According to legend, in the third year of Jianping in the Western Han Dynasty (4 BC), in the fief of Liu Yun, the king of Dongping, "there were huge stones standing across the mountain, nine feet six inches high, and moved to the original site ten feet. I heard it from far and near, and I was shocked. " It turned out to be a good rectangular boulder lying down, with no long legs and no one touched it, but it turned over and stood up. King Dongping had a premonition that this was not a good omen (people were superstitious at that time), so he built the shape of a mountain in his palace, set up a stone statue and inserted yellow grass to pray at any time. This matter was known by two dummies who were "waiting to be summoned" in Beijing, one named Xifugong (Xifu, surname) and the other named Sun Chong, and they made a big fuss about it, spreading rumors and slanders, in order to cheat the emperor's trust and achieve the purpose of sealing the official and increasing the title. So he wrote to Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, saying that Liu Yun's letter was "neutral stone in the palace, only destroying the imperial court, wanting but not looking forward to it, doing Huo Xian's plan, and changing Jing Ke", and he often handed the letter to Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty. The phrase "The change of Jing Ke is Huo Xian's plan" stung Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, so he immediately decided to abolish it without investigation and verification, and all other participants were put to death. Ting Wei Liang Xiang and Shang Shu ordered the altar to be raised, but Zong Bofeng, a servant, hurriedly stopped it, and advised Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty to attach importance to evidence and not to trust confessions. In a rage, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty was sentenced to "I don't know how to hate beggars, but wait and see, and crimes should be equal". These three were also expelled from the imperial court and the people were eliminated. In order to save his life, Jutan fled to Xiping, Liangzhou with his son Jutuan, and changed his name to Qu. This is the origin of the true historical stories such as "gathering the altar to change the tune", "taking refuge in Huangzhong, living in Xiping" and "gathering the songs to share the same clan" recorded in Hanshu, Custom Yi Tong, Zitongzhi Bamboo Slips and Yuanhexing Compilation.
From then on, for a long time, the descendants of Jutan always developed from Xiping to Jincheng along the Huangshui River, and even developed into a famous and huge Qushi Group that once influenced the history of Northwest China. The Book of Jin records: "You can't count cattle and sheep; "There are Zhumen in the south and brothels in the north" shows its wealth and power. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were many famous warriors in the Qu family, such as Qu Yi, a famous expert in the early Three Kingdoms, Qu Yun, a warrior who fought against Cao Cao in the west with Han Sui and Ma Chaoyao, and Qu Yun, the governor of the Western Jin Dynasty and the official to the left servant. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Qujia, the famous king of Gao Changguo in the Western Regions, also came from Yuzhong, Jincheng. According to Yuanhe's surname, Qu Jia is the 11th grandson of Ju Wei, the son of Ju Tan. Qu Gaochang founded the country in 134, passed down for nine generations, and was finally defeated by Hou, the general of Emperor Taizong. Qu is the son of Qu Zhizhan, the younger brother of the last king. He was very famous in the era of Wu Zetian and was the hereditary general of Zuo Wuwei, the king of Jiaohe County. During the Tang Dynasty, a branch of the Qu family moved from the Western Zhou Dynasty to Huzhou, Jiangsu Province. "The Book of Tang Dynasty" said: Qu Xinling was born in Xing Wu, and was appointed as the magistrate of Wangjiang County in the eleventh year of Taizong Zhenguan. During the drought, Qu Xinling led her family to put incense cases day after day to pray for the people. Because of his persistence, God was finally moved by the heavy rain, which eased the drought and touched the people. They all spontaneously set up ancestral halls for him. The famous poet Bai Juyi wrote a poem "Qin Zhongyin" for him. The poem said: "I heard about Wangjiang County, and songs made me feel comfortable;" There are benevolent policies in the official, and the name is not heard in the capital; I want to be buried, and the people cover Luqi; You are not allowed to climb the iron well, leaving this river with you; So far, men and women cry; No one stands on the monument, only the city people know. "There is a couplet that praises him like this, saying,' Pray for nectar, gather righteousness for poetry, and benefit politics; "Your home is in the world, and Xizhou is declared in all the doors", which is a good county magistrate deeply supported by the people. "
However, such a vigorous Qu family in history suddenly disappeared after the Song Dynasty, and its surname was not recorded. So far, there is no case of Qu surname in Chinese mainland. What happened in the middle, and where did the huge Qu family group go from here? If you want to know the difference, you have to start with a hundred surnames.
