Sima Qian: The most important story is the writing of Historical Records, the first biography in the history of China.

Defending Li Ling and being punished for corruption.

Persevere in writing history books, take a serious attitude, and dare to expose the likes and dislikes of the rulers of the dynasty. The detailed date of Sima Qian's birth and death is unknown in history. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in BC 145 (the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty), and he was born in BC 135 (the sixth year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty). He died in 86 BC (the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty), 87 BC (the second year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty) and 90 BC (the third year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty). It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian.

Teenagers' occupation

In Sima Qian's youth, he "cultivated the grandchildren of rivers and mountains". Sima Qian grew up in this natural environment (Preface to Hancheng County Records) and had some experience in folk life.

/kloc-at the age of 0/0, Sima Qian went to the capital Chang 'an with his father and had to learn from the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, it was the time when the Han Dynasty was strong, the economy was prosperous, the culture was prosperous, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu. It was also the time when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in the capital.

Travel in the prime of life

Bust of Sima Qian [3] Sima Qian began to travel around the age of 20-"Traveling south to the river, Huai, Shang Huiji, exploring caves, looking at nine doubts, floating in Yuan and Xiang, going north to Wen and Si, talking about the capital of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius and shooting Zou, Yi and Peng Yu. After returning to Chang 'an, he became the emperor's personal assistant, whose main duties were guarding the palace gate, managing horseback riding and traveling with the emperor. He went to Pingliang and Kongtong with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and was also sent to Bashu. The southernmost place he has been is Kunming. According to Sima Qian himself, when he was a teenager, he used to "plow mountains and rivers and graze the sun of rivers and mountains", which means that he did some farm work in his hometown when he was a child. Later, his father Sima said that Chang 'an issued an imperial edict, and Sima Qian went to Chang 'an with his father. Then, under the guidance of my father, I studied hard and laid a deep cultural foundation. He worshipped many famous teachers as his teachers. Sima Qian's family, that is, his family, has been historians for generations. As a historian, he has the responsibility to record the words and deeds of emperors and sages, collect and sort out the heritage of the world, and provide reference for the rulers at that time through narrators. Then his father, Sima Tan, was interested in sorting out the history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years and tried to write an unprecedented historical work. Is to write history books, since his father began to have such an ideal, after his father made an official order, he began to collect and read historical materials to prepare for the revision of history. However, Sima Tan felt that he was too old to write a historical work independently in time, energy and knowledge. Therefore, Sima Tan has high hopes for his son Sima Qian, hoping that he can participate in it as soon as possible and finally realize such a great ambition.

Sima Qian's Portrait Collection (12) So, on the basis of reading thousands of books, Sima Qian started a trip to Wan Li Road, and Sima Tan let his son roam the country for more than two years. Sima Qian began to travel around the world at the age of 20, which was a field trip to prepare for writing Historical Records. He personally interviewed and obtained many first-hand materials, which ensured the authenticity and scientificity of historical records. His roaming is also the concrete embodiment of the spirit of Historical Records.

For example, he wandered to the bank of the Miluo River. In the place where Qu Yuan threw himself into the river, he recited Qu Yuan's poems loudly, and he cried bitterly, so he wrote Biography of Qu Yuan with such feelings and went to visit it himself. He wrote Qu Yuan on the basis of studying Qu Yuan. For example, in Huaiyin, Han Xin's hometown, he also collected many stories about Han Xin, and personally asked others that Han Xin was humiliated by his legs. He understood why Han Xin could be humiliated by his legs without getting angry, and he didn't want to do anything illegal. Han Xin is so tall that he climbs between the legs of a rogue. If he follows his character, he will be killed with one knife. But if you kill him, you won't be able to achieve anything in the future. Han Xin later helped Liu Bang overthrow the Qin Dynasty, established the Western Han Dynasty, became king and marquis, and returned to his hometown. Han Xin himself said: If I had killed you, I wouldn't have made great achievements later, so I couldn't bear it, and I would have made great achievements. For another example, in Qufu, he visited the tomb of Confucius, took clothes and sleeves with some Confucian scholars in Confucius' hometown, and learned riding and archery step by step. Learn ancient rituals to express his memory of Confucius. For another example, in Xuecheng, Meng Changjun's hometown, he traveled all over the countryside and inspected the folk customs. Moreover, he investigated the relationship between the folk customs of this place and the hospitality of Meng Changjun in those days, so he walked all the way and investigated all the way. It can be said that Sima Qian never let go of anyone who knows history, nor did he let go of any story that remained in people's mouth-to-mouth, and obtained many historical materials that he could not get from ancient books. At the same time, he went deep into the people and widely contacted people's lives, which gradually deepened his observation and understanding of society and life.

