First, the artistic conception and typical
China's aesthetics focuses on "expressing ambition" and "fate". "ambition" in pre-Qin philosophy refers to subjective intention and ideological motivation with strong ethical color, and sometimes it is an abstract concept. Confucius said, "Be kind with one heart, and do all kinds of evil." ("The Analects? Love refers to psychological activities, such as joy, anger, sorrow, fear, love, evil and desire, that is, "seven emotions". First of all, ambition and emotion in art must be distinguished from those in daily life. "Guoyu Wu" pointed out: "The appearance of a husband is also the love of China; Words, the appearance of the machine is also. As a feeling, it becomes the middle. Words, the text of the text is also. " "Words" and "words" are expressions of emotions. The Preface to Mao Poetry in the Han Dynasty also said: "Poets have aspirations. Heart is ambition, words are poetry, feelings are in the heart, and form is in words. "Advocate to express your feelings through' poetry' and' words'. The "ambition" in the aesthetic form has changed from an abstract concept to an understandable and experienced "meaning". Mencius said, "Therefore, a poet should not harm his words, not his ambition, but his will, so as to gain it." (On Mencius Zhang Wan) Zhuangzi believes that the main purpose of language lies in "meaning" rather than words: "Everything that is expensive in language has meaning, and what comes with it cannot be passed on through words, while books are passed on because of expensive words." ("Zhuangzi? Heaven) He has understood the meaning of aesthetic realm, which ordinary language can't convey.
Secondly, the emotion of aesthetic state must have vivid expression. Wang Changling in Tang Dynasty said that poetry has three realms: one is objectivity, the other is situation, and the third is artistic conception (poetic style), which created the basic category of China's aesthetics. From the relationship between mind and object, the objective lens is mainly an object, which is a "clear mirror image, so it looks like"; Situation is heart-centered, which means "however, if you think hard, you will get your feelings"; Artistic conception is "if you think from the heart, you will get its truth", that is, the integration of material environment and situation, and the unity of environmental truth and emotion. "Jing" was originally a Buddhist term, meaning a mysterious and illusory place, which was borrowed from aesthetics.
In the Tang Dynasty, Jiao Ran said in "Taking Territory": "If you take territory, you must take risks first, and then you will see strange sentences. After the article is written, it seems that it is easy to get it without thinking ("poetic style"). It is indeed "extremely difficult and dangerous" for a poet to integrate his feelings into the external environment, but when the reader appreciates them, there is no trace, which seems to be "obtained without thinking". Jiao Ran brilliantly summed up the process of taking advantage of meaning as "comparing with image, promoting with meaning, and meaning is the meaning under image". "That is to say, with the method of Bixing, the emotion is projected into the scene of foreign objects, and the image of the external objective lens contains emotion.
"Artistic conception" reveals the essence of China's aesthetics, which is the fusion of meaning and environment, emotion and scenery, and me and things. It is a high generalization of the aesthetic characteristics of paying attention to expressing the subject's emotions and simulating the real world. Once put forward, it has been discussed and played by future generations. In the Tang Dynasty, Quan Deyu put forward "the connection of mood" and Si Kongtu put forward "the unity of mood", which is the development of the theory of "artistic conception". Si Kongtu analyzes the scene, image, rhyme, taste and purpose in the artistic conception, which is not limited by artistic images and can have richer meanings and a wider world, and points out that "the meaning beyond the image, the image beyond the image" and "the meaning beyond the rhyme and the meaning beyond the taste" are important aesthetic characteristics of the artistic conception. From Song and Yuan Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, on the one hand, the theory of artistic conception extended to various art categories. For example, Shou Ping, a painter in the Qing Dynasty, said, "Meaning is far, not far from tranquility; The territory is expensive and deep, not curved or deep. " Wang Guowei commented on Yuanqu and said: "The beauty of its articles can be summarized in one sentence: only artistic conception." On the other hand, the theory of artistic conception is more mature and perfect. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shizhen believed that the key to the combination of mind and environment was "emotion": "It seems impossible to achieve it, but it takes a long time to study hard, and then God and environment will suddenly come" (one yuan and two words). According to different aesthetic characteristics, he also divided the artistic conception into "true realm", "beautiful realm", "wonderful realm" and "transformed realm".
The taste and rhyme of Indian aesthetics are close to China's theory of artistic conception. "The soul of poetry, like the [soul] of a beautiful and lovely body, is the essence of the poet's praise. There are two kinds of literal meaning and understanding meaning. " 1[ 1] has many meanings, one of which is "characterized by taste". For example, "sadness" can produce the "taste" of "sadness", which can only be obtained by understanding the meaning. Understanding meaning is a hint: "A great poet becomes a great poet only because he uses implied meaning and implied meaning (words), not because he just makes up what he says (meaning) and what he can say (words)." This theory is very close to China's "artistic conception" theory, which emphasizes the need to leave room for association and aftertaste, so that readers can understand and create deeper and broader meanings in aesthetics. When Si Kongtu said, "different from"
When taste can be used to express poetry, Vishnu also said, "Without it (taste). ), this (sentence) is not poetic. " How similar they are, exactly the same.
Western aesthetics focuses on "imitation" and "principle". Socrates put forward an idealized proposition when the theory of "imitation" was formed, arguing that it is necessary to "choose from many people, concentrate the best part of everyone, and make all parts beautiful". He also mentioned "describing people's mental state" and "expressing psychological activities" [2]. When Aristotle discussed "imitation" in Poetics, he thought that "poetry describes the universal, while history describes the individual." He described "universality" as "what someone will say and do according to the law of possibility or inevitability". This view reveals the ideological bud of typical theory. Horace said in "The Art of Poetry": "I advise writers who already know what to write to look for models in their lives and customs and learn a living language from them." His so-called model has a uniform average value in quantity, so it is universal.
Renaissance emphasizes the improvement, beautification and idealization of nature, which not only imitates individual natural things, but also reveals the general laws and similarities of natural things. Da? As a "second nature", the art proposed by Finch does not stop at the superficial imitation of nature. In his notes, he said: "A painter should study the universal nature, pay more attention to what his eyes see, and use the beautiful parts that make up all kinds of things." In On Sculpture, alberti, a sculptor in the15th century, thinks that to be realistic, on the one hand, we should try our best to be like a creature, on the other hand, we should try our best to reproduce and depict not only ordinary people, but an individual's face and all shapes. The theory of "type" is an important part of the theory of "typicality", which holds that a person should not only have personality, but also have the type of occupation, class and personality. /kloc-In the 8th century, French boileau demanded that all kinds of personality types be molded from universal humanity, such as arrogance, selfishness, awe and honesty. Montesquieu believes that beauty is the most universal and representative collection of things.
The theory of "typicality" started from Goethe and Hegel and got rid of the limitation of "type". Goethe's simple imitation of nature? Artistic technique? Artistic style thinks that copying is only the primary stage of creation, and it should also enter the second stage of highlighting the main characteristics, and form its own style on the basis of a basic understanding of things. In The Collector and His Companion, he thinks that artists should study the similarities and differences of things and draw the concept of "class" from it, but only by endowing it with the characteristics of God can they create "beauty".