Crossing the Lingding Ocean
Contents·Translation
·Poetry Background
·Poetry Notes
·Comprehension Poems
·Selected Poems by Wen Tianxiang
·Life of Wen Tianxiang
"Crossing the Lingding Ocean"
Wen Tianxiang (Southern Song Dynasty)
< p>Once the hard things have happened, the stars are scattered all around.The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters and the catkins float, and the life experience is ups and downs.
Afraid to say panic on the beach, sigh alone in the ocean.
Who has never died since ancient times? Keep your loyalty to reflect history.
Translation
Translation 1:
Relying on his own hard work, he mastered a kind of scripture, finally achieved fame, and began a turbulent and difficult political career;< /p>
Four years of hardship have passed since he led the rebel army to fight against the Yuan soldiers. The great rivers and mountains of the motherland were shattered by the enemy's invasion, like catkins blown away by strong winds;
My own life experience was also turbulent, like duckweed tossed and swayed by heavy rain. Thinking of the defeat in Jiangxi and the evacuation from the panic beach, the dangerous rapids and severe situation still make people panic;
Thinking of the entire Wulingpo army being wiped out last year and being trapped in the enemy's hands, now In the vast ocean of loneliness, I can only lament my loneliness. Since ancient times, who has never died? Sacrifice your life for your country, die a worthy death, and leave this sincere heart to illuminate history!
Translation 2:
Recalling the hardships I went through in my early years from the imperial examination to becoming an official,
It has been four weeks since the war ended.
The country is in danger like catkins in a strong wind,
An individual is like duckweed in a sudden rain.
The disastrous defeat in Panpantan makes me still panic.
Lingxiayang was trapped in Yuanlu, but I felt so lonely and alone.
Who has been able to live forever since ancient times?
I want to leave a piece of patriotic loyalty to reflect history.
Translation 3:
The reason for my suffering was that I was proficient in the scriptures and obtained an official position.
I spent four years on the desolate battlefield. A spring and autumn period.
Mountains and rivers are broken like catkins blown away by the wind,
A life of turmoil is like duckweed beaten by rain.
Complaining about fear on the beach of fear,
Being lonely and alone on the lonely ocean.
Who can live forever since ancient times?
After my death, I will leave behind this red heart of loyal service to the country and let it shine in the annals of history forever.
Poem background
In the late spring of 1278, Duanzong died of illness. Lu Xiufu and others established a 6-year-old little emperor, and the court moved to Haizhong Danwan, more than 50 miles away from Xinhui County, Guangdong. In this place, Wen Tianxiang was granted the title of Duke of Xinguo. In the winter, Wen Tianxiang led his army to Chaoyang County, Chaozhou, hoping to take advantage of the dangerous mountains and seas to collect grain and recruit troops, looking for opportunities to rise again. However, the Yuan army advanced by land and water and launched a fierce attack.
At the end of the year, Wen Tianxiang was suddenly attacked by the Yuan army at Wupoling in the north of Haifeng. He was defeated and captured. He immediately committed suicide by taking borneol, but failed. Zhang Hongfan, who had surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, tried to persuade him to surrender, but was severely rejected.
In the first month of 1279, the Yuan army left the Pearl River Estuary and attacked Yashan, the last stronghold of the Southern Song Dynasty (in today's Nanhai, Xinhui, Guangdong). Wen Tianxiang was escorted along with him. The ship passed Lingding Yang (Lingding Yang is at the mouth of the Pearl River in the south of Zhongshan, Guangdong, south of Zhongshan City. There is Lingding Mountain by the sea, and the sea below the mountain is called Lingding Yang). Marshal Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Army forced Wen Tianxiang to surrender the Song Army Commander Zhang Shijie who was holding on to Yashan. , Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem to express his ambition and sternly refuse. Wen Tianxiang's own note recorded in the "Guidebook" said: "On the last day of last month, Marshal Zhang ordered Marshal Li to cross the ship and asked him to write a letter to Zhang Shaobao to surrender. Then he said to him: 'I can't save my parents by myself. Is it okay to teach people to carry their parents on their backs? "Li Buqiang wrote this poem to reach Zhang, but he said that "good people are good at poetry", but they can't force it."