In addition, he traveled to famous mountains and rivers to appreciate the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers and cultivate his temperament, thus improving the expressive force of literature. Therefore, Sima Qian's roaming is a very solid step for Sima Qian to succeed, and it is a very typical so-called reading thousands of books and traveling on Wan Li Road.

Sima Qian met his father Luoyang.

In 65438 BC+065438 BC+00 BC (the first year of Yuanfeng), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty held a large-scale patrol meditation, riding180,000 troops and raising thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. At this time, Sima Tan went to treat the disease and got permission from Emperor Wu to stay in Luoyang for illness. Just as Sima Qian hurried from Chang 'an to follow Emperor Wu, he met his dying father Sima Tan in Luoyang.

Sima Qian recorded in detail Sima Tan's earnest entrustment of what he called "between Heluo and Luoyang" in the Preface to Historical Records and Biographies of Huo Zhi. Sima Tan said: Yu Xian, the Taishi Duke, has served as an official in Yu, Xia and Dian since the end of the world, but his fame has declined in later generations, so he has never given it? If you return to Taishi, you will continue my ancestors. Today, I will succeed Tong Chitose and seal Mount Tai. I am not allowed to follow suit. This is my life, my life! When I die, you will be an official. For Taishi, I have never forgotten what I want to write. And husband filial piety began to serve the pro, and he served the gentleman. Finally, I established myself and made a name for myself in later generations to show my parents that this filial piety is the greatest. My husband praised the Duke of Zhou all the time, saying that he could sing and dance well, be eloquent and martial, publicize the style of Zhou and Shao, and respect Hou Ji with King Tai and Ji Wang. After seclusion, the kingly way was missing, the rites and music declined, and Confucius abandoned the old. As for poems and books, scholars wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. Since the forest, it has been over 400 years old, and there are princes, and historical records have been released. Today, the Han Dynasty is flourishing and the country is unified. I am a smart, loyal and upright person. I'm too ambitious to discuss the history of the world. I'm afraid of it.

Sima Qian bowed his head and wept bitterly, and swore to his father, "Although I am not smart, please allow me to write all the gossip about the past that you recorded, and never dare to leave any gaps." The meeting in Luoyang has therefore become the difference between life and death of this father and son who love history.

Compilation and conviction of history books

In BC 108 (the third year of Yuanfeng), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he issued a formal official order and had the opportunity to read all the books, files and various historical materials hidden in the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. When China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was completed in BC 104 (the first year of the early days), he began to write historical records.

In 99 BC (the second year of Tianhan), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, general of the Second Division, to attack Xiongnu with 30,000 troops. Defeated, almost completely annihilated, Li Guangli fled back. Li Guang's grandson, Li Ling, then served as a captain on horseback, fighting the Huns with 5,000 infantry. Khan personally led thirty thousand cavalry to surround the infantry of Liling. But Li Ling's archery is good and the soldiers are brave. Five thousand infantry killed five or six thousand tarquin. Khan assigned more troops, but he still couldn't compete with Li Ling. Sima Qian was so angry that he wrote historical records [4]. When Khan was preparing to withdraw his troops, a soldier in Liling dared to defect and reported the military situation inside Liling. Tell Khan that there are no reinforcements behind Li Ling, and teach Khan's men to make bows and arrows that can be shot repeatedly. Khan then continued to fight with Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered, leaving only more than 400 Han soldiers to break through. Li Ling was captured by the Huns and surrendered.

Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion.

