1. The concept of flowers
In a broad sense: plants and their parts that have ornamental value and are cultivated and maintained with certain skills. The ornamental parts are not limited to flowers, but can be any part such as flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots, seeds, etc.
Colorful flowers with various shapes and forms, vivid and natural, naturally beautiful and unconventional, can not only provide people with infinite beauty enjoyment, cultivate their sentiments, but also prevent and treat diseases, make them healthy physically and mentally, and prolong life.
Flowers are beneficial to human health, affecting both physical and mental aspects, both directly and indirectly. By appreciating the colors of flowers, smelling their fragrance, using flowers as food, using flowers as medicine, or even doing moderate exercise by growing flowers and grass, we can prevent and treat diseases and strengthen our body.
As we all know, growing flowers is a light physical labor. Sun Simiao, a famous medical scientist and health expert in ancient my country, not only lived to be more than 100 years old, but also had a famous saying about fitness: "If a person is tired of his body, he will not be able to cure all kinds of diseases." If a person regularly engages in moderate physical exercise or physical strength Working can improve immunity and greatly reduce the chance of getting sick. Growing flowers is a good way to exercise and is not limited by time, place, weather changes and other factors.
When Mr. Xu Deheng, the former Vice Chairman of the National People’s Congress, told reporters at the age of 96: “I am very sorry for my misfortune. He has been obsessed with flowers all his life and loves plum blossoms. Orchids and other flowers. Once he planted orchids and hostas, and wrote a poem: "The fragrant orchids have been moved all over the middle forest, why not plant hostas in the remaining space, and even beg for two clusters of fragrant lilies. This old man is still childlike at seventy." "In your spare time, you can play with flowers and plants, fertilize, water, prune, loosen soil, or weed... It can not only exercise muscles and bones, promote metabolism, strengthen physical fitness, but also have certain auxiliary therapeutic effects on some chronic diseases. .
There are many “Longevity Homes” in my country and other countries around the world. Most of these areas are home to beautiful scenery and blooming flowers. Why is flower viewing beneficial to people’s physical and mental health? Modern medicine believes that: An important factor in health is the human spirit. A fulfilling life and a happy spirit are important factors in maintaining health and longevity. Flower appreciation can divert people's attention, dilute bad emotions, and get rid of negative interference with the beauty, beauty, and fragrance of flowers. , the elegant charm can give people endless beauty. Over time, it can achieve the purpose of nourishing the mood and eliminating fatigue.
2. How to appreciate flowers (the way to appreciate flowers)
Lin. Flower appreciation is a kind of enjoyment in people's daily life. There are four words for flower appreciation: color, fragrance, appearance and charm.
Pay attention to the color of flowers. There are generally two hobbies for flower colors: some people like heavy makeup and require strong colors; some like light makeup and require simple and elegant colors. The ancients admired flowers, some liked the rich and gorgeous peonies and peonies, and some respected the "four elegant flowers and plants" orchids. Elegance, the elegance of chrysanthemums, the elegance of narcissus, the elegance of calamus. People of different eras, different nationalities, different professions, and different ages have different aesthetic values ??
Appreciation of the beauty and fragrance of flowers. Having both is the most ideal; but the fact is that "good flowers are not fragrant, but fragrant flowers are not good", and it is difficult to have both color and fragrance. This is a biological and genetic phenomenon. Orchids are known as the ancestors of fragrance and respected as the national fragrance. . The ancients also proposed four criteria for fragrance: strong, clear, distant, and long-lasting, and believed that jasmine can meet these requirements. , are naturally beautiful, such as elegant asparagus, whirling palms, graceful lotus... And most flowers and trees need to be trimmed and shaped. The highest art form of ornamental flowers and trees is the shape of bonsai, and the actual operation is to trim the roots.
Appreciate the charm of flowers. This refers to the grace, character and characteristics of flowers. It is difficult for Zedong to enter the elegant realm. "Yong Mei" connects the charm of plum blossoms with the temperament of revolutionaries, making the heartless flowers have a sentimental meaning, which has a very enlightening effect on future generations of flower appreciation.