It is said that Hundred Family Names was edited by a Confucian scholar in Qiantang County in the early Southern Song Dynasty, and it has been printed and distributed 1000 years. During this period, three versions have been circulated, and the surnames of these three versions are almost the same. The only difference is in the sentence "Zhen Qu Jia Yin". One is the seal of Zhenqu family name in traditional Chinese characters, the other is the seal of Zhenqu family name in simplified Chinese characters, and the third is the seal of Wei Zhen family name. Among these three versions, the record of "Zhen Qu Jia Yin" is undoubtedly the continuation of the original version, the record of "Zhen Qu Jia Yin" is the simplified version of the original name, and the record of "Wei Zhen Jia Yin" is the wrong version. Because the eighth sentence in the above three versions records "General Jin Tao Wei", it is judged to be wrong edition. Since the surname "Wei" has been made up in front, how is it possible in the back? From the traditional "seal of Zhenqu family" to the simplified "seal of Zhenqu family", there is only one word difference, which has fully expressed the process of the transformation from Qu surname to Qu surname.
In addition, there is a famous four-character couplet "Jincheng Chunxian Mingjiao" in Qushi Ancestral Hall, which can also prove the conversion of surnames. When a friend surnamed Qu explained this couplet, he said that the first couplet refers to "Qu Jian" of Jincheng, and the second couplet refers to "Qu Zhen" of Jiuquan, with the remark that "Qu Jian is a famous family of Jincheng in the Western Jin Dynasty". According to this train of thought, the author consulted a large number of historical materials, but never found anyone who "sees injustice". After further analysis, the author thinks that the so-called "Sawing Song" is actually the misspelling of "Qu Yun", and this Qu Yun is just the shorthand of Qu Yun, the Jincheng Haozu recorded above. If this judgment holds, the upper and lower parts of couplets have evolved along the zigzag structure of "Qu-Qu-Qu", in which Qu is a variant of Qu and Qu is a simplification of Qu.
Recently, I have seen many statements about the origin of Qu's surname on the Internet. First, it said, "According to" Customs Tong ",in the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke of Jin appointed his youngest son as Taifu Quwo, and later generations took the land as their surname, calling it Qu surname." Second, it is said that "the surname of Qu originated from the minister of Xia Dynasty's Qu inverse, and the imperial history of Qin Dynasty's Qu Palace". In order to verify the reliability of the first argument mentioned above, the author studied the modern edition of "Sikuquanshu Customs Tong", and also consulted the notes of Qian Daxin and others in Qing Dynasty, the editor of "Sikuquanshu" and Wang Qili's proofreading of customs Tong. Custom Tong, formerly known as Custom, was written by Ying Shao at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Custom Tong (36 volumes) was partially lost in the Song Dynasty (including surnames). When editing Yongle Dadian in Ming Dynasty, it was supplemented according to the records of some ancient books. The supplementary edition of the surname custom of Yongle Dadian basically reflects the original appearance of Ying's works. The Qing Dynasty's Sikuquanshu Custom Pass was compiled according to the Ming Dynasty's Yongle Grand Ceremony. In the custom of general surnames, Yi Shi Yi * * * includes more than 530 surnames that existed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. There is no record that Qu surname or Qu surname is Qu Wohuan's uncle, only "Ju Zhi: there was a minister in the Han Dynasty who ordered him to live in Tan, or Qu (Qu) had (achievements) in the Han Dynasty, and" Han's ancestors came from Han, and Uncle Qu Wohuan's son lived in Hanyuan for thousands of years, because he thought his surname was ". Moreover, even the name of Uncle Quwo Huan has never appeared. I don't know from which custom the person who holds this statement reprinted it. However, neither Hundred Family Names in the Southern Song Dynasty nor Hundred Family Names later circulated recorded Qu's surname.
For the second point of view, the author thinks that the records of Qu Ni, the minister of Xia Dynasty, and the imperial court of Qin Dynasty probably refer to the names of people, just like Confucius' students and Zi You. Imagine, if Qu's surname did have a surname at that time, and there was a normal family surname, then why are these two words clearly recorded in historical records, but their surnames are not included in the famous surnames that run through more than 1000 years? The only answer is that the word "Qu" didn't have a surname at that time. Qu surname is a simplification of Qu surname in history, and Qu surname is a change of ju surname. In fact, many friends surnamed Qu are also puzzled by the above views. It is obvious that my family is descended from a great family. How did you suddenly become a descendant of Uncle Qu Wohuan, Qu Inverse and Qu Gong? No wonder a friend surnamed Qu exclaimed, "Our surname Qu is really special. Do not appear in the hundred surnames or continue the hundred surnames. Where did Qu surname come from? " !