Sima Qian said, "Li Ling has less than 5,000 infantry. He went deep into the enemy's hinterland and struck tens of thousands of enemies. Although he lost the battle, he killed so many enemies that he can tell the world. Li Ling refused to die at once, so he must have an idea. He must want to atone and repay the emperor. "

Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, "Defending those who surrendered to the enemy is not intended to oppose the court?" He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family and punished Sima Qian for corruption. Corruption is a great shame, polluting ancestors and making friends. Sima Qian mentioned this incident in the book "Reporting to Ren Shaoqing" and said: "When this disaster happened, it was poked by hardworking township party members, laughing and insulting ancestors. How can he go back to his parents' cemetery? Although he was tired and dirty for a long time, he stayed nine times a day, but he died suddenly when he lived, but he didn't know where to go when he went out. Every time he felt ashamed, he sweated and stained his back. "Humiliated in prison", making friends, collecting wooden ropes, injuring the skin by violence, collecting bills and leaving them in the wall. At this time, when he saw the jailer holding the ground and looking at his apprentice, he was anxious "(Sima Qian's" Report to Ren 'an "). Almost killed him. He wanted to die, but thinking of the information he had collected for many years, he said, "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather. "Writing history books is my long-cherished wish, so in order to complete the writing of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and hope to have the opportunity.

In 96 BC (the first year of Taishi), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. Sima Qian was 50 years old at this time. After he got out of prison, he became a secretary. In the eyes of others, he may be "respecting his position", but he still devotes himself to writing his book. It was not until 9 1 year BC (the second year of Zheng He) that the book Historical Records was completed, with a total of 130 articles and more than 520,000 words.

Famous saying of Sima: 1. Xibo quietly performed Zhouyi; Zhong You wrote Spring and Autumn Annals; Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and has "Mandarin"; Sun Tzu's patella foot was revised in Sun Tzu's Art of War. It's not Shu, but Lu Lan. Han Fei imprisoned Qin, expressing embarrassment, loneliness and anger. Three hundred poems were also written by great sages.

People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.

Once you die, you will know your friendship. Poverty and wealth are a state of knowing each other. One is expensive and the other is cheap, and friendship can be seen.

4. studious and thoughtful, knowing its meaning.

You know honor and disgrace only when you have plenty of food and clothing, and you know reason only when you are in the warehouse.

6. What's strange about being brave and timid, strong and weak, and judging?

7. The world is bustling for profit, and the world is bustling for profit.

8. When studying the relationship between heaven and man, we can learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement.

9. A scholar dies for a bosom friend

10. A thousand people's Nuo Nuo is not as admirable as one person's. "

1 1. So people who live in seclusion and refuse to work in the dirt have endless self-complaints, and their literary talent is beyond words.

12. A person who doesn't know him takes his friends seriously.

13. People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.

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Modern:

Yao Ming: 15 somersault started the basketball tour. Yao Ming was thin at first. Yao Ming played the adult competition for the first time. That was shortly before the start of the 8th National Games 1997- 1998 season. When Yao Ming, the "secret weapon" of the Shanghai team, appeared, it really caused an exclamation. In the first game against Shandong, when Yao Ming played, the Shanghai team was 2- 19 behind. No one expected that the boy could grab 17 rebounds, block five times and score nine points, and the Shanghai team finally won 50-48. However, he was only 17 years old when he first appeared in the CBA 1997- 1998 season. Although he is 2.22 meters tall, his body is very thin. The Shanghai-Zhejiang World War I was his first appearance in CBA. He is in charge of keeping an eye on Yu Leping, a 30-year-old Zhejiang center with a defensive height of 2.16m. After a game, Yao Ming fell 15 somersaults, and his huge body hit the floor heavily.

However, later, he succeeded 、

Yao Ming's famous saying: That's what people in China think. The fight must have been fought at that time, but looking back, you are sure and always wrong.

If China doesn't make it to the quarter-finals, I won't shave for half a year.

Unexpectedly, we just changed our skins. Our hearts have not changed. This is the same heart in Indianapolis two years ago. We will give up when we encounter setbacks.

We just want to be a pack of wolves. I am the first wolf, but all wolves should deploy together, attack together and defend together.

I really don't know. It's like, how can you really appreciate the spicy taste of Sichuan food before you taste it yourself?

I lost a lot of money these days ... it's like the nightmare is over, but I'm always a little worried. Is it really dawn? Or get up in the middle of the night, go to the toilet and wash before going to bed?

If I were to invite three people in the world to dinner, I would invite Buckley first, Sabonis second and my girlfriend third. But if my girlfriend asks, please tell her that she was the first person I mentioned.

If McGrady can perform like Dallas in every game, don't say that he is a green foil, I would also like to be a red clay.

All I think about is how to play well, not who my opponent is. If anything, my opponent's shadow is much smaller.