Annotation of the poem
p>The first sentence writes about my own experience. "Hard work" sentence: recalls the early life and various hardships since becoming an official. Encounter means to be selected by the imperial court; Qiyijing means to pass the imperial examination and get an official position because of proficiency in a certain scripture. The imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty examined the meaning of classics and selected one of the Five Classics (Yi, Shi, Shu, Rites, and Spring and Autumn). In the fourth year of Baoyou's reign (1256), Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang became the first Jinshi and later became the prime minister. Gang Ge Liao Luo: Liao Luo means deserted and sparse. This means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end. The Southern Song Dynasty died this year (1279) and was unable to resist at this time. Zhouxing: The Zhouxing is the Sui star. The Sui star circulates in the sky for twelve years, so the Zhouxing refers to the twelve years. The four stars are forty-eight years. Wen Tianxiang was forty-four when he wrote this poem. The four stars here are in whole numbers. Most of the old annotations refer to the four years since Wen Tianxiang responded to the imperial edict of King Qin in 1275. In fact, the first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, as they are the poet's review of his life experiences.
"Mountains and rivers" sentence: refers to the fact that the national situation and personal destiny are irreversible. Panic Beach: In today's Wan'an County, Jiangxi Province, the water flow is very fast, and it is one of the eighteen beaches in Ganjiang River, the most dangerous one. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), Emperor Ruizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Kongqian, Jiangxi Province, and retreated to Fujian via the panic beach.
"Ling Ding" sentence: Lamenting the current situation and being alone and helpless. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean. History: Annals of History.
Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were used to record events. When making bamboo slips of seven-character poems, the bamboo must be roasted with fire to remove the sweat (moisture), so it is called history.
The poet reviews his life in one or two sentences, but due to space limitations, in terms of writing method, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty cited two events, one at the beginning and the other at the end, to summarize the rest. The four sentences in the middle closely follow "There are few battles" and clearly express the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in a precarious situation, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and it is even more difficult to talk about personal destiny. But in the face of such great changes, the poet did not think about his personal way out and future, but his deep regret that he could not win a military victory and reverse the situation two years ago. At the same time, I also felt particularly sad about my isolation and helplessness. Judging from the conception of the whole poem, the first six sentences exaggerate the atmosphere of sadness, anger and hardship to the extreme. The next two sentences change the mood from sadness and anger to excitement, from depression to high pitch. "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be reflected in history." Throughout the ages, people will inevitably die. If they die to save the motherland, they will sacrifice their lives for righteousness. Their loyalty will hang down in the annals of history and reflect through the ages. These two passionate and generous poems show the poet's determination to sacrifice his life for righteousness and fully reflect his national integrity. Because of these two ending lines, the whole poem has become a masterpiece and a great song for the ages.
Comprehensive poems
This kind of integrity of dying to clarify one's ambitions has also been clearly reflected in Wen Tianxiang's poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean". The poems that embody this kind of integrity are life-changing since ancient times. No one will die, but his loyalty will be remembered by history.
The "natural and wonderful pairing" of semantic pun in the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" is to express fear at the beach and sigh at Lingding in the Lingding Ocean.
The sentence in the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" expresses the poet's national integrity and the view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness: Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered in history.
The poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" uses metaphors to express the country's difficulties and personal ups and downs: the mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters, and the life experience is ups and downs.
Notes:
① Lingdingyang: at the mouth of the Pearl River south of Zhongshan, Guangdong today. Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan army in December of the first year of Xiangxing's reign (1278), the last emperor of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Bing. Commander Zhang Shijie. So Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem.
② "Hard work" sentence: Recalling the early life and various hardships since becoming an official. Encounter means to be selected by the imperial court; Qiyijing means to pass the imperial examination and get an official position because of proficiency in a certain scripture. Wen Tianxiang became the first Jinshi in the fourth year of Emperor Lizong Baoyou's reign (1256) in the Song Dynasty.
③Gange Liaoluo: Liaoluo means deserted and sparse. This means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end. The Southern Song Dynasty died this year (1279) and was unable to resist at this time. Zhouxing: The Zhouxing is the Sui star. The Sui star circulates in the sky for twelve years, so the Zhouxing refers to the twelve years. The four stars are forty-eight years. Wen Tianxiang was forty-four when he wrote this poem. The four stars here are in whole numbers. Most of the old annotations refer to the four years since Wen Tianxiang responded to the imperial edict of King Qin in 1275. In fact, the first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, as they are the poet's review of his life experiences.