There is a famous saying in Qu's Genealogy: I don't know if my ancestors are strange, but it is a great sin to risk my ancestors. This is a strong understanding of the ancient patriarchal clan system in China. It's not that serious. Modern people think that a name is just a symbol, so there is no need to make a fuss. But as an academic research and a source, we should explore the origin and development of things with a scientific attitude. We should not cling to Uncle Quwo just because there is a place called Quwo in history, and we should not take it for granted that Quwo's surname in Jiaodong is an locust tree immigrant from Hongdong, Shanxi Province, let alone a "Ququ family" that has been passed down from mouth to mouth for many years. It is a misleading, blasphemous and irresponsible attitude to rashly draw the conclusion that "Qu family originated from Qu Wo's official book, Qu inverse and Qu Gong".
The above facts show us a historical picture of the evolution of surnames covering a vast time and space: at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Qu's surname experienced more than 900 years of development and gradually evolved into a song from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. This is the real source of "ancestors abandoned bows to avoid disasters and changed songs", "bow and song families" and "dead bows and living songs" circulating in some bow and song families. Moreover, I think this abbreviation is only limited to the abbreviation of surname evolution, and does not contain the meaning of font simplification, because the word "Qu" is also an ancient Chinese character. As Chinese characters, Qu and Qu had completely different meanings in ancient times, just as Qufu and Quwo in history could not be written as "Qufu" and "Quwo".
In addition, a genealogy of Qushi in Donglai revised by Xuantongyuan can also prove that a considerable part of Qushi in China originated from laymen. In this genealogy revised by Qu Zijia's family, the section of "Qu's Examination" records: "The ancient legend (Qu's family) is the descendant of Ju's family. Yuan Ying, the ancestor taboo, was the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty. Originally in Huangxian County, he was entrusted to Weng Zhong in the north of the city, and the tomb table still exists. The surname of the distressed family is relatively hidden, and the surname easily flows into the soil, which becomes a song. Although there is no evidence in the cloud, ancient ancestors have made detailed statements in the past. " It is said that the distant ancestor of Qu family is one of the three official positions in the imperial court. Because of his misfortune, the official took refuge in another country and easily bowed his head. Although the legend can't be verified, it was handed down from generation to generation by our ancestors. It should be based on certain facts, not nonsense.
According to textual research, the name of this senior official who was banished to the palace as recorded in Donglai Qushi Genealogy is Ju, a senior official of the Western Han Dynasty as recorded in Historical Records. After the change of tune in Jutan, Qu's family has been thriving in the northwest. With the continuous growth and final decline of the family, surnames are also evolving along the tortuous structure of "Ju-Qu-Qu". In order to determine the exact age of this evolution, the author consulted all kinds of rubbings existing in the Chinese rubbings database of the National Library of China, and found seven rubbings of Qu's epitaph, the earliest of which was Yuan Shoufei's epitaph of Qu's family unearthed in Luoyang, Henan Province in the fourth year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 507), and the latest was Qu Shanyue's epitaph unearthed in Luoyang, Henan Province in the second year of Tang Longshuo (AD 662). * * * There are 17 rubbings of Qu's epitaph. The earliest one is the epitaph of Qu Department and his wife Chua unearthed in Nanyang, Henan Province (AD 822), and the latest one is the epitaph of Yan Shutang and his wife Chua unearthed in Wutai, Shanxi Province (AD 1935). As can be seen from the above search results, the surname Qu and his epitaph came to an abrupt end in 662 AD, while the surname Qu was engraved on the tablet in 822 AD, with an interval of 160 years. The author thinks that this period is an uncertain period from Qu surname to Qu surname. For example, Qu, who lived in the early Tang Dynasty, was recorded as "Qu" or "Qu (Qu) inherited from" in some historical books, from which we can see that Qu just completed the evolution from Qu to Qu in the early Tang Dynasty. The epitaph of Qu Huan's grandson Qu, unearthed in Luoyang, Henan Province, has officially engraved the word "Qu" in the epitaph as the surname, indicating that in the second year of Tang Huichang (AD 842), some Qu surnames have evolved along the shape of "Qu-Qu-Qu", which was originally abbreviated as "Qu". It was not until the late Southern Song Dynasty that the morphological evolution limited to surnames was finally completed. From then on, "Qu" thought, otherwise, where is the famous and huge Qu family in history?
To sum up, it can be concluded that in the evolution history of surnames in China, there was no Qu surname before the Tang Dynasty, and Qu surname was converted from the historical Qu surname through fonts, and this font conversion was limited to the "Qu-Qu" surname conversion, which did not include the meaning of simplifying Chinese characters. In fact, in history, lay people changed their tune because of avoiding disasters, not only this time, as mentioned above, but also in the late Northern Song Dynasty, the end of Yuan Dynasty, the beginning of Ming Dynasty and the end of Ming Dynasty. So why is it that every time the giant surname encounters a disaster in history, it will be attached to the surname Qu in turn, so it is called "dead bow and lively tune"? This may be the historical complex that can't be solved in Drama Family!