1. Illustrative argumentation: Prove by citing specific examples, so as to make the argumentation more specific and convincing.
answer format: using the demonstration method with examples, citing … (summarizing examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.
2. Reasoning argument: Prove the argument by reasoning, making the argument more general and deeper.
answer format: the argument method of reason argument is used to demonstrate the viewpoint of …, thus making the argument more general and deeper.
Note: If famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data are quoted, the persuasiveness and authority of the argument can be enhanced; Citing anecdotes of celebrities and anecdotes can enhance the interest of argument and attract readers to read.
answer format: the argument method of citing argument is used, and the viewpoint of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (or more interesting, attracting readers to read on)
3. Comparative argument. The role is to highlight.
answer format: the method of comparative argument is used to compare … with …, and the viewpoint of … is highlighted.
4. Metaphorical argument: You can make the truth easy to understand and easily accepted by people. Make the content of the argument more vivid and more conducive to readers' understanding.
answer format: the analogy method is used to compare ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
question 2: what are the common argumentation methods? There are various methods of argumentation, and the common ones are as follows: 1. Illustrative argumentation: It is to prove the argument by enumerating conclusive, typical, sufficient or novel examples. This is the most basic and common method of argument, and its advantage lies in its strong persuasiveness and easy acceptance by readers. 2. Citation and argumentation: citing famous sayings as arguments, citing classics to analyze problems and explain the reasoning methods. This method can enrich the content of the discussion, strengthen the connotation of the discussion, fully prove the point of view, enhance persuasiveness, and at the same time show the author's cultivation and accumulation, making the argument authoritative and persuasive. 3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in the comparison. The role of proportion in revealing the differences between things is to enhance the distinctiveness of argument and leave a deep impression on people. 4. Analogy demonstration: it is a method to compare different things with the same or similar nature and characteristics in some aspects, and infer that they may be similar in other characteristics according to the similarity in some characteristics, thus drawing conclusions. Analogy focuses on showing the * * * between things. 5. Metaphorical argument: it is an argument method that uses concrete, vivid and vivid things as metaphors to prove more abstract truth. Is to make sense by analogy. Its function is to make the truth easier to understand, make it easy for people to accept, and make the discussion vivid and infectious. 6. Inductive argument: it is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes the characteristics they have. 7. Deductive argument: it is a method of argument from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual cases from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. 8. Reduction to absurdity: The refutation method of "using a spear to attack a shield" is adopted. First, the other party's argument is assumed to be correct, and then it is extended to reach an absurd conclusion, so as to prove the fallacy of the other party's argument. Reduction to absurdity is also called "reduction to absurdity".
Question 3: What are the argumentation methods and their functions?
Give examples to demonstrate the application of specific examples, which are authentic and credible, enhance the persuasiveness of the article and make it easy to understand. Reasoning argument can enhance the persuasiveness or literary talent of the article and make the argument more powerful or attractive. The right and wrong of the comparative argument are clear, and the right and wrong are clear, which is impressive. Metaphor reasoning is easy to understand, the language is vivid and easy to be accepted. Quote argument quotes famous words, which are authoritative and powerful. Causal argument makes people understand the cause and effect of things; What is the cause, what is the result.
question 4: what are the argumentation methods? Demonstration method
① Demonstration with examples
List conclusive (facts): sufficient and representative examples to illustrate the point of view. Argumentative writing is different from narrative writing, and the facts should be summarized and concise. According to the need to clarify the point of view, it is often necessary to highlight one aspect of the facts without covering everything.
② Reasoning argument
It is also called citing argument (reasoning): to prove an argument with the philosophies I have learned from my life or the correct expositions of my tutors and sages, the famous sayings and aphorisms of Chinese and foreign celebrities in ancient and modern times, and the theorems and formulas recognized by people, and to quote the relevant expositions of my tutors, sages and celebrities, we must adopt a rigorous scientific attitude, and we must not make mistakes or omissions, let alone take them out of context.