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Qian Xuesen:1In the early winter of 955, Qian Xuesen, who had just broken through the obstruction of the American authorities to return to the motherland, visited Harbin Institute of Military Engineering. Dean General Chen Geng asked him: "Can China people engage in missiles?" Qian Xuesen said, "If foreigners can do it, why can't China people do it? Are China people shorter than foreigners? ! "

This sentence decided Qian Xuesen's career in rocket, missile and space. More than 40 years have passed, and now Qian Xuesen is 90 years old. With his fundamental contribution to China's rocket and missile technology, aerospace technology and even the whole national defense high-tech cause, he has written a brilliant chapter for the modernization of our military weapons and equipment.

( 1)

1956 February 17, after careful consideration, Qian Xuesen put forward "Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry", and made incisive comments on the organizational planning, development plan and specific measures of China's rocket and missile undertakings. This opinion has been highly valued by the CPC Central Committee. Soon, Qian Xuesen was appointed to be responsible for establishing the first rocket and missile research institution in China-the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. 65438+10.8-This is the first anniversary of Qian Xuesen's return to China. The Fifth National Defence College was proclaimed, with Qian Xuesen as its president. The new China's rocket, missile and space undertakings began a difficult course. A new career has begun, and there are many things. Qian Xuesen first gave a missile introduction to the newly assigned 156 college students, so that these technicians who have never seen missiles can understand the most basic professional knowledge. He drew up the study plan of aerodynamics, engine and other related majors, and guided the establishment of the research room of missile general, aerodynamics, engine and missile body structure.

Jiuquan launch site. Like ordinary scientists and technicians, Qian Xuesen sleeps in tents, eats coarse grains and organizes missile tests, calculations, analysis and research. Under the difficult conditions of the sudden withdrawal of all experts from the former Soviet Union, he led China scientists to overcome various difficulties and successfully conducted the flight test of China's first missile on June 5, 1960+065438. Nie said happily at the scene: "This is an important turning point in the history of China's military equipment." 1966, 10/0 On October 27th, Qian Xuesen participated in the flight explosion test of China's first medium and short-range surface-to-surface missile with a nuclear warhead, that is, the "two-bomb combination" test of an atomic bomb and a missile. The successful explosion of a nuclear warhead over a predetermined location shocked the world. China's national defense modernization has once again achieved a historic leap.

As a great scientist, Qian Xuesen is always forward-looking. Shortly after the successful launch of the first missile, Qian Xuesen organized relevant experts to discuss the development path of China's surface-to-surface missiles, formed the Opinions on the Development Path of China's Surface-to-Surface Missiles, and put forward the long-term development plan of China's short-range, medium-range, medium-range and intercontinental missiles. Subsequently, ground-to-air missiles, coastal defense missiles, solid engines, solid missiles, anti-missile systems and launch vehicles were also launched under his organization and coordination. 1965, 1 In June, he submitted a report to the Central Committee, suggesting that the research plan of China's satellites should be made as soon as possible and included in the national task. The engineering code of China's first artificial satellite was thus designated as "65 1 project", and Qian Xuesen was responsible for the overall technical coordination and implementation of the "satellite-arrow-ground system". 1On April 24th, 970, China's first artificial satellite "Dongfanghong-1" roamed the space, announcing to the world that the new China had ushered in the dawn of the space age.

(2)

Qian Xuesen is one of the founders of China's military high technology. He not only made outstanding contributions to the cause of "two bombs and one satellite", but also put forward high-level important ideas and viewpoints for China's military scientific research, and directly advocated the establishment and development of military system engineering and military operations research. As early as the late 1970s, Qian Xuesen profoundly expounded the idea that "war is a science". He pointed out: "modern science and technology should be used to study the laws of war and war science, which has formed modern military science."

After painstaking research, Qian Xuesen made a complete exposition of the military science system in his written speeches from 65438 to 0998. He pointed out: "In military science, the basic theory level is military science, the technical theory level is military operational research, and the applied technology level is military system engineering." He defined the role and function of military system engineering as "using modern scientific and technological methods to better solve practical problems in the implementation of military lines and strategies", and summarized the main problems to be solved as follows: combat simulation; Demonstration of design scheme, determination of tactical and technical indicators and effectiveness evaluation of weapon equipment system; Organization and management of logistics system; Design of operational command system; Quantitative analysis of strategic issues and war simulation.

1978 In May, at the suggestion of Qian Xuesen and others, our army began the research pilot work of military operations research and system engineering, and the Academy of Military Sciences established the first research and analysis institution of military operations research. Nowadays, military operations research and military system engineering have been widely used in the study of our army's strategy and tactics, troop establishment system and troop structure, and have achieved fruitful results.