④ "Mountain and River" sentence: It means that the national situation and personal destiny are irreversible.
⑤ Panic Beach: In today's Wan'an County, Jiangxi Province, the water flow is rapid and it is one of the eighteen beaches of the Gan River. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), Emperor Ruizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Kongqian, Jiangxi Province, and retreated to Fujian via the panic beach.
⑥ "Ling Ding" sentence: lament the current situation and one's own bravery and isolation. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean.
⑦History: Annals of History. Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were used to record events. When making bamboo slips, they must be roasted with fire to remove the sweat (moisture) from the bamboo, so it is called history.
Appreciation 1:
This poem was written by Wen Tianxiang after he was captured to express his determination to die. In one or two sentences, the poet looks back on his life, but due to space limitations, the writing method is to cite two events, one as official and one as defeat in the army, to summarize the rest. The four sentences in the middle closely follow "There are few battles" and clearly express the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in a precarious situation, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and it is even more difficult to talk about personal destiny. But in the face of this great change, what the poet thought of was not his personal way out and future, but his deep regret that he failed to achieve military victory in Konghang two years ago and thus reverse the situation. At the same time, I also felt particularly sad about my isolation and helplessness. From the lines, it is not difficult for us to feel the author's desolate mood intertwined with the great pain of the destruction of his country and his family, self-blame, and self-lament. The last two sentences are the poet's unhesitating choice of his own destiny when he is trapped in the enemy's hands. This adds a tragic and passionate strength and confidence to the previous emotions and regrets, showing a unique sublime beauty. This is not only a reflection of the poet's personality charm, but also the unique spiritual beauty of the Chinese nation. Its touching qualities go far beyond the scope of language.
Appreciation 2:
This is an aspirational poem that will last forever. The poem begins with a review of life experience. It is intended to imply that you have been tempered for a long time and are fearless no matter what hardships and hardships you have. Then I recounted my combat career: I spent four years in a desolate and desolate war environment. Linking personal destiny to the rise and fall of the country.
Three or four sentences continue to describe the development of the situation and the deep sorrow and indignation from both the national and personal aspects. This couplet has neat contrasts and appropriate metaphors, truly reflecting the social reality at that time and the poet's experience.
National disasters, personal ups and downs, and all kinds of pain tortured the poet's feelings, making his words doubly sad.
The five or six sentences are deeper and deeper, using typical events in the encounter to once again show the poet's painful soul trembling due to the destruction of the country and personal danger. The last two sentences converge the whole article with majestic momentum, and write a heroic oath of preferring death to surrender. The meaning is, since ancient times, is there anyone who is immortal in life? As long as this patriotic loyalty can be left to shine in the annals of history.
This famous saying that has been passed down through the ages is a hymn to an ideal life composed by the poet with his own blood and life. The tone of the whole poem is melancholy and solemn, and the awe-inspiring righteousness runs through the rainbow. It is indeed a great patriotic poem that moves the heaven and the earth and weeps ghosts and gods.
Appreciation 3:
"After all the hardships, only a few stars fell in the sky." The author, facing the critical moment of life and death, recalled his life with a lot of emotion. He grasped two major things, one was to become an official with Ming Jing, and the other was to be "King of Diligence". Starting from these two ends, the historical background and personal mood at that time were well written. "There are few fights" refers to the overall situation of the country. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", the imperial court recruited soldiers from all over the world, but there were very few who held high the flag of righteousness and sacrificed their lives for the country like Wen Tianxiang. The author's use of the four words "little fighting" implies his anger towards those who are living an ignoble existence and his condemnation of the capitulationists!
If the first couplet is recounted from the vertical aspect, then the jaw couplet is rendered from the horizontal aspect. "The mountains and rivers are shattered, the wind is fluttering with catkins, and the life experience is ups and downs, and the rain is hitting the rafts." The author uses desolate natural scenes to describe the decline of the country, and expresses his grief very deeply. The lonely ministers of a subjugated country are like rootless duckweeds floating on the water with nothing to rely on. This situation is already miserable enough. And the author added the word "rain" on top of "ping", which makes it even more miserable. This "life experience ups and downs" summarizes the author's arduous struggle and rough life. This couplet has neat contrasts, appropriate metaphors, vivid images, and strong emotions. Reading it makes people feel sad!