Many people nowadays like potted plants such as pine and bamboo. They have neither beauty nor fragrance. Why do people appreciate them? Just appreciate its charm.
Appreciating the color, fragrance, posture and charm of flowers is the traditional Chinese flower appreciation standard. In this standard, rhyme is inner beauty, color, fragrance, and posture are outer beauty. Only the unity of inner and outer beauty is the real beauty.
3. Open the history of Chinese literature, from Qu Yuan's Pei Lan to show festivals, Tao Yuanming picking chrysanthemums on the east fence, Li Bai drunkenly lying in the flowers, Du Fu splashing tears on the flowers, Bai Juyi chanting the lotus and willows, and even Lin Bumei's wife Hezi. ....., there are countless romantic writers in China who believe that flowers and plants are in love, and have created many eternal masterpieces with flowers as the theme.
Among the Chinese flower literature works, they are the largest in number and the highest in achievement. Let’s count the poems about flowers. In the earliest collection of poems in my country, the Book of Songs, there are 305 articles that mention 132 kinds of flowers and plants. Until During the Six Dynasties, typical flower chanting works appeared, which have been enduring ever since, and were later expanded to include poems. Liu Yuxi wrote poems about peach blossoms and apricot blossoms; Du Mu wrote poems about apricot blossoms and lychee flowers; plus the addition of worship , Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Lin Bu..., many poets in the past dynasties have famous poems about flowers and their good stories and anecdotes about flowers have been handed down to this day. In addition to poetry, there are also many novels and dramas with flowers as the theme. There are many excellent works. For example, Tang Xianzu's famous drama The Peony Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty, Pingju Opera Become a Matchmaker in the Ming Dynasty, and Pu Songling's famous short story collection in the Qing Dynasty. lt;Liao Zhai Zhiyi gt;gt;There are also many chapters, such aslt;lt;Gezhonggt;gt;,lt;lt;Huang Yinggt;gt;,lt;lt;The Lotus Princessgt;gt;,lt ;lt;Lotus Sanniangzigt;gt;etc., the protagonists in it all use the identity of flower fairies and flower essences to create literary images. Among Chinese classical novels, there are the most abundant songs about flowers, and Cao Xueqin is the most successful one. The famous novel "A Dream of Red Mansions". The author ingeniously "planted" dozens of famous flowers and trees in the Grand View Garden, and organically unified dozens of flower-reciting poems into the novel as a way to develop the novel. The clues of the story plot, the means of revealing the character, and the expression of the author's emotional end. He uses flowers as drama when he is happy, and he uses flowers as pain when he is sad. He superbly transforms the natural beauty of flowers into the beauty of literature and art.
The same kind of flowers can metaphor or symbolize different meanings in the works of different authors. In addition, the same kind of flowers and the same author will also create works with different contents and emotions due to different writing time and experiences.
4. Lover's grass: fluffy and light, like clouds, often scattered on the surface or in the gaps of the main flowers to increase the sense of layering, play the role of foil, foil and filling. It is the most indispensable flower among wedding flowers. material.
Carnations symbolize maternal love and are flowers that express condolences to mothers. They should be given as gifts on Mother’s Day and mothers’ birthdays; when visiting patients in the hospital, they should be given as a token of condolences.
The bright and energetic sunflowers can be given to your boyfriend who is passionately in love; the golden ones are suitable for lovers.
Red rose symbolizes love and sincere and pure love. People often use it as a token of love and a synonym for love. It is the first choice flower for Valentine's Day. Red rose buds are also cute. White rose means respect and nobility. White rose buds also symbolize girls. Pink rose: represents first love. Black rose: indicates individuality and creativity. Blue and purple roses represent preciousness and rarity. The orange-yellow rose represents youthfulness and beauty. Yellow Rose apologizes. Green and white roses represent innocence, frugality or innocence. Two-color roses indicate ambivalence or more interests. The three-color rose represents erudition and affection. In the flower market, roses, roses and roses are collectively called roses. Roses used as cut flowers are actually inbred rose varieties. Therefore, calling it a rose is more appropriate than calling it a rose. The rose is known as the "Queen of Flowers" for its beautiful flowers and gorgeous colors. It is commonly used in various ceremonial occasions.
