li Buqiang wrote this poem to reach Zhang, but he said that "a good person is a good poet", but he couldn't force him to write this poem 20. Queen of Heaven, the Yashan naval battle ended with a disastrous defeat for the Song Dynasty. Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with Zhao Bing on his back and died.

The last emperor of the Song Dynasty died and the Song Dynasty fell.

Edit the annotations for this poem

Selected from "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan"

The first sentence writes about my own experience. "Hard work" sentence: recalls the early life and various hardships since becoming an official.

Encountered, encountered the imperial selection; Qiyijing, refers to someone who passed the imperial examination and got an official position due to proficiency in a certain scripture. The imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty examined the meaning of classics and selected one of the Five Classics (Yi, Shi, Shu, Rites, and Spring and Autumn). In the fourth year of Baoyou's reign (1256), Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang became the first Jinshi and later became the prime minister. Gang Ge Liao Luo: Liao Luo means deserted and sparse. This means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end. The Southern Song Dynasty died this year (1279) and was unable to resist at this time. Zhouxing: The Zhouxing is the Sui star. The Sui star circulates in the sky for twelve years, so the Zhouxing refers to the twelve years. The four stars are forty-eight years. Wen Tianxiang was forty-four when he wrote this poem. The four stars here are in whole numbers. Most of the old annotations refer to the four years since Wen Tianxiang responded to the imperial edict of King Qin in 1275. In fact, the first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, as they are the poet's review of his life experiences.

"Mountains and Rivers" sentence: It means that the national situation and personal destiny are irreversible. Yu Daping wrote that personal power is insignificant to the country, showing that the author hopes that more sober people with lofty ideals will work together to save this situation.

Panic Beach: In today's Wan'an County, Jiangxi Province, the water flow is rapid and it is one of the eighteen beaches in the Ganjiang River, the most dangerous one. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), Emperor Ruizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Kongqian, Jiangxi Province, and retreated to Fujian via the panic beach.

"Ling Ding" sentence: Lamenting the current situation and being alone and helpless.

After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean. History: Annals of History. Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were used to record events. When making bamboo slips of seven-character poems, the bamboo must be roasted with fire to remove the sweat (moisture), so it is called history.

The poet reviews his life in one or two sentences, but due to space limitations, the writing method is that Yuan Shizu cited two events, one after the official and one after the defeat, to summarize the rest. The four sentences in the middle closely follow "There are few battles" and clearly express the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in a precarious situation, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and it is even more difficult to talk about personal destiny. But in the face of such great changes, the poet did not think about his personal way out and future, but his deep regret that he could not win a military victory and reverse the situation two years ago. At the same time, I also felt particularly sad about my isolation and helplessness.

Judging from the conception of the whole poem, the first six sentences exaggerate the atmosphere of sadness, anger and hardship to the extreme. The next two sentences change the mood from sadness and anger to excitement, from depression to high pitch. "Who has never died since ancient times? His loyalty will be remembered by history." Through the ages, people will inevitably die. If they die to save the motherland, they will sacrifice their lives for righteousness. Their loyalty will hang down in the annals of history and reflect through the ages. These two passionate and generous poems show the poet's determination to sacrifice his life for righteousness and fully reflect his national integrity. Because of these two ending lines, the whole poem has become a masterpiece and a great song for the ages.

Edit the famous sentences in this paragraph

Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history.

Edit this paragraph of verses for understanding

This kind of integrity of dying to clarify one's ambitions has also been clearly reflected in Wen Tianxiang's poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean". The verses that reflect this kind of integrity Since ancient times, no one has died, leaving a loyal heart to illuminate history.

The "natural and wonderful pairing" of semantic pun in the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" is to express fear at the beach and sigh at Lingding in the Lingding Ocean.

The sentence in the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" expresses the poet's national integrity and the view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness. Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered in history.

The poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" uses metaphors to express the country's difficulties and personal ups and downs: the mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters, and the life experience is ups and downs.

Notes:

①Lingdingyang: at the mouth of the Pearl River south of Zhongshan, Guangdong today. Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan army in December of the first year of Xiangxing's reign (1278), the last emperor of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Bing. Commander Zhang Shijie. So Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem.