The five or six sentences closely follow the previous meaning and further exaggerate the meaning. In the second year of Jingyan (1277), after Wen Tianxiang's army was defeated by the Yuan soldiers, they retreated from the Huangfangtan area to Fujian. At that time, he faced the sea and was pursued by soldiers. How to survive the dangerous situation and turn defeat into victory was the most worrying and uneasy thing for him. Now that the army has been defeated, and as a prisoner, he is being escorted across the Lingding Ocean, how can he not feel lonely? This couplet is particularly sentimental. The two sentimental place names "Huangquan Beach" and "Lingding Ocean" are naturally opposite to each other, and they are used by the author to express his "fear" of yesterday and the "Lingding Ocean" in front of him. ”, it can be described as a swan song in the history of poetry!
In the above six sentences, the author exaggerates the hatred and hardship of his family and country to the extreme, and the sadness converges to a climax, but the last couplet is interrupted in one stroke: "No one has died in life since ancient times, but he has retained his loyalty. Follow history!" The whole story ends with majestic momentum and high-pitched sentiment, reflecting his national integrity and his view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness. The wonderful ending makes the whole story change from sad to strong, from melancholy to uplifting, forming an immortal song.
Selected Poems by Wen Tianxiang
Songs of Righteousness
The heaven and earth are full of righteousness, and they are mixed and endowed with manifolds.
The bottom is the river and the mountains, and the top is the sun and stars.
To others, it is said to be vast and overwhelming.
The imperial road should be Qingyi, Hanhe Tumingting.
At the end of the year, we can see each other and draw pictures one by one:
In Qi Taishi Jian, in Jin Dong Hu's pen.
In the Qin Dynasty, Zhang Liangzhui, in the Suwu Festival of the Han Dynasty;
It was the head of General Yan, the blood of Ji Shizhong,
It was Zhang Suiyang's teeth, and it was Yan Changshan's tongue;
p>
Maybe it is the Liaodong hat, clearing the ice and snow;
Or it is the example of being a teacher, and the ghosts and gods weep heroically.
It may be used to cross the river and swallow Hu Jie generously.
Or it may be used to attack the thief's wat, and its head will be broken if it is turned upside down.
It is majestic and awe-inspiring.
When it penetrates the sun and the moon, life and death will be settled!
The maintenance of the earth depends on it, and the pillar of heaven depends on it.
The three cardinal principles are actually life-related, and morality is the root.
After consulting with Yu Yangjiu, Li was also ineffective.
The prisoners of Chu wore their crowns and sent them to Qiongbei.
The tripod wok is as sweet as stuffing, and you cannot get it if you ask for it.
There are ghosts and fires in the underworld, and it is dark in the spring courtyard.
The ox eats the same soap, the chicken roosts and the phoenix eats.
Once it is covered with fog and dew, it becomes barren in the ditch.
No matter how cold or hot it is, everything will change by itself.
Alas, Ju Nauchang, for my peaceful country.
How can he be so clever? Yin and Yang cannot be thieved!
Looking up at the white floating clouds.
My heart is worried for a long time, the sky is full of extremes!
The day of the philosopher is far away, and the punishment is in the past.
The wind eaves display books for reading, and the ancient roads illuminate their colors.
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Yangtze River
< p>I traveled to the North Sea with the wind for a few days, and returned to the head of the Yangtze River.My heart is like a magnetic needle stone,
I will not rest until I guide you.
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Crossing the Lingding Ocean
After all the hardships,
the stars are scattered all around.
The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind flutters the catkins,
The ups and downs of life experience are scattered by the rain.
Afraid to say panic on the beach,
I sigh alone in the ocean.
No one has ever died since ancient times.
Leave a loyal heart to illuminate history.
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Tibiluotang
The building is newly built and I am happy to chat with you about this peaceful time.
I live on a balcony in a county, and people are in the mist and rain in mid-air.
Restore everything to the present universe, and still remember the old country with sadness.
Recently, it has been reported that the autumn wind is strong, and I feel worried that my mane will become stained.
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Night sitting
Talking about the smokey maple leaf road, when the drizzle covers the flowers.
Su Yan's paintings on the river, Han Xie's poems on the four walls.
When a young man becomes a boss, my path is full of twists and turns.
Finally, the heart of the sword is there, and I feel like sitting on a chicken.
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Nan'an Army
Meihua North and South Road are wet with wind and rain.
