Question 2: What does feudalism mean? The so-called feudalism, should be fiefs to build princes. But I also think that what we say about feudalism and its original meaning are misplaced. Nowadays, feudalism seems to have some traditional things that run counter to our democracy and freedom. We often talk about feudal paternalism and so on.
Feudal society, which means the social state of feudal system, is an academic term commonly used by Marxist historians.
The origin of the word feudalism is based on legal arguments. Marxist historians believe that it mainly emphasizes the division of land ownership. At present, feudal society and capitalist society are generally compared.
debate
Many western and overseas historians do not think that China had a feudal society in a strict sense, nor do they think that China's feudalism was limited to the Zhou Dynasty or even the Western Zhou Dynasty (see the system of enfeoffment). However, according to Marxist historiography, most countries and regions in history have experienced feudal social periods, such as Europe from the 9th century to about15th century. Since the Warring States Period, China has experienced a long feudal period. In feudal society, apart from emphasizing the ownership of land division, there is usually an obvious top-down class system.
The nature of feudal society
In feudal society, the natural economy was an economic structure based on land, combining agriculture with handicrafts, and taking the family as the production unit, which was self-enclosed and independent and mainly met the mutual needs of self. Most of the key means of production in this economic structure are in the hands of landlords (or feudal lords), so a class relationship of "landlords (feudal lords) exploiting farmers" can be formed.
In feudal society, the fundamental rule of the landlord class over other classes was feudal land ownership. By seizing land as means of production, the landlord class extorts land rent and usury from farmers who use land and exploits other classes. At the same time, different forms of feudal land ownership can be realized through contract leasing, paying land rent, hiring tenant farmers, etc., but its essence is still a relationship between exploitation and exploitation, which will not change the feudal society as the essence of class society.
Unique feudal thought
Feudal society often has quite obvious class system, such as the patriarchal clan system in China and the hierarch-king-Lord-jazz system in Western Europe, forming a pyramid-like ruling structure, but the relationship between them is not so perfect. Usually the Lord's jazz will no longer be loyal to the king, so there is a famous saying that "I am a minister, not a minister." However, this ruling structure can be maintained for a long time, which is the ideology of feudal society: it is usually based on "sovereign power", which combines some ideas that are beneficial to the ruling class and also contains some excellent moral values, the most typical of which is China's "Confucianism".
Changes in feudal society
What fundamentally shook feudal rule was the destruction of its relations of production. Peasant uprising and bourgeois revolution are both class struggles aimed at changing feudal land ownership (and thus changing the whole feudal system). Among them, the most typical is the basic production relationship of capitalism-wage labor.
The earliest capitalism was born in Italy with developed commodity economy at that time, such as Florence and Venice.
The natural economy representing capitalism is a commodity economy with commodity exchange and commodity production as its core. Because the purpose of production has changed from single satisfaction to providing goods to the society, the relations of production will be different from the original feudal system. Due to the development of commodity economy, the original natural economy was impacted and began to disintegrate. Farmers and craftsmen began to lose the means of production and become the proletariat, and then factory owners, that is, the earliest bourgeoisie, signed employment agreements with them, formed new production relations and hired labor.
With the disintegration of the capitalist economy to the original feudal natural economy, the increasingly powerful bourgeoisie has the ability to eliminate all factors that are contrary to the development of capitalism, such as the ideas of "divine right of nature" and "three cardinal guides and five permanents", and the production structure such as male ploughing and female weaving, and finally overthrow the feudal society and establish a capitalist country.
The destination of feudal society
Usually, feudal society will be transformed into capitalist society due to the development of productive forces. According to the various relations between the bourgeoisie and the feudal class, constitutional monarchy (Britain, Russia, the Second Reich of Germany, Japan, etc. ) and a * * * harmonious system (French * * Republic, German * * Republic, United States of America, etc. ) will form.
However, there are also special changes. For example, China changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and then crossed the capitalist society into a socialist society. (See * * *, * * and * * producing countries) ... >>
Question 3: What are the two meanings of feudal elements in Lv Simian? Lv Simian wrote in "A General History of China": "There are two kinds of feudal elements: one is the peerage, and the recipient is the same as any official. One is the people of the monarch, and the descendants are hereditary. It is an inherent right as a tribal chief and is unique to seals. " Of these two feudal elements, the latter is harmful to unity, while the former is not ~
Question 4: What is the meaning of feudalism? The feudal pronunciation explanation of the word fēng jiàn 1. [out] "Poetry? Shang song? Yanwu: "Life in the next country is blessed by feudalism." Mao Chuan: "Feng, uncle. "Zheng Xuan wrote:" Life is given to a small country, thinking that the son of heaven is lucky. It is said that soup will cure seventy miles. "Explain 2[ executive system] a political enfeoffment system. Feudal state and founding, that is, ancient emperors gave titles and land to relatives or heroes to establish countries in various regions. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor was the beginning of feudalism, and the weekly system was well prepared. A similar system was implemented in medieval Europe. [Out] The Book of Rites? Wang Zhi: "Wang's system is Lu Jue, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, etc ... The field of the son of heaven is thousands of miles, the public and the back field are hundreds of miles, Bo is seventy miles, and the son and the public are fifty miles." [Other] ① Zuo Chuan? Twenty-four-year-old Duke: "In the past, Duke Zhou's tribute to uncle was not salty, so the feudal relatives used the model." Confucius said, "Therefore, I made my relatives princes, thinking that they were fences to cover the surrounding rooms." Qin unified China and abolished the county. After Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty put down the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, the Han Dynasty established the country by sealing princes, but it was centralized. 