The bird of paradise symbolizes freedom, happiness, happiness, good luck and freedom. It should be given to relatives and friends; it should be given on birthdays to wish the elderly a long life like a crane.
Cotinus cotinus. The red leaves of cotinus cotinus in autumn have gone through wind and frost, but their true feelings remain unchanged, which means sincerity.
Gerbera is also known as the Gerbera flower. It symbolizes perseverance, not afraid of difficulties, and likes to pursue a rich life. The single-petal variety represents warmth, while the double-petal variety represents enthusiasm and commendability. People in Shanghai like to use gerbera flowers to form bouquets to decorate new houses during wedding celebrations. With its harmonious meaning, it means that the newlyweds respect and love each other, and the wife supports her husband in his career. The gerbera flower is radial in shape and is often used as the main body of flower arrangements. It is often paired with kidney fern and asparagus.
Nandina has smooth stems, clear branches and thin knots. The autumn wind is bleak. The branches are full of red leaves and red fruits, which will not wither for a long time. It symbolizes longevity. The modest, sentimental and single-petaled variety of Dianthus is known as the "Lin Daiyu among flowers" and should be given to a girlfriend who is delicate and flirtatious. The double-petaled variety should be given to a warm and free-spirited friend.
Jasmine symbolizes beauty. The flower language of Western Europe is affability. Filipinos regard it as a symbol of loyalty to the motherland and love, and recommend it as the national flower. When distinguished guests come, jasmine flowers are often made into garlands and hung between the guests' necks to show welcome and respect.
Lycoris is beautiful and pure and should be given to artists when the performance is successful; it should be given to first love to symbolize its purity.
Violet has thick peduncles, large inflorescences, abundant flowers, bright colors, quiet seasonal air, and long-lasting water cultivation. Violet symbolizes eternal beauty or eternal youth. It is deeply loved by people in Europe and other countries, especially the Italians, who recommend it as the national flower.
The calla lily symbolizes "piety in the holy law, eternal unity, and good luck." In weddings in European and American countries, it is a commonly used flower material for bridal bouquets. Lucky bamboo is elegant and delicate, symbolizing good fortune and wealth. After slight processing, it can produce the artistic effect of "green lily". It can also be used as small and medium-sized potted plants to decorate halls and living rooms.
Anthurium is passionate and bold and lasts forever. It is suitable to be used on weddings, celebrations and other festive days; it is suitable to be given to enthusiastic and generous friends; a single branch means "it is difficult to sing a song alone".
Phalaenopsis orchids are shaped like colorful butterflies, and their flowers are graceful and highly decorative. . . Phalaenopsis represents I love you and is an important flower in the bridal bouquet.
The leaves of Monstera deliciosa are unique in shape, both hollow and solid, green and lovely. Monstera represents health and longevity, and is a great product to wish the elders on their birthdays.
Lilies symbolize holiness, purity, and friendship. Golden lilies are gorgeous and noble; white lilies are pure and flawless, expressing support for his career; they are suitable for sending to the bride, implying that the future life will be full of sunshine.
A bunch of red flowers are bright and eye-catching, suitable for making a piece of display, decorating a flower bed, and decorating the festival. A string of red represents the heart of love, a string of white represents energy, and a string of purple represents wisdom. Begonia symbolizes bitter love. When people encounter setbacks in love, they often refer to begonia flowers as a metaphor. The ancients called it the heartbroken flower, and used the flower to express the sadness of separation between men and women.
The cockscomb flower has weathered the wind and frost, and its beauty and color have not faded. It is regarded as a symbol of never-fading romance or unchanging love. In Europe and the United States, the first flower given to lovers is the red cockscomb, which symbolizes eternal love.
The leaf-like branches of Asparagus are evergreen and drooping, with numerous red fruits. Often used as filling material or background in flower arrangements. Asparagus symbolizes roughness and fineness, and is "grand and majestic" on the outside, but "considerate" on the inside. The longevity flowers have dense branches, fat leaves, and colorful flowers. They bloom continuously from winter to spring, hence the name. It is a great gift for the elderly or friends for birthdays or Spring Festival.
