Confucius had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Although he "spoke without doing anything", he was already known as the "Saint of Heaven", "Mu Duo of Heaven" and "Immortal Saint" when he was alive, and he was one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the society at that time. Later generations revered him as "the most holy" (a saint among saints) and "a teacher for all generations", and thought that he had compiled Poems, Books, Rites and Music, and prefaced Zhouyi (called the Ten Wings of the Book of Changes, or Yi Zhuan) to write Chunqiu. The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of the Confucian school, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and their descendants. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. It is also called "Four Books" with Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius. There are twenty articles in the popular Analects of Confucius. The language of The Analects is concise and profound, and many of its remarks are still regarded as wisdom by the world. Emerson, an American poet and philosopher, believes that Confucius is the glory of all nationalities in the world. In 1988, 75 Nobel Prize winners gathered in Paris and issued a joint declaration after the meeting, calling on the world that "if mankind wants to survive in the 21st century, it must look back 2,5 years ago and learn wisdom from Confucius."
editing this political career
Confucius was extremely intelligent and studious when he was young, and by the time he was twenty, he was already very knowledgeable and was praised by people at that time as "erudite and courteous". At the same time, little-known is that Confucius inherited the bravery of his father, Shu Liangqi, who was 9 feet 6 inches tall, which was 221.76 centimeters according to the Western Han Dynasty's 23.1 centimeters. The arm strength is extraordinary, far from the image of a weak scholar that some people think in later generations. Moreover, Confucius was an extraordinary drinker and was said to have never been drunk. But Confucius never prided himself on being brave and drinking. Since he was in his twenties, Confucius wanted to take a career, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about many problems in governing the country, and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 3 years old, he was already famous. In the twentieth year of Lu Zhaogong, Qi Jinggong summoned Confucius when he visited Lu, and discussed with him the problem of Qin Mugong's hegemony, from which Confucius got to know Qi Jinggong. In the 25th year of Lu Zhaogong, there was civil strife in Lu, and Lu Zhaogong was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu and went to Qi, where he was appreciated and treated well by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nixi to Confucius, but was stopped by the doctor Yan Ying. In the 27 th year of Lu Zhaogong, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard about it, he asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old, and I can use it." Confucius had to flee back to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, and it was called "accompanying the minister to run the state affairs". Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave it up until Lu Dinggong was appointed as Zhongduzai in 9 years, when Confucius was 51 years old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and with outstanding achievements, he was promoted to a small sikong, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos and taking care of the state of Lu. In the 12th year of Lu Dinggong, Confucius took measures to weaken Sanhuan (Ji Sun, Uncle Sun Shi and Meng Sun Shi were the descendants of Lu Huangong's three sons, so it was called Sanhuan). At that time, the state power of Lu was actually in their hands, and some retainers of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees), which was to demolish the castle built by Sanhuan. Later, the action of falling into the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed. In the 13th year of Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 8 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Sun accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were obsessed with singing and dancing, and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon Lu held a suburban sacrifice, and after the sacrifice, he did not send the meat to Confucius as usual, which showed that Ji did not want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Lu to find a way out in a foreign country and began a journey around the world. This year, Confucius took his disciples to Weiguo first, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to the salary standard of Lu, he was given a salary of 6, yuan, but he was not given any official position and was not allowed to participate in political affairs. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 1 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged by people for 5 days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, arrived in Pudi, and met the noble uncle of Weiguo who launched a rebellion and was besieged again. After his escape, Confucius returned to defend the country. Wei Linggong was very happy when he heard that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Pudi, and went out to meet him personally. Since then, Confucius has left the country several times and returned to it several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong was good or bad to Confucius; on the other hand, after Confucius left the country, he had no place to go and had to return. In the second year of Lu Aigong (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left the country of Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng to Chen, and lived in Chen for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out, Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent people to meet him. The doctors of Chen and Cai knew that Confucius had a problem with what they did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which would be bad for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front and the shop in the back. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for 7 days. Finally, Zi Gong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64, and was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68 with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, but he was still respected but not used. Lu Aigong was 16 years old, and Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without healing.
When he was 62 years old, Confucius once described himself like this: "He is a human being, he forgets food when he is angry, and he is happy to forget his worries, and he doesn't know that he is getting old." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the world for nine years, and went through hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of governors, but he almost died. However, Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.
