For example: Biography of Han Dong Fang Shuo: "I lost my parents less and raised my younger brother and sister-in-law. Thirteen years of studying books, three winters of literature and history are enough. " (Dong Fangshuo) I lost my parents when I was very young. I grew up and raised by my brother and sister-in-law. When I was thirteen, I began to study. I only spent three winter vacations studying literature and history, and I learned enough knowledge. When we fully understand, when reading aloud in spoken English, we will naturally seize the pause: I will lose less parents and raise more brothers and sisters-in-law. Thirteen years of studying books and three winters of literature and history.
2. What is the standard of reading rhythm of classical Chinese?
1. Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend. Analysis: According to the rhythm form of' 212', it can be divided into: chicken and Xiaomi's old friends. It can also be divided into: old friends of chickens and millet according to the rhythm form of' two or three'.
Whose new swallow pecks at spring mud. Analysis: According to the rhythm form of' 223', it can be divided into: whose family? Xinyan? pecking at spring mud.
It can also be divided according to the rhythm form of' 2212': who is the new swallow, peck and spring mud. Second, two linked monosyllabic words must be read out loud.
1. Analysis:' so' is two monosyllabic words, which cannot be read continuously. The rhythm of this sentence should be divided into: heaven ╱ will ╱ drop ╱ great responsibility ╱ in ╱ is also a human being, and cannot be misinterpreted as: heaven ╱ will ╱ drop ╱ great responsibility.
2. Lead his wife and people to this desperate situation. Analysis:' wife' is two monosyllabic words, and there should be a pause in the middle of reading. The reading rhythm of this sentence should be divided into the desperate situation of rate/wife/son/Yi people/arrival, so don't misinterpret it as rate/wife/Yi people/arrival.
Third, pause after the modal particle at the beginning of the sentence. If the husband is at sunrise, the forest is blooming.
Analysis:' Ruofu' is a modal particle at the beginning of a sentence, and there is a pause after reading it. The reading rhythm of this sentence should be divided into: Ruofu-Sunrise-and Lin Feikai. 3. Gaidasu Pan-Chibi Cloud.
Analysis:' Gai' is the modal particle at the beginning of the sentence, and the reading rhythm of this sentence should be divided into: Gai, Dasu, Pan Chibi and Yun Si. According to the common sense of ancient culture, correctly divide the rhythm. 1. Wang Yishu, Yushan, just carved.
Analysis:' Yushan' is the name of the mountain, and then there is a pause when reading,' Wang Yi' is the name,' Shu' is the word, and there is also a pause when reading between the name and the word. Therefore, the rhyme of this sentence should be divided into: Yushan Wang Yishu ╱ engraving. Without common sense of ancient culture, it is difficult to correctly divide the rhythm of this sentence.
4. Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi. Analysis:' Shi Zhong' and' Shi Lang' are official names, and there is a pause after reading them, namely Shi Zhong/Shi Lang/Guo Youzhi.
5.' Ye' is a modal particle in the sentence, and then it should be paused. For example, I have heard about it for a long time.
Analysis: this sentence should be divided into such a rhythm:' I have been listening for a long time'. If you mistake' ye' as an adverbial before the predicate, it will be easily misunderstood as' long heard'.
Sixth, divide the rhythm according to the grammatical structure. Qin Shihuang was not mean to his ministers.
Analysis: "the first emperor" is the subject, "Yao" is the predicate, "the minister is despicable" is the object, and "no" is the adverbial of "Yao", so the rhythm of this sentence can be divided into: the minister from the first emperor is despicable. If you don't know the grammatical structure of this sentence, it is easy to misunderstand it as: the first emperor ╱ is not ╱, the minister ╱ is despicable.
The anger of this mediocrity is also. Analysis:' this' is the subject of this sentence, and' the anger of mediocrity' is the predicate. So the rhythm of this sentence can be divided into: the anger of a mediocre person.
Can't be misinterpreted as: the anger of this mediocrity. Seven, reading compound sentence, the rhythm must be even, and four sentences are two words.
Don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself: this is a four-character parallelism sentence, two sentences at a time, that is, don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself.