Dendrobium flowers are graceful, colorful and have a long flowering period. It is one of the four ornamental orchids with the highest ornamental value along with Cattleya, Phalaenopsis, and Vandae, and its beauty is indispensable in the bridal bouquet.
Tulips symbolize holiness, happiness and victory. Different flower colors have different meanings: red tulips - means I love you. Purple tulips - represent loyal love. Yellow tulips - represents hopeless love. White tulips - represent lost love. In Europe, people often choose to send a bouquet of red tulips to their beloved to show their deep love. Tulips are the national flower of the Netherlands and Belgium.
5. China’s top ten famous flowers
The top ten famous flowers are our pride, because they belong to China.
Since the founding of New China, our country has held two mass national famous flower selection activities. Ten kinds of traditional famous flowers, including plum blossoms, peonies, chrysanthemums, orchids, roses, rhododendrons, camellias, lotus, osmanthus, and daffodils, deserve to wear this crown. Each of their faces makes us feel kind and familiar. They may be planted on our balconies, growing in our courtyards, or blooming in the gardens where we often go for walks...
The top ten famous flowers belong to China and should also belong to the world. It is also the wish of Chinese flower lovers to let these traditional famous flowers go to the world and become famous overseas. Only by strengthening the protection of germplasm resources of traditional famous flowers and cultivating more new varieties based on rich resources can China's traditional famous flowers bloom in the world's great gardens.
Lingshuang Aoxue Plum Blossom
Plum blossoms are native to southwest my country and the south of the Yangtze River. They can be cultivated in the open field, but are mostly grown indoors in the north. Plum blossom is a deciduous tree of the genus Prunus in the Rosaceae family, with a purple-brown or gray-brown trunk, green branchlets, and oval to broad-ovate leaves. It can bloom in early spring before the leaves, with 5 petals. The flower colors are mainly red, peach, pink, white, etc., which are elegant and fragrant. The drupe is nearly spherical, and the fruiting period is from June to July. It is often used in gardens for garden greening or potted plant viewing.
The spirit of plum blossoms standing proud of the wind and snow and fighting the severe cold symbolizes the great perseverance and unyielding character of the Chinese nation.
Peony, the leader of all flowers,
The peony is graceful and luxurious, and is known as the "King of Flowers". It is a symbol of the prosperity, happiness and happiness of the Chinese nation. Peonies are cultivated in Heze, Shandong and Luoyang, Henan, with about 500 horticultural varieties. Peony is a deciduous shrub of the family Paeoniaceae, with a plant height of 1 to 2 meters. The leaves are alternate and have two or three pinnate leaves. The flowers are solitary on the top of the branches of the current year. The flowers are beautiful in shape and rich in color, including red, pink, yellow, white and green. , purple etc. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruit maturity period is September. It can be sown, divided, and grafted for propagation.
Peonies can be flowered artificially. If they need to bloom during the Spring Festival, plant the seedlings in pots after the beginning of autumn and put them in a cold room. In late November, move the seedlings into a greenhouse at 18°C ??to 25°C for maintenance and management. Appropriate amount Fertilize and water, and they will bloom in 50 to 60 days. Peony branches can be used as cut flowers, and the root bark is used as medicine, which has the effect of promoting blood circulation and analgesia.
Independent frost chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum is a traditional famous flower in my country. It can be divided into three types according to the plant shape. One is the solitary chrysanthemum, with large flower heads and strong plants; the other is cut flowers. Chrysanthemum is widely cultivated in various countries around the world; the third is ground cover chrysanthemum, with low plants, small flowers and strong resistance. Chrysanthemums are independent of frost and unyielding, and are particularly popular among people.
Chrysanthemum is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, with upright and multi-branched stems, ovate or broadly lanceolate leaves, and deeply lobed edges. The flower heads are solitary or clustered on the top of the stem. There are many horticultural varieties. Commonly cultivated flowers include rose red, purple red, dark red, yellow, white, green and other flower colors. There are also varieties with one flower and two colors. The flowering period is from October to December. The cutting method is often used in production. For some chrysanthemums, artemisia annua can be used as rootstock for bud grafting seedlings, such as cliff chrysanthemum, assorted chrysanthemum, etc. Chrysanthemums are short-day plants that require 8 to 10 hours of sunshine a day and will bloom in about 70 days. The flowers of chrysanthemum can be used as medicine and have the effects of clearing away heat, improving eyesight and lowering blood pressure.