② "Hard work" sentence: Recalling the early life and various hardships since becoming an official. Encounter means to be selected by the imperial court; Qiyijing means to pass the imperial examination and get an official position because of proficiency in a certain scripture. Wen Tianxiang became the first Jinshi in the fourth year of Emperor Lizong Baoyou's reign (1256) in the Song Dynasty.

③Gange Liaoluo: Liaoluo means deserted and sparse. This means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end. The Southern Song Dynasty died this year (1279) and was unable to resist at this time. Zhouxing: The Zhouxing is the Sui star. The Sui star circulates in the sky for twelve years, so the Zhouxing refers to the twelve years. The four stars are forty-eight years. Wen Tianxiang was forty-four when he wrote this poem. The four stars here are in whole numbers. Most of the old annotations refer to the four years since Wen Tianxiang responded to the imperial edict of King Qin in 1275. In fact, the first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, as they are the poet's review of his life experiences.

④ "Mountain and River" sentence: It means that the national situation and personal destiny are irreversible.

⑤ Panic Beach: In today's Wan'an County, Jiangxi Province, the water flow is rapid and it is one of the eighteen beaches in the Ganjiang River. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), Emperor Ruizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Kongqian, Jiangxi Province, and retreated to Fujian via the panic beach.

⑥ "Ling Ding" sentence: Lamenting the current situation and one's own bravery and isolation. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean.

⑦History: Annals of History. Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were used to record events. When making bamboo slips, they must be roasted with fire to remove the sweat (moisture) from the bamboo, so it is called history.

Appreciation 1:

This poem was written by Wen Tianxiang after he was captured to fight to the death. In one or two sentences, the poet looks back on his life, but due to space limitations, the writing method is to cite two events, one as official and one as defeat in the army, to summarize the rest. The four sentences in the middle closely follow "There are few battles" and clearly express the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in a precarious situation, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and it is even more difficult to talk about personal destiny. But in the face of this great change, what the poet thought of was not his personal way out and future, but his deep regret that he failed to achieve military victory in Konghang two years ago and thus reverse the situation. At the same time, I also felt particularly sad about my isolation and helplessness. From the lines, it is not difficult for us to feel the author's desolate mood intertwined with the great pain of the destruction of his country and his family, self-blame, and self-lament. The last two sentences are the poet's unhesitating choice of his own destiny when he is trapped in the enemy's hands. This adds a tragic and passionate strength and confidence to the previous emotions and regrets, showing a unique sublime beauty. This is not only a reflection of the poet's personality charm, but also the unique spiritual beauty of the Chinese nation. Its touching qualities go far beyond the scope of language.

Appreciation 2:

This is a poem that will last forever. The poem begins with a review of life experience. It is intended to imply that you have been tempered for a long time and are fearless no matter what hardships and hardships you have. Then I recounted my combat career: I spent four years in a desolate and desolate war environment. Linking personal destiny to the rise and fall of the country.

The three or four sentences continue to express the development of the situation and the deep sorrow and indignation from both the national and personal aspects. This couplet has neat contrasts and appropriate metaphors, truly reflecting the social reality at that time and the poet's experience. National disasters, personal ups and downs, and all kinds of pain tortured the poet's feelings, making his words doubly sad.

The five or six sentences are deeper and deeper, using typical events in the encounter to once again show the poet's painful soul trembling due to the destruction of the country and personal danger. The last two sentences converge the whole article with majestic momentum, and write a heroic oath of preferring death to surrender. The meaning is, since ancient times, who is immortal in life? As long as this patriotic loyalty can be left to shine in the annals of history.

This famous saying that has been passed down through the ages is a hymn to an ideal life composed by the poet with his own blood and life. The tone of the whole poem is melancholy and solemn, and the awe-inspiring righteousness runs through the rainbow. It is indeed a great patriotic poem that moves the heaven and the earth and weeps ghosts and gods.

Appreciation 3:

"After all the hardships, only stars are scattered all over the place." The author, facing the critical moment of life and death, recalled his life and was filled with emotion. He grasped two major things, one was to become an official with Ming Jing, and the other was to be "King of Diligence". Starting from these two ends, the historical background and personal mood at that time were well written. "There are few fights" refers to the overall situation of the country. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", the imperial court recruited soldiers from all over the world, but there were very few who held high the flag of righteousness and sacrificed their lives for the country like Wen Tianxiang. The author's use of the four words "little fighting" implies his anger towards those who are living an ignoble existence and his condemnation of the capitulationists!