Regarding China's national defense strategy, Qian Xuesen put forward a series of important suggestions with overall situation, foresight and feasibility. In the 1980s, he pointed out that by the beginning of the 20th century, "small-scale fighting" in some areas might be our main war style. If we want to keep some elite troops that can fight immediately, we should seriously solve this problem in terms of military establishment and equipment. These suggestions have been highly valued by the military leading organs and have been reflected in practice. He also made many important suggestions on China's national defense strategy and the reform and development of its military industry. He also put forward the viewpoint that military enterprises should implement "civil-military integration" and civilian enterprises should implement "integration of defense and civilian technologies", and the viewpoint of transforming military enterprises with "flexible automatic production system", which provided important ideas for the reform of military enterprises and the mobilization preparation of civilian enterprises in wartime.

In his later years, Qian Xuesen also emphasized the interdisciplinary research of military science. From 65438 to 0999, he went to visit his leading comrades of the General Assembly and the Academy of Military Sciences and pointed out that the development of science is inseparable from the intersection, interaction and mutual reference of various disciplines. National defense construction is a big system, and all the problems encountered in practice are big, but experts often look at the problems from their own majors, which has great limitations. We should advocate mutual exchanges and discussions between disciplines.

(3)

It is Qian Xuesen's long-cherished wish to seek the long-term development of China's military high-tech and military modernization. Therefore, with the foresight of scientists, he put forward the strategic view of training national defense and military scientific and technological talents. Starting from 1985, Qian Xuesen talked about the topic of "scientific and technological talents" many times. Qian Xuesen said: "Now it is required to train a group of scientific and technological talents, that is, a group of engineers, scientists and thinkers"; When a competent person leads a clear goal, he should consider it from basic application to engineering practice. Qian Xuesen supports new disciplines and fosters marginal disciplines, and every innovative viewpoint and idea can be encouraged. He said: "We should advocate innovative thinking and let practice test whether it is correct."

As early as 1986, Qian Xuesen believed that the high-tech revolution would bring about the rapid development of military technology and the army would become a knowledge-intensive department. All kinds of advanced weapon systems will be widely used in future wars, and the battlefield situation is complex, which puts forward higher requirements for commanders' scientific, technological, cultural and military literacy. After analyzing the cultural level of foreign military officers and our military officers, he keenly pointed out that in order to cope with the possible future war, military cadres should gradually reach the cultural level above university, teachers should have master's degrees, military cadres should have doctors, and the cultural level of soldiers should be improved accordingly. His foresight has been highly valued by the Central Military Commission and the headquarters.

Qian Xuesen, who is 90 years old this year, is still always concerned about the progress of national defense high technology and military modernization. He told the leading comrades of the Central Military Commission who came to visit him that we should pay close attention to the strategic study of scientific and technological development and the construction of talent teams. The reporter saw in Qian's hometown that there was a model of "Shenzhou" spacecraft in the most conspicuous place on the bookshelf opposite his sofa. Through the flying Shenzhou, his wise eyes always look at the soaring future of the motherland.

Qian Lao's famous saying: *-"Marxist philosophy is the source of wisdom!"

*-"I have studied Marxist philosophy for nearly 30 years and have always tried to guide my work with Marxist philosophy."

*-"A Marxist will never love the people and his country."

*-"I'm just a drop in the ocean, very small. What is really great is the people of China, China and People's Republic of China (PRC)! "

*-"My career is in China, my achievements are in China, and my home is in China."

During my stay in the United States, I was asked several times if I had saved any insurance money, and I said I had not saved any money.

Because I come from China, I don't plan to live in the United States all my life.

*-"I spent the first three or four years in the United States studying and the last ten years working. All this is in preparation for doing something for the people after returning home. Because I am from China. "

*-"don't people who engage in science just want data and formulas? People who engage in science also need inspiration, and many of my inspirations are realized from art. "

I think today's science and technology is not only natural science and engineering technology, but the whole knowledge system that people know and transform the objective world.

*-"We can't follow the trend. This is not the spirit of science. The most important thing in the scientific spirit is innovation. "

*-"I can't leave the vast number of scientific and technological personnel" (the unit wants to build a house for him, but he firmly disagrees)

*-"My name is money, but I don't love money. Personally, I'm just a drop in the ocean. What is really great is the party, the people and our country. "