Who did you go out with? Returning home is like never returning home!
Mountains and rivers have been there through the ages, but cities have changed for a while.
My true ambition is to starve to death, and I pick weeds in my dream.
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Jiankang
The ancient guild hall of Jinling, the old capital of Nandu.
The mountains are still rugged and the river flow has changed.
Athletes live in the quiet earth, while new ghosts cry in Taicheng.
A piece of clear moon is full of affection for guests.
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Two songs by Jinlingyi (select 1)
The grass leaves the palace and turns to the sunset, and the solitary cloud wanders, where can I rely on?
The scenery of the mountains and rivers remains the same, but the people in the city have changed.
The ground is full of reed flowers and I am old, who are the swallows flying next to in my old home?
I bid farewell to Jiangnan Road from now on, turning into a cuckoo and returning with blood.
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Zhenzhouyi
The mountains and rivers seem to know me, so there is no one in the past.
Looking down at the traces of war, there are dusty carriages and horses.
The hero’s death is late, and the world is filled with sorrow.
To the north of Yanshan Road, the desolate night looks toward the morning.
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New Year's Eve
< p>The world is empty, and the years are gone.The end of the road is full of storms and rain, and the poor side is full of snow and frost.
My life is about to run out with each passing year, and I am afraid of forgetting my body and the world.
There is no need to kill Su Meng again, and the night is still young.
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He Zhongzhaiyun (passed Jizuo)
My achievements have been scattered across the five-foot plain, and now I am stuck in the middle of nowhere.
The imperial concubine sheds tears when she bows her eyebrows in the north, and flies south to look at the soul of the emperor as she cries blood.
My flesh and bones have withered but I am still there, all descriptions have changed and only my voice remains.
The river flows through the ages, and the heroes hate it, and the orchids are sailing boats and the willows are fanning.
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鹹江月·伊中 Say goodbye to friends
The water and sky are vast,
I hate the east wind and don’t borrow the world’s best things.
In the lingering light of Shu birds and Wu flowers,
It is unbearable to see the ruined city walls.
The bronze bird is clear in spring,
The golden man sheds tears in autumn,
Who can forgive this hatred?
The spirit of swordsmanship,
In bullfighting, you can recognize Qijie in the air.
That letter will remain in the rivers and seas for the rest of his life,
traveling thousands of miles south,
it is a small boat sailing together.
I am keeping my drunken eyes for the gull alliance,
Look closely at the rising and falling of the waves.
The Zhuzhu swallows the victory,
Returns to the flag and walks away,
Through the ages, it will rise to the top.
I can’t sleep with others,
Qinhuai should be the lonely moon.
Life of Wen Tianxiang
Introduction
Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283), minister and writer of the Southern Song Dynasty, was a famous national hero. His courtesy name was Lushan, also named Songrui, and his nickname was Wenshan. He was a native of Luling, Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi). At the age of 20, he got the first place in Jinshi examination and became the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy. In 1276, the Yuan army approached Lin'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was sent to negotiate in the Yuan army camp and was detained. Later, he escaped in Zhenjiang and was rescued by the people. He traveled by sea to Fujian and fought against the Yuan army with Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu and others. It once regained some lost territory, but was later defeated by the Yuan army. It retreated into Guangdong and fought in the Haifeng and Chaoyang areas. Zhao Bing, the last emperor of the Song Dynasty, was captured by the Yuan army in December of the first year of Xiangxing's reign (1278). Later, he was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and imprisoned for three years. He was repeatedly coerced and induced, and suffered all kinds of torture, but he remained unyielding. On December 9, the 19th year of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty (January 9, 1283), he calmly died in Chaishi, showing his steadfast national integrity. Wen Tianxiang's later works closely reflected reality, artistically reflected the author's struggling life and patriotic thoughts, and showed the scenes of the Southern Song Dynasty soldiers and civilians fighting against the Yuan army. They were written in a melancholy, tragic and touching way. Now there is "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan". Famous works such as "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" and "Song of Righteousness" are praised by the world.
Wen Tianxiang's family history
"Futian Wenshi" is a descendant of Wen Weng, the prefect of Shu County in the Western Han Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties and the Later Tang Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang's ancestor Wen Shi migrated to Jizhou, Jiangxi to this day, and opened Luling Chun in Jizhou. A descendant of the Futian Wen family in Huaxiang.