Be content with poverty
Confucius was upright in nature, and he advocated that the compilation of straight lines should be linked with Confucius' theory of benevolence and propriety. In the general plan of governing the country, he advocated "governing the country with morality", and governing the country with morality and ethics was the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". In fact, this strategy has broken the traditional credo that courtesy is no less than Shu Ren's, and has broken an original important boundary between the nobility and the common people. Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of humanity, while Confucius' theory of ceremony embodies the spirit of ritual system, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, while order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.
As if to provide an example for "Confucianism is a good medicine to help the world in today's society", in the middle and late 2th century, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and other countries, which were influenced by the Confucian cultural circle, developed rapidly and became newly industrialized countries. The success of these countries has aroused widespread concern of scholars, one of which is the relationship between Confucian culture and economic development. Therefore, in the group discussion, the practice of Confucianism in Singapore in the 198s and 199s became an important topic, especially in resisting western individualism and emphasizing social consciousness, diligence, tolerance and frugality, which can be affirmed as a new way of modern society.
Du Weiming, one of the most famous contemporary Confucian scholars, once pointed out that there is still a gap in maintaining the Confucian tradition in Chinese mainland compared with South Korea, Singapore and even Taiwan Province, China. Quite a few scholars believe that with the China people's thirst for traditional culture, the popularization of Confucianism in China and its spread all over the world should become an important topic in the current study of Confucianism. Wang Junlin of Shandong University believes that if Confucianism only stays in the small circle of Confucianism, it is usually regarded as a kind of thought and doctrine, and it is hard to say that it is a kind of culture. Only when Confucianism goes out of the small circle of Confucianism, comes to the society, goes deep into the public, becomes something that people like to see and hear, promotes ethical codes to regulate people's behavior, and advocates benevolence and righteousness to change social atmosphere, will Confucian culture be bred from Confucianism. Macao scholars also suggested that reading Confucius for one minute every day should be advocated in primary and secondary schools. On September 28th, the delegates went to the Confucius Temple in Qufu to attend the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius. Therefore, some delegates discussed the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius around the world. Kong Xianglin of the Confucius Institute pointed out that Confucius temples were all over China, South Korea, Vietnam, Japan, etc. In ancient China, there were also Confucian temples from the state to local governments at all levels, which had three important social functions: respecting morality, reporting newspapers and educating people. Through Confucius Temple, the government educates its subjects to study Confucianism, respects morality and righteousness, sharpens ethics and strengthens moral cultivation. This kind of cultural facilities play a very important role in the spread of a cultural spirit, which should be paid enough attention and protected in today's society. Zhao Rongguang, a professor at Zhejiang Gongshang University, compared the ceremonies of Confucius Temple in Qufu, Taibei, China and Sungkyunkwan, and thought that the ceremonies of Confucius Temple should reproduce the original historical appearance according to the museum principle, and strengthen a series of specific matters such as related systems, etiquette, music and dance, costumes, utensils and sacrifices. According to 551 BC (the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu), Confucius was born in Changping Township (now the southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child in Niqiu Mountain, it was named Qiu and the word Zhong Ni. When Confucius was three years old, Shu Liangge died, and Confucius' mother and son were not accepted by Shi (the wife of Shu Liangge). Confucius' mother Yan Zhizai had to move to Qufu Que with Confucius and Meng Pi, and life was difficult. When Confucius was 17 years old, his mother Yan Zhizai died, and he served three years of mourning. When Confucius was 19 years old, he married an official of the Song Dynasty. A year later, the official gave birth to a son. Lu Zhaogong sent someone to congratulate him. Confucius felt very honored, so he named his son carp, the word Bo Yu. In the tenth year of Lu Aigong (485 BC), Mrs. Confucius died. According to Confucius' Family Tales and Historical Records, in his youth, Confucius once worked as a "Commissioner" (a small official in charge of warehouses) and a "farmer" (a small official in charge of pastures), and everything was almost perfect. Because of Confucius' extraordinary ability and knowledge, he was quickly promoted. By the time Confucius was fifty-one, he was appointed as Zhongduzai (equivalent