Calm and Elegant Orchid
Orchid is known as "the gentleman among flowers" and "the fragrance of the king". Chinese orchid is also known as earth orchid. According to its shape, it can be divided into spring orchid, cymbidium, jianlan, molan orchid, cold orchid, etc. There are wild species in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Central Plains and mountainous areas of North China in my country. Orchids like a warm, humid, semi-shady environment and are suitable for growing and propagating by divisions in loose humus soil. They require appropriate fertilization and timely watering. Generally speaking, after May Day, the seedling pots need to be moved to a ventilated and cool shade shed for maintenance and management, and then moved indoors after the beginning of autumn. This is conducive to the formation of flower buds and timely flowering. Orchids can decorate study rooms and living rooms and purify the air. Orchid branches can be used as cut flowers.
As passionate as rose
Rose is not only a traditional Chinese flower, but also a world-famous flower, widely cultivated in countries around the world. According to flower size and morphological characteristics, roses can be divided into four categories: modern roses, Fenghua roses, vine roses and miniature roses.
As the name suggests, rose has flowers every month and blooms all year round. The modern rose is a hybrid between the Chinese rose and the European rose. The flowering period is at its peak in May and September. Vine rose has vine-like branches and larger flowers. The flowers of Fenghua rose are medium and dense, and the flowering period lasts from mid-May to October. Miniature rose has a low plant shape and small flowers. It blooms all year round and is suitable for indoor potting. Rose is mostly used for courtyard greening in gardens, and can also be planted in specialized gardens. Propagation by cutting and grafting can be done by budding or grafting. The rose flowers can be used to extract essence and be used as food and cosmetic spices; the flowers are used as medicine to activate blood circulation and disperse blood stasis.
Rhododendron in bloom
Rhododendron is an evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub of the Rhododendron family, Rhododendron, and is a world-famous ornamental flower. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 800 species of Rhododendron plants in the world, of which 650 species originate in my country.
In recent years, my country has introduced a large number of Western rhododendrons. Western Rhododendron has a low plant shape, dense flowers, and rich colors. It is suitable for indoor potting. Its flowering period coincides with the Spring Festival in my country, and it is favored by flower lovers. Rhododendron likes a warm, semi-shady environment and is suitable for growing in acidic humus soil. Propagation by cuttings, high branch layering or grafting. For indoor potted plants, watering should be controlled after flowering. The pot soil should be "dry and wet". Too dry or too wet soil can easily cause a large number of fallen leaves. Usually in mid-April, the seedling pots are moved outdoors under a ventilated pergola. They should not be exposed to strong light. Regular watering with fermented grass water or 0.2 ferrous sulfate water can prevent the leaf tips from turning yellow. Rhododendron can be used as medicine, especially the wild azalea in Northeast China and North my country, which has very significant curative effects.
Fresh and refined lotus
Lotus, also known as lotus and water hibiscus, is a famous aquatic flower in my country with a long history of cultivation. Lotus is a perennial aquatic herbaceous plant of the Nymphaeaceae family. It has a thick, knotted rhizome and is commonly known as "lotus root". Its leaves are shield-shaped and can be divided into two types: "floating leaves" and "standing leaves". The flowers are divided into single and double petals, and the flower colors are pink, yellow, white, and there are also multi-color varieties. Lotus flowers are cultivated in many parts of my country. Some have beautiful flowers, some can produce lotus roots, and some specialize in producing lotus seeds. Lotus is an important aquatic flower in the waterscape garden. It is planted with water lilies, water onions and cattails to make the waterscape garden particularly beautiful and spectacular. The flowering period of lotus is from July to August, and the fruit ripening period is September. Sow seeds and plant lotus roots for propagation. Lotus root and lotus seeds are edible, while lotus pods and lotus seeds are used as medicine, which has the effect of clearing away heat and calming the nerves.