Wen Tianxiang said this in the article "The Facts of Mr. Ge Zhai, the First Gentleman": "The first gentleman tried to test the genealogy. The Wen family moved to Ji from Chengdu, and his ancestor Bingran was the fifth (seventh generation - editor) Living in Yonghe Town, Emperor Gaozu Zhengzhong moved from Yonghe to Futian. "The Annals of Mr. Wenshan, the Right Prime Minister and Privy Envoy of Song Dynasty Shaobao" (hereinafter referred to as "Annals") also says: "The Wen family of Luling came from Chengdu, the sixth generation of Gong. The ancestor Bingran lived in Yonghe Town in the eighth generation (Editor), and his ancestor Zhengzhong moved to Futian in the fifth generation (Editor). "So it is not true that some people now regard Wen Tianxiang as a Hakka.
The number one scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lang
Wen Tianxiang, whose courtesy name was Song Rui and whose name was Wenshan, was born in 1236 in a landlord family in Futian Village, Chunhua Township, Luling, Jiangxi (now south of Ji'an, Jiangxi). His father loved reading and valued his children's education. In order to study, Wen Tianxiang tried to hire famous teachers to teach him. No matter whether it was cold or hot, Wen Tianxiang read, wrote, and talked about the past and the present with his brother in a study full of aphorisms.
At the age of 18, Wen Tianxiang passed the Luling Township School examination. The first place, he entered Bailuzhou Academy in Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi) at the age of 20. In the same year, he was selected as a tribute scholar in Jizhou and went to Lin'an (now Hangzhou) with his father to take the imperial examination.
In the palace examination, he took the "imperial examination". "Policy" hit the current shortcomings, put forward reform plans, and expressed political aspirations. He was praised by the examiner as "loyal to the emperor and patriotic as solid as iron." Emperor Lizong personally designated him as the number one scholar among the 601 Jinshi. Four days later, his father unfortunately died of illness, and Wen Tianxiang returned home.
After being selected as a tribute scholar, he took the name of Tianxiang and won the first prize in the fourth year of Baoyou (1256). Xing, Shangshu Zuosilangguan, Hunan Tixing, Zhiganzhou and other positions have been handed down from generation to generation.
The rise and fall of the officialdom
Later, the Mongolian army attacked the Song Dynasty in two directions. Brother led the west route into Sichuan and attacked Chengdu. Kublai Khan led the east route and crossed the Yangtze River to encircle Ezhou (today's Wuchang) with another Mongolian army from Yunnan to Tanzhou (today's Changsha). The eunuch Dong Song in Nanjing was shocked. The minister asked to avoid the army and move the capital to Siming (today's Ningbo) so that Lizong could escape to the sea at any time. In response, Wen Tianxiang boldly wrote a letter as a Jinshi: "As the Lord of China, you should guard China; as the parents of the people, you should guard it." People. "Please kill Dong Songchen to calm people's hearts. Later, because Meng Ge died of illness, Kublai Khan wanted to return to the north to fight for the throne, so he allowed Jia Sidao, the right prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, to secretly surrender and pay tribute.
Jia Sidao then lied to the court about "great success in all directions" and was granted the title of Duke of Wei, taking over all the power. Then Du Zong ascended the throne and indulged in drinking and sex.
In the following ten years, Wen Tianxiang served intermittently as the magistrate of Ruizhou, Tixing of Jiangxi, and Zuo Silang of Shangshu. Later, he was appointed to ridicule Jia Sidao. He was dismissed from office.
Organized the rebel army
After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he changed the name of the country to Yuan. In 1274 AD, he sent 200,000 Yuan troops to march by land and water to seize the power of Lin'an. There was chaos, Du Zong died, and Zhao Xi, who was only 4 years old, came to the throne as Emperor Gong. Empress Dowager Xie came to the court and asked the "King Qin" to raise troops from all over the country.