③ Comparative argument
(for comparison) Compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in the comparison. Comparing the positive and negative arguments or arguments and proving the arguments in the comparison can enhance the distinctiveness of the argument and make readers know what the author is in favor of and against.
④ Metaphorical argument
(Metaphor) Prove the argument by analogy with things that people are familiar with. In addition, in refutation, the refutation method of "spear with a child, shield with an attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used synthetically in most argumentative papers.
⑤ inductive argument
is also called "factual argument". It is a method to demonstrate the general conclusion by enumerating concrete examples.
⑥ Deductive argument
is also called "theoretical argument", which is a method to demonstrate individual cases according to general principles or conclusions, that is, to prove specific arguments with universal arguments.
⑦ analogical argumentation
is a method of deducing similar examples from known things, that is, from general to special argumentation.
⑧ Causality argument
It proves an argument by analyzing things and revealing the causal relationship between arguments and arguments. Causal argument can be based on causal results, or results, but also causal mutual evidence.
Argumentation methods, reasonable argument, factual argument, comparative argument, figurative argument and reduction to absurdity required by middle schools.
demonstration mode, argument and refutation.
Theoretical arguments, including famous sayings, proverbs and formulas.
factual arguments, all facts, historical facts, data, etc.
Concise, with concise and clear sentences, generally there is a word limit.
decent, civilized, polite and humanized.
question 5: what are the commonly used argumentation methods? 4-point argumentation methods are: argument and refutation
Argumentation methods are: example argumentation, reason argumentation, analogy argumentation, and quotation argumentation
1. Example argumentation: list conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
2. argument: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, the famous sayings and aphorisms of famous people at home and abroad, and the well-recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument;
3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in the comparison;
4. Metaphorical argument: Prove the argument by analogy with things that people are familiar with. In addition, in refutation, the refutation method of "spear with a child, shield with an attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used synthetically in most argumentative papers.
5. Citation argument: Citation argument is more complicated, which is related to the specific cited materials, including citing famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and other situations, and its function should be analyzed in detail. For example, citing famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing anecdotes of celebrities and anecdotes can enhance the interest of argument and attract readers to read.
Question 6: Argumentation methods and their functions [Edit this paragraph] Argumentation methods include
① Illustration: list conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
② argument: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms of Chinese and foreign celebrities in ancient and modern times, and well-recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument;
③ Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in the comparison;
④ Metaphorical argument: use things that people are familiar with as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in refutation, the refutation method of "spear with a child, shield with an attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used synthetically in most argumentative papers.
⑤ inductive argument is also called "factual argument". It is a method to demonstrate the general conclusion by enumerating concrete examples.
⑥ Deductive demonstration, also called "theoretical demonstration", is a method to demonstrate individual cases according to general principles or conclusions. That is, the argument of universality is used to prove the particularity.
⑦ analogical argumentation is a method of deducing similar examples from known things, that is, from special to special argumentation.
⑧ Causality argument, which proves an argument by analyzing things and revealing the causal relationship between arguments. Causality argument can be proved by cause and effect, or by effect, and can also be proved by causality.
⑨ Citation argument: a kind of "reasoning argument", which refers to famous sayings as arguments, analyzes problems and explains reasons by quoting classics. There are two ways to quote: one is to quote explicitly, to explain who said the quoted words or to explain their source, and the other is to quote implicitly, that is, not to explain who said the quoted words or their source.
[Edit this paragraph] Among them, there are five common argumentation methods:
First, factual argumentation (inductive argumentation)
This is an argumentation method from materials to viewpoints, from individual to general, and it is a form of reasoning that induces a * * * identical conclusion from the analysis and research of many individual things. Using this method, it is generally divided into two parts, that is, the thesis is put forward directly, and then the materials are used to prove the argument layer by layer around the topic, and finally the conclusion is summarized. This structural method is more in line with the law of people's thinking and understanding. There are two forms of enumerating facts when using factual argument, namely, summarizing overall facts and enumerating individual facts. The persuasiveness of generalizing the overall facts lies in the universality embodied by the facts, which is a comprehensive statistics or generalization of the overall or overall situation of the facts. The demonstration method of enumerating individual cases does not require comprehensive consideration, just enumerating a few cases. Enumerating examples requires a certain typicality, and at the same time, economic principles should be taken into account, so as not to repeat the same kind as much as possible.