Magnificent Camellia
Camellia is a "famous guest among flowers", evergreen all year round, with red, pink and white flowers blooming in winter and spring. The flowers are like peonies, with single petals and double petals. valve. Camellia is an evergreen shrub or tree of the family Theaceae, with leaves alternate, oval, leathery, and shiny. Produced in Yunnan and Sichuan in my country, it is mostly used for courtyard greening in the south and indoor potted plants in the north. Camellia likes a warm and humid climate, requires a shaded environment in summer, and is suitable for growing in acidic soil. Sowing, cutting and grafting propagation. Camellia can artificially control the flowering period. If you need to bloom during the Spring Festival, you can increase the light and temperature in early December. Under normal circumstances, it will bloom in 40 days at a temperature of 25°C. If you need to delay flowering, you can place the seedling pot at 2°C. ~3℃ cold room, if you need to bloom on May Day, you can heat it 40 days in advance to encourage flowering.
Osmanthus fragrant ten miles away
Osmanthus blooms around the National Day. "The golden wind brings coolness, and the fragrance spreads ten miles away" is a symbol of good luck. Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen small tree of the Oleaceae family. It is mostly used for courtyard greening in the south and is grown indoors in the north. There are many varieties of osmanthus, and there are four commonly cultivated types: Jingui (golden flowers), Yingui (yellow-white flowers), Dangui (orange-red) and Sijigui (milky white flowers). Osmanthus fragrans can be cultivated by grafting and high layering. Branch grafting or dock grafting is carried out in spring, and bud grafting is carried out in autumn. Osmanthus seedlings or ligustrum lucidum can be used as rootstocks. Osmanthus fragrans has high economic value. The flowers can be used to extract spices and can also be smoked to make scented tea.
Lingbo Yuli Narcissus
Darcissus is known as the "Lingbo Fairy" and is a traditional famous flower in my country. Zhangzhou Narcissus is the most famous. It has large bulbs, beautiful shape, many flowers, and rich fragrance. It is deeply loved by Chinese people and sells well in the international market. Narcissus is a winter ornamental flower that can be grown in water or potted. Bulbs can be used for propagation, and common cultivated varieties include "Marigold Yintai" (single-petaled flowers) and "Yulinglong" (double-petaled flowers).
The narcissus has delicate stems and leaves and a pleasant floral fragrance. It can be used to decorate the study room and living room, which is particularly full of vitality. Narcissus stems and leaves are juicy and slightly poisonous and should not be eaten by mistake. Ingestion by livestock can cause convulsions. Pounding the bulbs and applying them externally can treat sores and carbuncles.
6. Product reputation and famous origin
Plum blossoms in the snow, Gaoshi Hangzhou, Wuxi
Peony flowers in Luoyang and Heze
Chrysanthemum flowers Hermit in Beijing and Shanghai
Orchid and Beauty in the Empty Valley in Guangzhou
Queen of rose flowers in Beijing and Changzhou
Azalea in Yunnan and Tibet
The Concubine in Camellia, Yunnan and Zhejiang
The Gentleman in Lotus, Wuhan and Hangzhou
The Fairy in Osmanthus, Jiangsu and Hubei
The Narcissus, Lingbo Fairy, Zhangzhou and Shanghai
7. Rose
modern rose
Deciduous shrub or vine of the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. Also known as rose flower and modern rose. It is a group of hybrid varieties formed through interspecific hybridization and long-term selection within the genus Rosa. The stems have prickles. The leaves are odd-pinnately compound, often with 3 to 9 leaflets. Flowers vary in size, solitary or in corymbs, single or double. When the receptacle matures, it turns into a fleshy berry-like false fruit, especially called a rose microfruit. The fruit contains a large number of achenes. The flowers come in various colors, have good fragrance and appearance, and bloom continuously all year round. It is one of the highest achievements of modern plant breeding. Modern roses are different from ancient roses in terms of ornamental characteristics and chromosome composition, and are also different from roses and roses: "Rose" refers to R. rugosa, which blooms in one season and is native to China, Japan, North Korea and the Far East of the Soviet Union; rose It generally refers to plants of the genus Rosa, such as yellow rose (R.hugonis), wild rose (R.multiflora), etc.