The following year, Wen Tianxiang, who was appointed magistrate of Ganzhou (today's Ganzhou, Jiangxi), spent all his family resources to recruit troops and organized 30,000 rebels within a few months. With the confidence and courage to succeed, he began his military career. The rebel army rushed to Jizhou, and Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the minister of the Ministry of War. He was ordered to station the army in Longxing (now Nanchang, Jiangxi Province) on standby. After several obstacles, he was able to enter Lin'an to defend Lin'an. Soon he was appointed as the magistrate of Pingjiang (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) and was ordered to rush to Changzhou to aid. In Changzhou, the rebels fought hard, but Huai general Zhang Quan led his troops to watch the fire from across the bank, and then escaped before the battle. As a result, all but four of the 500 rebels died heroically. In the winter of this year, Wen Tianxiang was ordered to quickly reinforce Dusongguan, the gateway to Lin'an. Three days after leaving Pingjiang, Pingjiang City surrendered. Before reaching the destination, the pass has been lost. He returned to Lin'an in a hurry, preparing to fight to the death, but saw that all civil and military officials in the court had abandoned their official positions and fled, leaving only 6 officials in the civil class.
In the first month of 1276, Queen Mother Xie insisted on surrendering. Yuan general Boyan designated that the prime minister should go out of the city to discuss the matter, but the prime minister Chen Yizhong actually escaped overnight. Wen Tianxiang was immediately appointed as the right prime minister and the privy envoy to the governor to discuss peace. During the negotiation, Wen Tianxiang was not afraid of the Yuan army's force, denounced Boyan, and expressed his determination to fight to the end. He was detained and taken on a boat to the north. Wen Tianxiang initially went on a hunger strike to protest, but later escaped at the tiger's mouth in Zhenjiang. Due to the Yuan army's counterintuitive plot, Wen Tianxiang falsely claimed that Wen Tianxiang had surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty and that he was returning south to gain the city and land for the Yuan army. Wen Tianxiang was repeatedly suspected and wary, and was displaced from place to place. He died in numerous difficulties for two months before arriving in Wenzhou. At this time, the imperial court had surrendered, and Emperor Gong was taken to Dadu (today's Beijing). Lu Xiufu and others supported the 7-year-old Zhao Duanzong to ascend the throne on Fu 30. Wen Tianxiang was ordered to enter Fuzhou again and served as the privy envoy. At the same time, he supervised all the troops and horses. He went to Nanjianzhou (today's Nanping, Fujian) to establish a governor's office, sent people to various places to recruit troops and raise pay, and called on various places to raise troops to kill the enemy. In the autumn, the Yuan army invaded Fujian, and Duanzong was forced to flee to the sea, drifting by boat in Guangdong.
Defeated and captured
In 1277, Wen Tianxiang led his army to move to Longyan and Meizhou (Meixian County, Guangdong) and advance into Jiangxi. Defeated the Yuan army in Yudu (now southern Jiangxi), captured Xingguo, and recovered 10 counties in Ganzhou and 4 counties in Jizhou. People's hearts were greatly boosted, and various parts of Jiangxi responded. The anti-Yuan struggle was revived across the country. Wen Tianxiang ordered to reach the Jianghuai area. This was his Maintain the most favorable situation since the Anti-Yuan War. The main force of the Yuan army began to attack Wen Tianxiang's Xingguo camp. Wen Tianxiang was outnumbered and led his army to retreat north. They were defeated in Luling and Hezhou (today's Changting, Fujian). They suffered heavy losses, and his wife and children were also kidnapped by the Yuan army.
Wen Tianxiang attempted suicide by taking poison, and was taken to Yashan by Zhang Hongfan, who asked him to write a letter to recruit Zhang Shijie to surrender. Wen Tianxiang said: "I can't protect my parents, how can I teach others to betray their parents?" Zhang Hongfan refused to listen and repeatedly forced Wen Tianxiang to write letters. Wen Tianxiang then copied the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" he had written a few days ago to Zhang Hongfan. When Zhang Hongfan read these two sentences, "No one has died since ancient times, his loyalty will be remembered by history." He couldn't help but be moved and stopped forcing Wen Tianxiang.
After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty in Yashan, Zhang Hongfan asked the Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty for instructions on how to deal with Wen Tianxiang. The Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Who has no loyal ministers?" Zhang Hongfan was ordered to treat Wen Tianxiang politely and send Wen Tianxiang to Dadu (today's Beijing) and was placed under house arrest in Huitong Pavilion, determined to persuade Wen Tianxiang to surrender.
The Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty first sent Liu Mengyan, the former prime minister of Zuo of the Southern Song Dynasty who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, to speak to Wen Tianxiang and persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang was furious when he saw Liu Mengyan, and Liu Mengyan had to leave in anger. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty asked Zhao Xian, Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty, who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, to persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang knelt on the ground, cried bitterly, and said to Zhao Xian, "Please come back, Holy Master!" Zhao Xian had nothing to say and left in dismay. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty was furious and ordered Wen Tianxiang's hands to be tied and put on wooden shackles. Imprisoned in the cell of the Soldiers and Horses Division. Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned for more than ten days before the jailer loosened his bonds. It took another half a month to remove the wooden shackles from him.
Polo, the Prime Minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally opened a court to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was escorted to the lobby of the Privy Council, where he stood tall and bowed his hands to Polo. Polo ordered Wen Tianxiang to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang struggled hard and sat on the ground, still refusing to give in. Polo asked Wen Tianxiang: "What else do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "The world has its ups and downs. Nations have been destroyed and slaughtered in all dynasties. I am loyal to the Song Dynasty, and I just want to die early!" Polo was furious. Said: "You want to die? I won't let you die. I want to imprison you!" Wen Tianxiang was not afraid and said: "I am willing to die for justice, and I am not afraid of being imprisoned!"
From then on, Wen Tianxiang Spent three years in prison. While in prison, he received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang and learned that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace and lived like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that his daughter's letter was a hint from Yuan Ting: as long as he surrenders, his family can be reunited. However, although Wen Tianxiang was heartbroken, he did not want to lose his integrity because of his wife and daughter. He wrote in a letter to his sister: "To collect Liu Nu's letter, it is painful to cut the stomach and intestines. Who doesn't have the love of his wife and children? But when things come to this point today, Yu Yi should die, it is his fate. What can I do? What can I do!" ...It can make Liu Nu and Huan Nu have no control over it. They choked with tears. "
Life in prison was very hard, but Wen Tianxiang endured the pain and wrote many poems. The third volume of "Guide Houlu", "Song of Righteousness" and other majestic and immortal masterpieces were all written in prison.
He died generously
In March of the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), the powerful minister Ahema was assassinated. The emperor of the Yuan Dynasty ordered the confiscation of Ahema’s family property and the tracing of Ahema. He Li Huosun was appointed as the right prime minister. Heli Huosun proposed governing the country with Confucianism, which was highly agreed by the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
In August, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty asked the ministers: "Who is the virtuous prime minister between the southern and northern prime ministers?" The ministers replied: "The northerners are not as good as Yelu Chucai, and the southerners are not as good as Wen Tianxiang." So the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty issued an order to plan Wen Tianxiang was awarded the title of high official. Some of Wen Tianxiang's old friends immediately informed Wen Tianxiang of the incident and persuaded Wen Tianxiang to surrender, but Wen Tianxiang refused. On December 8, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty summoned Wen Tianxiang and personally persuaded him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang still bowed to Yuan Shizu without kneeling. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty did not force him to kneel down. He just said: "You have been here for a long time. If you can change your mind and treat me with loyalty to the Song Dynasty, then I can give you a position in Zhongshu Province." Wen Tianxiang replied : "I am the prime minister of the Song Dynasty. The country is destroyed, and I only want a quick death. I don't want to live for a long time." Yuan Shizu asked again: "Then what do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "I hope one death is enough!" Yuan Shizu was very happy. Angry, he ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed immediately.
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Chaishi execution ground. The supervisor asked: "What else does the prime minister have to say? You can avoid death by playing the echo." Wen Tianxiang shouted: "I will die, what else can I say?" He asked the supervisor: "Which side is the south? Someone pointed him in the direction, and Wen Tianxiang knelt down to the south and said, "My matter is over, and I feel no guilt." So he surrendered his neck and died calmly. After his death, a poem was found in his belt: "Confucius said to be benevolent, Mencius said to be righteous, but the righteousness is fulfilled, so benevolence is the best. What did you learn from reading the books of sages? From now on, you are almost worthy of shame." Wen Tianxiang died at the time of his death. Only forty-seven years old.
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This entry was mentioned in the following entries:
righteous song, Wen Tianxiang, Fish I Want, Liu, Broken Rivers and Mountains, Xie Changyuanzuo's Right Ci Volume, History, Panic
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·It’s okay.
Xu potato 02-26 17:57
·Please come up with some key sentences....Thank you silently. It hurts so much. 02-20 18:44
·Details are detailed, but I feel so dizzy~~~~ Lingxuedian 02-19 21:48
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