If you live high in the temple, you will worry about the people, and if you live far away from the rivers and lakes, you will worry about the king. Analysis: this is a non-four-word parallelism sentence, which can be divided into rhythms according to its meaning, that is, living in the temple is worrying about the people, while living in the rivers and lakes is worrying about the husband.
Eight, determine the pause according to the meaning. 1. A good doctor is honored for not treating diseases.
Analysis:' not sick', no sick people. To regard it as a merit is to regard it as a merit, and to cure the disease as one's own merit.
According to the context, the rhythm of this sentence can be divided into: a good doctor's treatment can't make the disease take credit, but it can't be misinterpreted as: a good doctor's treatment can't make the disease take credit. I don't know the happiness of being a satrap.
Analysis: the previous' le' is used as a verb for fun; After a' music', a noun, fun, happiness. Having fun is having fun.
Accordingly, this sentence can be divided into rhythms: harmony-ignorance-satrap is happy-and it can't be separated-ignorance-satrap is happy-and one of the dogs sits in front.
Analysis:' one', one of the wolves. "Dog" modifies the verb "left", that is, "like a dog".
So the rhythm of this sentence can be divided into: first, the dog sits in front, not: first, the dog sits in front.
3. The reading method of classical Chinese is 300 words. 1. Learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is the knowledge of classical Chinese words and sentence patterns. Only by accumulating certain knowledge of classical Chinese can we read classical Chinese fluently. 1. Pay attention to preview, learn to translate word by word with the help of notes before self-study class, and don't wait for the teacher to explain. Pay attention to finding difficult sentences and submit them to class for discussion when previewing. Ask teachers and classmates for advice. It is necessary to classify keywords, highlight key points and break through difficulties. There are quite a few notional words with multiple meanings in classical Chinese. We should be good at memorizing, comparing, summarizing and sorting out, and learn "words" vividly. 2. Follow the principle of "Words are inseparable from sentences" and understand and appreciate the meaning of notional words and function words. Should be combined with "context" to try to figure out. 3. Keep in mind that there are five kinds of classical Chinese sentences: judgment sentences, interrogative sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and inversion sentences, each of which has several different forms. Remember that form is easy to remember and understand. Second, Chinese textbooks emphasize the reading and reciting of classical Chinese, with the intention of enabling students to master classical Chinese knowledge and understand the meaning through more reading and reciting. Cultivate language sense. Reading can be divided into four steps: 1. With the help of annotations, you can finish the task of rough reading when you preview the text. The first task of rough reading is to dredge the text, and then perceive the text on this basis, and initially grasp the structure of the text as a whole. Combined with the notes, read it two or three times according to the context, guess it again, and cover it. You should be able to understand 60% to 70% of the text. In rough reading, you should draw difficult words. So as to submit the discussion in class. 2. Ask questions, solve problems, and read the text carefully, so as to accurately correct pronunciation, orthomorphism and sentence break, solve difficult problems encountered in rough reading, and analyze the structure of the article. 3. Deep understanding, try to read the tone, intonation and rhythm when reading the text intensively. Through intensive reading, we can deeply understand and understand the works. Familiarity with the text mainly depends on students' initiative after class. Familiar with the text, we should strengthen the learning effect of classical Chinese vocabulary, deepen our understanding of the content and structure of the text, and consciously improve our literary appreciation and evaluation ability. First, the classification accumulation method. There is a famous saying, "No accumulation, no Fiona Fang; If you don't accumulate a small stream, you can't become a river. " The accumulation of knowledge is the basis of improving one's ability. The accumulation of classical Chinese knowledge is mainly in vocabulary. Students can prepare a notebook to collect, classify, organize and accumulate with emphasis and pertinence. For example, 1, the accumulation of different meanings in ancient and modern times. There are four common situations of different meanings in ancient and modern times: ① semantic expansion; (2) the narrowing of the meaning; For example, the word "wife" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden means "wife and children" in ancient times and "man's spouse" in modern times, which means in a narrow sense. (4) the change of meaning. In addition, there are the accumulation of interchangeable words and function words. Through classification, comparison and accumulation, students can not only improve their ability to analyze classical Chinese vocabulary, but also realize the happiness and benefits brought by learning accumulation. 