Brief History China is rose (R. chinensis), perfume rose (R. odorata), giant rose (R. gig antea), wild rose, rose, rose and rose. The home of its varieties, varieties and has a long history of cultivation. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, roses were planted in the palace gardens. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty, its cultivation became more and more prosperous. Rose first appeared on record in the Northern Song Dynasty, and many new varieties of different shapes and colors appeared. By the Ming Dynasty, cultivation became more common and there were more varieties. Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" states that "Rose is planted everywhere." Wang Xiangjin's "Qun Fang Pu" lists 20 different types and varieties. By the Qing Dynasty, the number of types and varieties of Chinese roses and roses ranked among the top in the world.
European written records about roses can be traced back to the 9th century BC. However, the main ones used for cultivation and breeding for a long time are French rose, centifolia rose and Turkic rose. It was not until the late 18th and early 19th centuries that many precious varieties of Chinese roses and roses were introduced, and after repeated hybridization, new breakthroughs were made in modern rose breeding. First, Lafite bred the earliest hybrid periwinkle system (abbreviated as HP) variety near Paris in 1837. Later, Guillot in France crossed it with the perfume rose variety, and bred the first hybrid perfume rose variety in 1867, and created a new system of modern roses. Its main advantages are tall and straight pedicels, large and plump flower whorls, double flowers blooming in all seasons, rich colors and fragrance, and sharp and beautiful flower buds (Figure 1). This system is still the mainstay of modern roses, with many famous varieties. Another new system of roses, the rose rose (abbreviated as F. or F1.), was developed in 1911 by the Danish breeder S. General. It has long stems and beautiful flower shapes, and is also cold-resistant, heat-resistant, and blooms in clusters and abundantly. (Figure 2), has now become a new system second only to the hybrid perfume rose, and is suitable for use in garden layouts that reflect the beauty of the group. The strong-flowering rose (big sister rose, abbreviated as Gr) bred in 1950 has intermediate characteristics between the hybrid perfume rose and the cluster rose, and has gradually become popular
In recent years, the miniature rose (abbreviated as Min ) has also begun to receive attention, and a new system of roses with small and exquisite designs and rich colors has been formed.
In addition, climbing roses with vine characteristics have also gone through a more complex variety evolution process, and play a certain role in the development of climbing greening and rose gardens. (See color picture)
Cultivation and management Rose likes sunshine and fertilizer, is relatively drought-tolerant, and is most resistant to water accumulation. It should be planted in an environment with leeward direction, sunny side and good air circulation. It is relatively cold-resistant and can tolerate low temperatures of -10~-15℃. The optimal growth temperature is 15~25℃. It is in a semi-dormant state when the temperature is 30°C in summer. It likes slightly acidic soil that is rich in organic matter, well aerated, and has a pH of 6.5 to 6.8. The appropriate relative humidity during the growth period is 75 to 80%. In spring, when new shoots grow vigorously, water and fertilizer should be sufficient; when the temperature is high in summer, fertilization should be stopped and exposure should be prevented, but water shortage should not be avoided; when shoots grow again in autumn, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied to enhance the cold resistance of the plants. It takes about 5 to 6 weeks from germination to flowering. After flowering and before the next round of flowers begins to germinate, you can apply more fertilizer; after germination, do not apply fertilizer or apply a little thin fertilizer and water. The principle of fertilizing is to apply sparingly and frequently.
Pruning methods vary with region, climate, varieties and types. The basic purpose is to cut off staggered branches and side-growing branches to maintain a well-proportioned plant shape, ventilation and light transmission; to cut off adventitious buds and root tillers sprouting from the rootstock; to cut off dead branches, diseased and weak branches, and to appropriately cut off old branches to allow for gradual renewal; Leave annual branches with outward-facing axillary buds to allow for the appropriate number of flower buds to form. The cut should be smooth, close to the top of the outward-facing axillary buds, and at an angle of 45° inward. Pruning is usually done before the growing season. Shrub-type rose varieties with weak growth potential should be pruned heavily, while varieties with strong growth potential should be pruned lightly. Heavy pruning can delay flowering, so pruning is also a way to regulate flowering. The purpose of pruning climbing roses is to make them grow and climb within a predetermined range, which usually takes 3 to 4 years or more to form.