If the first couplet is recounted from the vertical aspect, then the jaw couplet is rendered from the horizontal aspect. "The mountains and rivers are shattered, the wind is fluttering with catkins, and the life experience is ups and downs, and the rain is hitting the rafts." The author uses desolate natural scenes to describe the decline of the country, and expresses his grief very deeply. The lonely ministers of a subjugated country are like rootless duckweeds floating on the water with nothing to rely on. This situation is already miserable enough. And the author added the word "rain" on top of "ping", which makes it even more miserable. This "life experience ups and downs" summarizes the author's arduous struggle and rough life. This couplet has neat contrasts, appropriate metaphors, vivid images, and strong emotions. Reading it makes people feel sad!

The five or six sentences closely follow the previous meaning and further exaggerate the meaning. In the second year of Jingyan (1277), after Wen Tianxiang's army was defeated by the Yuan soldiers, they retreated from the Huangfangtan area to Fujian. At that time, he faced the sea and was pursued by soldiers. How to survive the dangerous situation and turn defeat into victory was the most worrying and uneasy thing for him. Now that the army has been defeated, and as a prisoner, he is being escorted across the Lingding Ocean, how can he not feel lonely? This couplet is particularly full of emotion. The two emotionally charged place names "Fear Beach" and "Lingding Ocean" are naturally opposite to each other, and they are used by the author to express his "fear" of yesterday and the "Lingding" in front of him. It is really a good description. A swan song in the history of poetry!

In the above six sentences, the author exaggerates the hatred and hardship of family and country to the extreme, and the sadness converges to a climax, but the last couplet is interrupted: "Who has never died in life since ancient times? Leave a loyal heart. Follow history!" The whole article ends with majestic momentum and high-pitched sentiment, reflecting his national integrity and his view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness. The wonderful ending makes the whole story change from sad to strong, from melancholy to uplifting, forming an immortal song. The article expresses the author's helplessness about the country's defeat and his emotions about the ups and downs of history through his emotions about his personal life and the country's experiences, and embodies the poet's noble sentiments and view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness.

Lingdingyang: outside the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong Province, between Inner and Outer Lingding Islands. Before the Opium War, Lingdingyang and Lingding Island were seized by opium dealers from the British and American invaders using barges and speedboats, and became a springboard for opium smuggling into my country.

Evaluation

The poet is using this poem to express his feelings about his own experiences. After all the hardships, he fought with only a few stars. He was a civil servant who passed the civil service examination with his own sweat for ten years. , but had to command the army to protect the country. The mountains and rivers were broken by the wind and the catkins, and his life was ups and downs. He had limited abilities and could not withstand the enemy's attack, causing the country to fall. While he was expressing his loyalty to the emperor, he planned to hold on to the country until his death. , while hating his own lack of ability to protect his country. From the panic on the beach, it can be seen that the result of the poet's efforts for himself is very sad, and the sigh of Ling Ding in the ocean also expresses the feeling of that time. People's hearts are divided, and there are very few people who want to protect the country. Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history. The poet did not protect the country, so he only had to settle for the next best thing and use his own death to show his loyalty and hurt. Sad, let future generations respect him.

The poet is a typical person in ancient China who wants fame rather than fortune. If surrendering to the Mongolian army can be supported by all the people, will he still be so determined to die? In the end On the surface, this sentence is an eternal quatrain. However, it reveals the poet's original intention - he wants to be famous throughout the ages. In essence, the poet is not very noble. The poet did not protect his country but was respected by so many people. It is actually very disappointing. The misinterpretation in this poem can easily lead people to think that just do your best, and that planning is up to people and success is up to God. This is a very negative influence.

This poem also exposed the reasons for the demise of the Song Dynasty. .The poet is a civil servant. If a civil servant leads troops to fight, does he have a high chance of winning? How can a weak scholar who has read scriptures lead troops to fight? If his profession is not suitable, what kind of state can the poet achieve no matter how hard he works?