2. The accumulation of function words in classical Chinese frequently appears, such as "zhi", "hu", "zhe" and "ye". 3. The accumulation of flexible parts of speech. 4. The accumulation of inverted sentences. 2. Recitation is a traditional learning method in China. "Read a book a hundred times before you know its meaning" and "recite Tang poems". Read the text as a whole in combination with preview tips or self-reading tips. Secondly, we should cultivate a sense of language in reading aloud. From the psychological point of view, reading aloud is a necessary means to cultivate language sense and improve language learning effect. Relevant research data show that human organs can communicate and interact with each other. When we read aloud, not only the oral organs are moving, but also the sound we read acts on our ears. When language sense information is input to human visual and auditory organs, the brain feels it almost at the same time, and the time difference is greatly reduced, but the accuracy is greatly improved, and the efficiency of understanding and perception will be doubled. Third, think about questioning methods. Now that students have more information at hand, it will inevitably make them feel dependent, and they will not listen carefully and pay attention to thinking in class. They always thought it was written in the material, so why bother? As a result, my ability to learn classical Chinese was affected. For example, I ask students to close all the information books in class. This situation can be changed by independent thinking and classroom questioning, which requires students to make full preparations for preview: first, circle the words they don't understand on the basis of self-reading; Secondly, try to find out the key sentences in the article and sort out the difficult sentences in your understanding; Then try to tell the text in the form of stories. At the same time, you can also question the text. Persisting in learning classical Chinese in this way can not only cultivate students' good reading habits, but also help improve their reading ability. Fourth, semantic reasoning. It is the key to learn classical Chinese, clarify the main idea of the article and eliminate the obstacles of writing. Students can seek implied information according to the context and infer the meaning of difficult words. Cultivate your reasoning ability. 1, infer the meaning by contacting the context. Classical Chinese has certain rules to follow because of the unique laws and writing habits of Chinese characters. Cultivating the habit of inferring the meaning of words in context is helpful to improve the translation ability of classical Chinese. 2, contact the old knowledge to infer the meaning. In the process of learning, students should be good at contacting old knowledge, making comprehensive comparison and classification. This will link old knowledge with new knowledge. It not only consolidated old knowledge, gained new knowledge, but also cultivated ability. It's really called "reviewing the past and learning the new". Fifth, the corresponding translation methods. There are many ways to translate classical Chinese, such as reservation, deletion and adjustment. I think the most basic method is to adopt the principle of one-to-one correspondence and strive to realize all translatable words. Understand the notes below the text and use reference books to express classical Chinese in today's words. On this basis, the language is supplemented, deployed and standardized by using the grammatical requirements of modern Chinese. As for the names of people, places, countries, years and officials in classical Chinese, we can just keep them. It is the same for us to attach importance to the study of classical Chinese and master effective learning methods.
4. How to divide the reading rhythm of classical Chinese in junior high school?
First, according to the structural components of sentences, according to the principle of "subject/predicate/object"
In the first step of dividing the reading rhythm of classical Chinese sentences, we should first analyze the relationship between the components of this sentence, sort out the trunk of this sentence, and understand what is the subject, predicate and object. The second step is to divide a sentence according to the principle of subject-predicate pause and predicate-object pause, so as to divide the most obvious reading rhythm of a sentence. For example, Zou Ji satirizes the sentence "I really know that Xu Hongmei is not as good as Xu Hongmei" in The King of Qi, which means "I really know that Xu Hongmei is not as good as Xu Hongmei", and the trunk of the sentence is "I know that Xu Hongmei is not as good as Xu Hongmei", which corresponds to a classical Chinese sentence, so the subject of the sentence is "I know" and the predicate is "Xu Hongmei is not as good as Xu Hongmei". Of course, the sentences that can be divided in this way must be subject-predicate sentences.