Rose is relatively cold-tolerant. Except for varieties with poor cold tolerance in the north, there is generally no need to take cold protection measures. Potted roses should be placed in the greenhouse or cellar when the night temperature drops to 5°C. The temperature should be kept at around 0°C. The pot soil should be kept moist and can be removed only when the night temperature stabilizes at 5°C. Cold-resistant varieties can be left to overwinter naturally. The most serious disease is powdery mildew, which spreads fastest when the temperature difference between day and night exceeds 10°C in late summer and early autumn. Black spot disease mostly occurs in humid climates. Common pests include aphids, red spider mites and scale insects.
Rose is generally propagated by cuttings or grafting. Propagation by sowing is only used when cultivating new varieties. Grafting is mostly done by bud grafting, and the rootstocks are mostly wild rose or white jade tree with strong resistance.
Application: Roses can be planted in flower beds, flower borders, or lawn edges, or used as the foreground of evergreen trees. They can also be arranged into rose gardens by type and variety. Climbing roses can be used as decorative materials for scaffoldings, fences, arches, and walls. Potted roses and cut flowers can be used for indoor decoration and other purposes. In addition, rose flowers can be used as medicine. Flavors can be extracted from the flowers of some species.
8. Chlorophytum: It can absorb 95% of carbon monoxide and 85% of formaldehyde in the air. Generally, if you keep 1-2 pots of spider plants in a room, all the toxic gases in the air can be absorbed.
Osmanthus: After 48 days of planting in a chlorine-polluted area, one kilogram of leaves can absorb 4.8 grams of chlorine. It can also absorb mercury vapor.
Asparagus: It can absorb harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, etc., and can also secrete gases that kill bacteria, reducing the occurrence of infectious diseases such as colds, typhoid, laryngitis, etc.
Mei: Particularly sensitive to sulfide and fluoride pollution. Once it appears in the environment, spots will appear on the leaves, and they may even turn yellow and fall off. This is an alarm to people.
Dutch Iron: Also known as Giant Yucca, it has strong absorption capacity for a variety of harmful gases (such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, ammonia, etc.). It is an ideal plant for indoor and outdoor green decoration.
Cactus: Releases oxygen, absorbs harmful objects in the air, decomposes them into nutrients for absorption and utilization, and its ability to absorb harmful gases ranks first among plants, so it is known as an "air purifier".
Rose: Can absorb hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, benzene, ethylphenol, ether and other gases; it also has considerable resistance to sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Rhododendron: It is a flower and tree that is ideally resistant to sulfur dioxide and other pollution. For example, Rhododendron azalea can sprout and branch normally even more than 300 meters away from the source of sulfur dioxide pollution.
Hibiscus: It can absorb harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, zinc oxide, etc. It can grow normally 150 meters away from fluorine pollution sources.
Lagerstroemia indica: also known as Hundred Day Red. For harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, and hydrogen fluoride.
Camellia: Each kilogram of dry leaves can absorb about ten grams of sulfur and still grow well. It can resist harmful substances such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, chromic acid and nitric acid smoke, and has a purifying effect on the atmosphere.
Milan: It can absorb sulfur dioxide and chlorine in the atmosphere. The amount of chlorine absorbed by one kilogram of dry leaves after being smoked in air containing 1ppm chlorine for 4 hours is 0.0048 grams.
Peach tree: It is particularly sensitive to sulfides, chlorides, etc. that pollute the environment. Therefore, it can be used to monitor the above harmful substances.
Pomegranate tree: It has a wide anti-pollution range, can absorb sulfur dioxide, and has absorption and defense effects on chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, salicylic acid, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc.
Araceae: Can absorb 80% of benzene and 50% of trichlorethylene in the air. Magnolia grandiflora can absorb toxic gases such as carbon dioxide and chlorine.
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