Second, theoretical argumentation (deductive argumentation)
The purpose of theoretical argumentation is to prove the universality and regularity of the argument. Because arguments are generally abstracted from concrete materials, their essence is induction, which is difficult to be complete under many conditions. Therefore, if we measure them theoretically, we can ensure their reliability.
The logical form of theoretical argumentation is deductive reasoning, that is, the arguments obtained by induction are measured by scientific principles known to mankind. In addition to citing universal principles and principles, theories of various disciplines can also be used as arguments. Such as physical theory and literary theory. The arguments of theoretical argumentation can also be some proverbs, aphorisms and idioms that have stood the test of time and are widely circulated.
Third, comparative argumentation (comparative argumentation)
Comparative argumentation is a method of argumentation from individual to individual. It is usually divided into two categories: one is analogy and the other is comparison.
1. Analogy. Analogy argument is based on the similarity or similarity of two objects in some attributes, and infers that they are also similar or similar in other attributes. Its logical form is: A has the attributes of A, B, C and D, and B has the attributes of A, B and C, so B may have the attributes of D, which belongs to inductive reasoning in formal logic. Analogy argument belongs to probabilistic reasoning, which is a kind of reasoning mode from special to special and from individual to individual. Its conclusion is not necessarily true, but only reliable to a certain extent. In some cases, it is sometimes impossible to obtain more accurate arguments. It is sometimes effective to demonstrate by analogy.
analogy is enlightening, which makes it easy for readers to understand abstract truth and makes articles concise and vivid. When using this method, it should be noted that the analogy objects should have the same or similar attributes, and the mechanical analogy should be prevented. Because the premise of analogy is special things, the conclusion of analogy reasoning is probable, and it will be insufficient to discuss complex problems only by analogy reasoning.
The analogy argument has a certain philosophical basis, because the world is diverse and unified ... > >
Question 7: Argumentation methods and their functions [Edit this paragraph] Argumentation methods include
① Argumentation with examples: list conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
② argument: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms of Chinese and foreign celebrities in ancient and modern times, and well-recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument;
③ Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in the comparison;
④ Metaphorical argument: use things that people are familiar with as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in refutation, the refutation method of "spear with a child, shield with an attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used synthetically in most argumentative papers.
⑤ inductive argument is also called "factual argument". It is a method to demonstrate the general conclusion by enumerating concrete examples.
⑥ Deductive demonstration, also called "theoretical demonstration", is a method to demonstrate individual cases according to general principles or conclusions. That is, the argument of universality is used to prove the particularity.
⑦ analogical argumentation is a method of deducing similar examples from known things, that is, from special to special argumentation.
⑧ Causality argument, which proves an argument by analyzing things and revealing the causal relationship between arguments. Causality argument can be proved by cause and effect, or by effect, and can also be proved by causality.
⑨ Citation argument: a kind of "reasoning argument", which refers to famous sayings as arguments, analyzes problems and explains reasons by quoting classics. There are two ways to quote: one is to quote explicitly, to explain who said the quoted words or to explain their source, and the other is to quote implicitly, that is, not to explain who said the quoted words or their source.
[Edit this paragraph] Among them, there are five common argumentation methods:
First, factual argumentation (inductive argumentation)
This is an argumentation method from materials to viewpoints, from individual to general, and it is a form of reasoning that induces a * * * identical conclusion from the analysis and research of many individual things. Using this method, it is generally divided into two parts, that is, the thesis is put forward directly, and then the materials are used to prove the argument layer by layer around the topic, and finally the conclusion is summarized. This kind of structure