Secondly, according to the form of "verb object/verb object"
Some sentences have subject, predicate and object, forming a subject-predicate structure, but what if some sentences have no subject-predicate structure? Don't worry, analyze it again and use the second method of "verb-object/verb-object" to divide it. For example, there is a pause in the reading of the sentence "Leading a wife to this desperate situation" in Peach Blossom Garden. In this sentence, "leadership" means "leadership", which is a verb, and "leading his wife" is the content and object of "leadership", which is a verb-object structure. "Lai" is a verb, "this desperate situation" is a place to come, and "Lai" is an object and a verb-object structure. On the whole, this sentence consists of two verb-object structures, so the pause in reading this sentence is "to lead his wife to this desperate place."
How to divide longer sentences, such as "those who can slander me in the market will be rewarded", is this method applicable? Again, don't worry. Now let's analyze it again: this sentence means "I can discuss my fault loudly in the market, and what I hear will be rewarded by inferiority". The verbs are "discuss", "let … hear" and "receive", while the verbs in classical Chinese sentences are "swear", "smell" and "receive". "Xia Shang" is the object of "acceptance". In this case, "who can slander the city" is a verb-object structure, "who hears my ears" is a verb-object structure, and "who receives Xia Shang" is also a verb-object structure. Then the pause in reading this sentence is "Who can slander this city/hear my ears/receive Xia Shang", or according to
Third, according to the principle of "the former is the former"
In addition to the sentences with subject-predicate structure and verb-object structure, there are also some sentences that express the turning point of meaning. We can use the third method to divide the reading rhythm: according to the principle of "before". For example, in My Fish, if you are right, you can make trouble without doing it. If you are right, you can make trouble without doing it. If you are right, you can make trouble without doing it. If you are right, you can make trouble without doing it. According to the principle of "before, before", the reading pause of this sentence is ". Another example is "10,000 minutes can be accepted without distinguishing propriety", which can be divided into "10,000 minutes can be accepted without distinguishing propriety" according to the principle of "before". According to the principle of "before, before", the pause in reading can be divided into "when/when/when/when/when foreign patients are invincible".
But there are also sentences, such as "When can I have fun?" How to divide it? Let's take a look: "Ranze" means a turning point, followed by "When to have fun" is the content of the turning point, but "Ranze" does not have the content of the previous meaning. This sentence is just a turning point in the meaning of the next sentence, which belongs to a simple sentence, so its division can only be "Zehou".
From this point of view, if a sentence is divided according to the principle of "the former is the former", then its content must be two or more layers, and its two meanings must appear at the same time, so that its rhythm division is correct, otherwise, this principle is incorrect.
Fourth, by language sense, according to the meaning of the sentence.
There are still some sentences, the above three methods are inseparable, so we should use the method of relying on language sense and according to sentence meaning to divide them. This is the fourth division method I proposed. For example, in Born in Worry and Died in Happiness, people always make mistakes, and then they can change, which means that people often make mistakes, but then they can correct them. There is a pause in the tone, so the pause is natural and clear, and "people always make mistakes/then they can change". Another example is the phrase "no confused ears" in Humble Room Inscription, which means "no noise of music disturbs my peace". "No confused ears" is the content of "nothing", and both are the elements of "nothing", so the pause in reading this sentence is "no confused ears".
In addition, reading classical Chinese depends most on the sense of language, so it is natural to read more.
First of all, we should distinguish the components in a sentence, such as subject and predicate. Then find out additional components, such as adverbials of time and place, such as "today". There are also modal particles and modal particles, such as "Ruofu", "Ruofu", "Honesty" and "Truth".
The rest is only read in the order of subject and predicate, and the subject and predicate are separated from other components with short intervals.
5. How to suspend the reading of classical Chinese In the context of the implementation of the new curriculum standard, the examination of classical Chinese has also undergone new changes.
That is, it emphasizes reading ability, accumulation, transfer and application ability, language understanding ability and overall perception ability of the article, rather than focusing on morphology and syntax. Classical Chinese pause, as one of the reading abilities of ancient poems, is also an important content of examination, which should attract the attention of candidates.
Where do I have to stop? There are many similarities between the grammatical structures of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese. We can use the grammar knowledge of modern Chinese to determine where to pause. 1. Stop after the related words and modal particles at the beginning of the sentence.
For example: (1) Although/make trouble. (2) therefore, the gentleman to defeat the enemy without fighting.
