Source 1: "I heard that the Lord of the world is based on one heart, and the Lord of the heart has the difference between heaven and human desire. The two are divided into public and private judgments. " Those who cover heaven and justice, the nature of the heart, follow it, and their hearts are just; The person you want, this heart is sick, selfish and evil. "("Selected Works of Zhu Yan He hits II ")
Source 2: "Benevolence and righteousness are rooted in the inherent nature of the human heart, and justice is also natural; Li Xin was born in the contrast between things and me, and people want to be selfish. If you follow the principles of heaven, you will not seek benefits and have no disadvantages; If you want to kill others, you will not get benefits and harm yourself. " ("Four Books Notes Mencius")
Source 3: "One person's heart, heaven exists, then people want to die; If people want to win, the sky will die. There is no mixture of nature and human desires. Scholars need to understand and inspect here. " "Scholars must do whatever they want and restore justice in order to learn." (Zhuzi School, Volume XIII)
Second, what does "justice" mean?
What does "day" mean? What does "reason" mean? What does "justice" mean? Zhu said: "There are spring, summer, autumn and winter in the sky, fire and water in Jin Mu in the earth, and benevolence, courtesy and wisdom in people." "Managers are organized and have both benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom." "Big and everything, small and raw, are all the principles of Tai Chi Yin and Yang." "As for the insignificance of every grass, tree and insect, each has its own reasons." "Between heaven and earth, there is reason and spirit, reason and metaphysics, and there is a biological basis." "Of course, everything in the world is right." "Everything in the world makes sense and must be limited." "The principle of the world, start all over again, so constant and not poor. A constant, if it is not certain, can't be a constant. However, it is normal to change at any time. Heaven and earth have always been Tao, and the world has always been reason. Who can't know? " "There is this truth, there is this world; If there is no such thing, there is no heaven and earth, no one has nothing, no load! If it is reasonable, it will be popular and develop everything. " "Just this one. The reason is the same, but the point is different. The monarch and ministers have the principle of monarch and ministers, and the father and son have the principle of father and son. " "Reason, just a reason. There is nothing wrong with lifting it. And if you say benevolence, you are all in benevolence; If you are sincere, you are all sincere; When it comes to loyalty and forgiveness, they are all loyalty and forgiveness; Words are faithful, but they are all faithful. For this reason, natural blood runs through. " ……
In Zhu's philosophical thought, "natural justice" contains truth, law, order, norms and regulations, which is not only the truth of heaven, but also the truth of things and people. Heaven is the principle of nature, the common sense of all things, the primitive law of things, the order of society, and the truth and rationality of human beings. "The heart of heaven and earth, the principle of heaven and earth. Reason is truth ... the heart is the master, but the so-called master is reason, not that there is reason outside the heart, but that there is a heart outside the reason ... I think that heaven and earth are unintentional, and benevolence is the heart of heaven and earth. " "Benevolent, the male of the world, the foundation of goodness. Benevolent people are the righteousness of the world, and if they lose their righteousness, they will be chaotic and disharmonious. " It can be seen that what Zhu wants to keep is the kind heart of human beings.
Everyone is benevolent. Kindness and compassion, self-interest and altruism, hence the name "human". People, ok. It is named "Man" because it is based on Confucian ethics and Buddhist thought. People are human because they are kind. This is the "natural principle" that Zhu hopes to maintain.
"Reason is a person whose character is equal to that of heaven." "A benevolent person integrates all things in heaven and earth, not himself. Why don't you recognize yourself? " "Being righteous" is the pursuit of harmony and unity between man and nature and between man and society.
3. What do you mean by "exterminating human desires"?
"Big and everything, small and raw, are all the principles of Tai Chi Yin and Yang." "There is a lot of justice in this book, and people's desires are also made in justice. Although it is human desire, there is a natural principle in human desire. " Since "justice" includes "human desire", isn't destroying human desire equal to destroying justice? Isn't this a contradiction? So what does Zhu want to destroy? Zhu's idea of "preserving justice" is to preserve the goodness of human nature. So what does he mean by "destroying people's desires"?