to the current mayor, now in Wenshang County, Jining City), and his political achievements were very remarkable. A year later, he was promoted to Sikong (equivalent to the current Minister of Construction), and then to Dashikou (equivalent to the local head of the public security department and the inspection minister of the Supreme People's Court); At the age of 56, he was promoted to acting prime minister, who was also in charge of foreign affairs (Confucius was promoted too quickly and did not meet the promotion standards of officials at that time, so he was acting prime minister). When Confucius was in power, he immediately killed Shao Zhengmao, the minister of treachery who disturbed political affairs, so that he became famous for a while. From this, it can be seen that Confucius was not a pedantic pedant considered by some people in later generations, but a great husband who dared to do things without being violent. Only three months after Confucius came to power, all aspects of Lu's internal affairs and foreign affairs were greatly improved, the country's strength was greatly increased, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the social order was very good (history books said that "the road is not picked up, the door is not closed at night"), and the traitors and unruly people fled one after another; At the same time, Confucius also used diplomatic means to force Qi to return the large territory that invaded Lu in the war to Lu. In the 12th year of Duke Ding of Lu, Confucius took measures to weaken Sanhuan (Ji Sun, Uncle Sun Shi and Meng Sun Shi, who were three grandsons of Lu Huangong, so they called Sanhuan). At that time, the state power of Lu was actually in their hands, and some retainers of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees), which was to demolish the castle built by Sanhuan. Confucius' political ideal could not be implemented at that time, but Confucius' greatness lies in "knowing that it is not feasible", and he pinned his political ideal on later generations. Confucius therefore stopped direct political activities after returning to Lu, while continuing to sort out cultural classics and revise the Six Classics. On the one hand, he recruited disciples and carried out cultural and educational undertakings on a large scale. According to legend, he taught more than 3, disciples, including 72 disciples who were proficient in six arts. In his later years, Yan Hui, the most proud disciple of Confucius, unfortunately died young. His favorite pupil Lu died in the civil strife in the country of Wei, and his son Kong Li also died young. Under the "Tao can't do" and this series of blows, the author guessed that Confucius' health was greatly damaged. Confucius died at the age of 73 (72 years old) on February 11, 479 BC.
Confucius' genealogy
Zhong You, from 542 to 48, was born in Bianqiao Village, Quanlin Town, surabaya county City, Shandong Province. He was a proud pupil of Confucius and was famous for his political affairs. He is straightforward and reckless, brave and filial. In addition to learning poetry and etiquette, he also drove for Confucius, worked as a bodyguard, and traveled around the world with Confucius, which was highly valued. Confucius praised: "Zilu is brave, and he is happy when he hears it." The first official is Lu, and the latter is Wei. When Confucius was the head of the State of Lu, he was the butcher of Ji Sun Shi and later the butcher of Doctor Kong Li. In Wei Zhaung AD (48 BC), Kong Li's mother Boji made Kuai Qin (Boji's younger brother) a monarch, threatening Kong Li Wei to go out of office, and fled when he heard the news. When Zilu heard the news outside, he went to town to see Kuai Qin. Kuai ordered Shi Qi to lead troops to shoot down the crown tassel of Zilu, and Zilu's eyes were torn apart. He severely reprimanded, "A gentleman dies, but the crown is inevitable." Fasten the hat and tassel resolutely, and die calmly. Duanmu Ci, born in 52 ~ 456, was named Duanmu and Gi, a native of Wei (now Xunxian, Henan). He was once the face of Lu and Wei, the most successful of the 72 sages of Confucius, and the outstanding one in the field of speech. Zi Gong was a great diplomat and businessman in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was regarded as the "originator of Confucian businessmen" by later generations. Confucius once called it "the instrument of Hu Lian". He is eloquent, eloquent, practical and knowledgeable. He is also good at doing business, and once did business between Cao and Lu, making him rich. Being the richest man among Confucius disciples. Sima Qian wrote Biographies of Zhong Ni Disciples in Historical Records, which spent the most ink on Zi Gong, and his biography is the longest among Confucius disciples in terms of length. This phenomenon shows that in Sima Qian's eyes, Zi Gong is a very unusual figure. We follow this idea of Sima Qian, and then carefully read the Analects of Confucius and other books, we can see that Zi Gong is an unusual character. His great influence and role are beyond the reach of Confucius disciples: he has excellent academic performance, rich cultural accomplishment, outstanding political and diplomatic skills, and superb financial management and business ability. Historical Records of Confucius' Family: Confucius is nine feet long and six inches long (more than 1.9 meters today, specifically 196.8cm), which is called "long man" by everyone.
edited version