(3) Guy/the deceased was guilty at the age of one. Although Gu in Example (1) and Example (2) is a conjunction, Gai in Example (3) is a modal particle.
2. Pause after the adverbial at the beginning of the sentence. (4) It's already sunset.
(5) People who lived with my ancestors. (6)China/ China is a small house.
In cases (4) and (5), "He" and "Zhu" are adverbials, indicating time, and in case (6), "Zhong" is also an adverbial, indicating orientation. There should be a pause between the subject and the predicate.
[7] Teng/Chen Shouba Ling County. (8) If/poisoned? My father passed away.
"Teng Amethyst" in Example (7) is a noun with a subject; If is a pronoun and subject in case (8); "My father" in Example (9) is a radical phrase with a subject. There should be a pause between predicate, object and complement.
(10) Rebuild/Yueyang Tower. (1 1) Have a taste and beg/show goodwill to the people.
(12) for those who will sue/participate in the activity. The "Yueyang Tower" in the example (10) is a noun and used as the object of "repair"; In the example (1 1), "the heart of ancient benevolent people" is a radical phrase used as the object of "seeking"; Example (12) "People who take part in activities" is an object-object phrase, which is the complement of "Gao".
5. Pause between parallel phrases. (13) mountain products/wild bream.
(14) belongs to fertile land/meichi/mulberry. Example (13) "wild vegetables" and "pheasant", example (14) "fertile land", "beautiful pond" and "mulberry" are all coordinate phrases.
Where can't we stop? Generally speaking, there should be no pause between the following two phrases, otherwise it will affect the original meaning of ancient Chinese. 1. phrases (15) and/neighbor's life/day Cu.
(16) Those who get the word/help more. (17) However, birds know/like forests.
In the example, "neighbor's student" (15), "enlightened person" (16) and "happiness in the forest" (17) are all partial phrases and are the subject of the sentence, so they should be read continuously. 2. Preposition phrase (18) is not enough.
What is (19) like? Example (18) "Being an outsider" is an object-object phrase, which serves as the complement of "life"; Example (19) is a special fixed usage in "Ru … He", which is equivalent to "What about that?"
It is worth noting that the above is only the basic law of pause, and it cannot be applied mechanically. It should be used flexibly after correctly understanding the meaning of the sentence in a specific context. Only in this way can we find the correct answer smoothly.
6. Skills for dividing the reading rhythm of classical Chinese What are the methods for dividing the reading rhythm of classical Chinese? 1. Determine the reading rhythm according to the grammatical structure of classical Chinese sentences. Generally speaking, the grammatical structure of classical Chinese sentences is roughly the same as that of modern Chinese.
A complete sentence consists of subject, predicate and object. The reading pause of classical Chinese sentences is often between subject and predicate, or between verb and object.
This division accords with the complete expression of sentence meaning. Such as: (3) giving/trying/being kind (Yueyang Tower) (4) rate/wife/foreigner/coming to this corner (Peach Blossom Garden) 2. Determine the reading rhythm according to the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence. Some classical Chinese sentences contain modal particles at the beginning, indicating that they will make comments and prompt the reasons, such as: (5) Beggar/One-year-old sentenced to death/Two Swallows ("Snake Catcher") (6) Husband/abstaining from attacking it/but failed ("If you get help from the Tao, you won't get help from the Tao") Third, according to the "Zhi" in the sentence. In classical Chinese, the usage of "zhi" is many and complicated.
The word "zhi", which plays a soothing role, helps us to determine the reading rhythm: the pause is often after, so that the tone of the whole sentence is not urgent, but urgent. Such as: (7) Peng Zhi/moved to Nanming, and the water hit three thousand miles.
("Zhuangzi Happy Tour") (8) Medical care/good governance/thinking about merit. (See Cai Henggong) Fourth, determine the reading rhythm according to the conjunctions or endings at the beginning of the sentence. If there are conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence indicating assumptions, turning points, etc. Such as "if", "er", "naturally" or concluding words such as "so" and "that's it", these words often need to be paused.