Yuan Cai, a poet in the Song Dynasty, made it clear: "Diet is what people want, not what people want. If they want it, they will be greedy. " Men and women, what people want, but not without, if they don't care, it is rape and prostitution; Property is what people want, but they can't live without it. Unreasonable is a thief. If people only indulge in sex, disputes will arise and lawsuits will be sent to prison ... "Diet is a natural desire and indispensable. If you pursue unreasonably, it is gluttony; Men's and women's affairs are people's instinctive desires, and they are indispensable. If you use unreasonable means to meet your needs, it is adultery; Property, which everyone wants, is indispensable. If you get property by illegal means, you become a thief. If people just want to indulge their desires, it will bring trouble and break the law. ...
Mencius said: "fish, what I want, bear's paw, what I want;" You can't have your cake and eat it. You can't have your cake and eat it. Zhu also said: "Fish and bear's paw are delicious, and they are also delicious with bear's paw." . "Fish, what I want is a reasonable human desire, bear's paw. What I want is also a reasonable human desire. It is heaven to take bear's paw instead of fish or a reasonable human desire." Dieters, justice also; Ask for something delicious. ""You don't have to indulge in what you want, only what you want is desire. " A reasonable appetite is the principle of nature, while the excessive demand for delicious food is Zhu's "human desire". The Yellow Emperor said, "No sound, no color, no clothes, no fragrance, no taste and no room. "
"The sky is a human being, and it is between a few meters." "Everything has two ends: the bottom is natural justice, and the non-bottom is human lust. Everything must be judged to the extreme, that is, the expansion of efforts will see everything. " "Humans have only one wish. If you win, you will retire. If you win, you will retire. There is no reason to remain neutral. If you don't advance, you will retreat. Mortals will retreat if they don't advance. " "Heaven and man are always opposites." Justice and human desire are relative. Normal and reasonable human desire is justice, and excessive and even evil human desire is what Zhu wants to destroy. The reason why people are human is because human nature is the heart of love, but people are also animals, so people are also animals, that is to say, people are sometimes animals. This beast has an evil heart. This is also the "human desire" that Zhu wants to destroy. Everything Zhu didn't want to destroy. ...
"Desire to kill" can be summed up in one sentence, that is, self-denial and self-defense. "The mind is the origin of everything. A person's heart is right, and everything is right. If the heart is not right, nothing is right. There is an old saying: if the heart is printed like this, the publication will be engraved correctly, depending on where it is printed; If a publication is engraved with evil, it is evil everywhere it is printed. Therefore, the study of treating the heart is indispensable. " "All favoritism is dangerous. Zhuangzi's so-called heat collection fire, which condenses ice, is also. " "Scholars must always converge, but they must not be dissolute." "People can't resist resentment, and benevolent people can resist." "It is completely natural not to be carried away by material desires." "There is a natural peace, and no one wants to be in danger of drowning." Benevolence, propriety and righteousness often win, only depending on the ups and downs. This is the difference between a gentleman and a villain. The more you benefit from righteousness, the more rude you are. The man who disappeared is the Great Sage. ""If a person can control himself, he will be broad-minded and fat. I don't care, I don't care, I can still enjoy it. "The difference between people and animals is that people can control their unreasonable desires." Killing people's desires "does not mean killing humanity, killing sexual desire, appetite and love ... and it does not mean killing people's initiative and ambition." Zhu's theory and thought are to encourage scholars to be enterprising and enterprising, and to persuade them to be "disciplined, knowledgeable, honest, upright and cultured", which is to "manage the family, govern the country and level the world". "Without dedication and ambition, how can we govern the country and level the world? This person's desire refers to people's selfish desires, distractions and evil thoughts. There are inherent disadvantages in human nature, such as greed, selfishness, hypocrisy and lewdness ... which should be reminded at any time to eliminate. Zhu hopes that scholars should have self-discipline and self-control, always self-discipline, restrain their excessive selfish desires, and become an excellent person who not only cares about himself, but thinks about more people.
"Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent." This is the result of destroying human desire. The essence of human desire is that wealth is easy to be lewd, poverty is easy to move, and power is easy to bend. "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later." This is also the result of destroying human desire. Man's desire is "the joy of the world first, the worry of the world later."
4. What do you mean by "keeping righteousness and destroying human desires"?
Mencius thought: "At the beginning of life, human nature is good." Xunzi thought: "At the beginning of life, inherent vice." Zhu thought: "People are alive and have good and evil." [6] Zhu's "keeping righteousness" is what Mencius said about the goodness of life and is part of the goodness of human nature. Xunzi said that inherent vice and inherent vice were part of evil human nature.
"Preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" belongs to the cultivation of mind. "Tian Li" is public, great goodness and human kindness. "Human desire" is private, a small evil and a sense of selfishness. "Preserving righteousness" means preserving goodness, pursuing justice and taking the right path. "Eliminating human desires" means eliminating evil, self-denial, self-cultivation and self-cultivation. Simply put, "preserving righteousness" means doing good, and "eliminating human desires" means eliminating evil. The popular understanding of Zhu's "keeping righteousness and destroying human desires" is to prevent the excessive expansion of personal desires and pursue the harmony and beauty of maintaining society, morality, political style and folk customs.
Who is "Keeping the Righteousness and Eliminating Human Desire" addressed to? The first source is addressed to the emperor, and the second and third sources are addressed to scholars. "Preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" is not for ordinary people, nor does it belong to ordinary people and secular culture. Zhu's theory of "keeping justice in nature and destroying human desires" is aimed at the upper ruling class and an outstanding person who is determined to be knowledgeable and rational. These people have the conditions to indulge in their own desires and forget the justice in nature ...
Confucian Neo-Confucianism is a philosophy that teaches people to be human. "Preserving justice and extinguishing human desires" means that the reader can be ignorant of things, cultivate his mind and become an outstanding person with both internal and external cultivation. "Preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" means cultivating self-cultivation and persuading people to be excellent people, noble people, great people and great people. "People are born with greed and desire. Make out if you want. Saints practice festivals to stop their desires, so they don't do their feelings. " "Sages say a thousand words just to teach people to manage tomorrow and destroy people's desires." "Preserving justice and extinguishing human desires" is a classic summary of Confucian philosophy of being a man in the Song and Ming Dynasties, and it is also an eternal truth that conforms to a hundred schools of thought.
Zhu's "keeping justice in nature and destroying human desires" and Confucius' "self-denial and returning to benevolence" are both days of self-denial and returning to benevolence, and the world will return to benevolence. For benevolence, for yourself, for people? Mencius said, "If you want to be good, you have the heart, and if you enrich it, it will be beautiful. If you enrich it, you will shine, and if you enlarge it, it will be sacred. If you don't know it, you will be god. "And Xunzi said," When you see goodness, you must save yourself. "If you don't look well, you must introspect." There is also the pipe of Legalism, which says, "If you follow the laws of heaven, then those who are far away will kiss themselves;" If you waste the sky and do private things, then mother and son will complain. "Mozi of Mohism said:" Those who follow God's will, love each other and bring out the best in each other will be rewarded; "Those who violate God's will, don't do evil and steal from each other, and they will be rewarded." Wait, the meaning is the same. ...
Taoist Laozi said: "Heaven and earth are heartless, and everything is a grass dog;" Saints are ruthless and treat people like pigs. " "Saint fickle, people-oriented. "Mozi said:" The son of heaven is good, and heaven can be rewarded; "Heaven is violent, and heaven can be punished." Zhu Dui said, "Preserve justice and destroy human desires", that is, he hoped that the emperor would treat the people well and not treat them as dogs.
"Preserving Heaven and Eliminating Human Desire" is a classic summary of the essence of Chinese civilization. ...