If you stop printing three or two copies, it won't be easy. (Trapped door) (10) and/or the mountain does not increase (one mountain in Gong Yu) (1 1) But when can we have fun (the story of Yueyang Tower) (12)? /From then on, it was called Zuiweng to determine the reading rhythm according to the inherent logical meaning of the sentence. There is a typical example in the classical Chinese selected by junior high school: there is a dog (wolf) sitting in front. The understanding of "dog" in this sentence is the most critical: it cannot be understood as "dog", but as a dog, and "dog" is a noun as an adverbial.
One of the wolves sat in front of the butcher like a dog. According to the understanding of the meaning of the sentence, the pause of this sentence should be after "one", that is, one/dog sits in front.
The rhythm division of the following sentences should also follow the logical meaning: nature/getting it and wax it/taking it as bait (snake catcher said). In fact, there are far more than five ways to divide the reading rhythm of classical Chinese sentences, and these five methods are not used in isolation. To correctly divide the reading rhythm, we need to accurately understand the meaning of the sentence and grasp its inherent logical meaning.
Skills and methods of dividing the reading rhythm of classical Chinese; Reading sentences clearly and pausing correctly is one of the requirements for reading classical Chinese. There are two kinds of pauses: one is the pause between sentences, that is, the length and intonation of the pause between sentences are determined according to punctuation marks; One is a short pause in a sentence, which is a tone pause divided by words or phrases according to the internal relationship between sentence components.
The premise of correct pause in a sentence is to master the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence. Therefore, when answering such questions, we can first translate the sentences to clearly understand the meaning, and regard the texts with similar meanings as "meaning units", and there is often a pause between "units" and "units"; When analyzing the grammatical structure, we can first grasp the verb, connect the words before and after the verb, observe the whole sentence, find the subject forward, find the object backward, and then find other components, so that we can determine the grammatical structure of the sentence and determine the pause in the sentence accordingly. Reading knowledge map is an important aspect of language ability, and the pause in sentences, especially in classical Chinese, is an important embodiment of reading ability.
There are six situations: pay attention to pause. 1, there should be a pause between the subject and the predicate.
There should be a pause between the predicate and the object. There should be a pause between the predicate center and the prepositional phrase.
There should be a pause between "Gu Er and Jin Yi". There should be a pause after the related words.
6. There should be a pause after the general introduction. Third, there are several ways to determine the pause in the paragraph: 1, the auxiliary word at the beginning of the sentence (also called the first word of the sentence), and the pause after the related word.
In classical Chinese, there are some function words placed at the beginning of a sentence, which play the role of emphasizing mood or guiding the whole sentence or even the whole paragraph. Commonly used opening words and related words mainly include the following types: opening words: ruzhi, ruruo, ruruo, fu, rufu, Gai, ran, ze, ran, qi, ruruo, yi, yi.
For example, if it's spring and Jingming, if it's husband's lewd rain, then it's appropriate for Beitong Martial Arts to open a holy court conjunction: and, although, because, "talent" and "so". For example, if you don't read the stone, even if I die, God will be responsible. If you are human, you should pause after these words and don't read them in the following words.
2. There were two monosyllabic words in ancient times and one disyllabic word in modern Chinese, which should be read separately. Therefore, God will be responsible for/to people.
(2) can/and the first world war. (3) The sound of middle/middle force collapsing.
In 1, "so" and "Yu" are prepositions, "gei" means pronouns, and the meaning of "this" should be read separately. In Example 2, "ke" is two monosyllabic words. "Ke" is a will verb and "Yi" is a preposition.
In Example 3, "zhong" means "zhong" and "zhong" means "inclusion". 3. Pause in word order, that is, pause according to "subject-predicate object", "adverbial predicate" and "verb complement", that is, pause between subject and predicate, pause between verb and complement (generally not pause between attribute and head word) to make the meaning obvious.
The first emperor/minister was mean. "I am despicable" is a subject-predicate phrase as an object and cannot be pronounced as "first emperor/non-minister/despicable".
2 Good wood/beautiful and cloudy. (3) Q/What time is it now? (4) In an instant/a modern poem with Tang Xian written on it. Example (3) "Jia Mu" is the initiator of the action and the object of the statement, and there should be a pause between it and the following predicate.
The verbs "ask" and "carve" in examples 3 and 4.