2 "Historical Records? Three Kings Family: "In the past, the five emperors were different, Zhou Jue was the fifth class, and the Spring and Autumn Period was the third class, all based on time and sequence. Emperor Gao set things right and did the opposite, showing the highest virtue, settling down in the sea, being a feudal vassal, and being a second-class title. "Sima Zhen seeks seclusion:" Wang and Liehou. "3 Tang? Liu Zongyuan's On Feudalism: "Those feudalists are mostly ancient sages such as, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu. "4 Song? Lu You's "Reading the Book of Changes on Yuan Day" says: "Monk can only be feudal, and his grandson has stopped talking." ⑤ Yan Fu's On the Retirement of Education in China: "The Qin Dynasty is integrated with the world, more ancient and minefield-like, and it abandoned feudalism and set up counties and counties, and became famous by abandoning Confucianism. "Explain three [feudal * * *] refers to the feudal social form. [Example] ① Qu Qiubai's Journey to a Hungry Country 14: "The surging freedom war inspired them to expel landlords and overthrow feudal idols." ② Xie Juezai's unity, modesty and progress: "In feudal and private ownership society, the development of this virtue is limited. "Explain 4 [feudalism] metaphor is conservative, archaic and closed. [Example] Cao Ming's Braving the Wind and Waves: "He thought I was not liberated. I said that his mind is not liberated, and he is still the feudal brain! "Editing this feudal society (feudal society) refers to the social state of the feudal system, which is an academic term commonly used by Marxist historians. The origin of the word feudalism is based on legal arguments. Marxist historians believe that it mainly emphasizes the division of land ownership. At present, feudal society and capitalist society are generally compared. Controversy Most historians believe that China never had a strict feudal society, or that the feudal system in China was limited to the Zhou Dynasty or even the Western Zhou Dynasty (see the system of enfeoffment). However, according to Marxist historiography, most countries and regions in history have experienced feudal social periods, such as Europe from the 9th century to about15th century. Since the Warring States Period, China has experienced a long feudal period. In feudal society, apart from emphasizing the ownership of land division, there is usually an obvious top-down class system. The nature of feudal society in feudal society, the natural economy formed is an economic structure based on land, combining agriculture with handicrafts, taking the family as the production unit, self-enclosed and independent, and mainly meeting its own needs. Most of the key means of production in this economic structure are in the hands of landlords (or feudal lords), so a class relationship of "landlords (feudal lords) exploiting farmers" can be formed. In feudal society, the fundamental rule of the landlord class over other classes was feudal land ownership. By seizing land as means of production, the landlord class extorts land rent and usury from farmers who use land and exploits other classes. At the same time, different forms of feudal land ownership can be realized through contract leasing, paying land rent, hiring tenant farmers, etc., but its essence is still a relationship between exploitation and exploitation, which will not change the feudal society as the essence of class society. In the feudal society with unique feudal ideas, there are often quite obvious class systems, such as the patriarchal clan system in China and the hierarch-king-Lord-jazz system in Western Europe, which form a pyramid-like ruling structure, but the relationship between them is not so perfect. Usually, Lord Sir is not ... >>
Question 5: What does "feudalism" mean? I always think feudalism is synonymous with backwardness, conservatism and uncivilized. I saw this comment on the collar today.
What does this feudalism mean? I wanted to understand it correctly, so I ran to ask the ferry. The encyclopedia's answer brought me back to the relations of production in middle school textbooks.
Self-sealing of means of production
Pyramids and so on. Wait. Seeing these explanations, I can't help but contact the real problems and ask the families of ZF officials ~ but I also found an interesting blog post, that "
The blogger "grinding bricks into mirrors" explained the word "feudalism" interestingly, and also explained that he wanted to confuse the audience and wrote some phenomena that were not feudalism, but feudalism.
Many people are talking about the word feudalism, but they always misunderstand and express their feelings. In English, this word is called FUDALISM. Although a group of people have created many countries, in my opinion, it is nothing more than some bosses collecting protection fees, occupying a piece of land and engaging in some local armed forces. At best, they are even heroes of China (chivalrous men, criminals who compete with the country for profits). Compared with foreigners' feudalism, China's feudalism seems to have the bearing of some big countries. Really, there was a legitimate boss (emperor) who gave his brother and other relatives a fief and asked him to take a group of people to create a country. The so-called fief is the founding of the country. In the words of Mr. Qian Mu, feudalism in the west is only a social form, while feudalism in China is a social system. Of course, this system is limited to the early history of China. After the abolition of the well field system and the formation of the private land system, the feudal system ceased to exist and did not last until the Qing Dynasty as our history books said. I remember that the authoritative high school history teaching at that time said that the Qing Dynasty was a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, which really praised the political openness of the Qing Dynasty. According to my understanding, the Qing Dynasty should be the most centralized monarchy in the history of China. In fact, with the loss of feudal system, monarchical power became more and more concentrated, and it was considered to be the master in the Qing Dynasty. Not only did there not be a prime minister, there was not even a cabinet, but a small room was built in the inner gate of the palace, and several people were put in, named the military department. Where is the military department? In fact, it is the slaughter institution within the emperor. Officials don't need any rank, and there is no so-called fairness, justice and justice. As long as the emperor sees you pleasing to the eye, you can walk in the military department. What is walking? Even if you show your face and do business in it, you can make waves because you represent the emperor.
Having said that, everyone should understand that the word feudalism is not what we used to understand as "superstition and backwardness". It is just a system, just like an official who bought a piece of land abroad and sent his children abroad to study. Fortunately, there is a way out in the future. Actually, it's as simple as that. China is so big that she needs someone to take care of her. Who will go? Of course, it is the closest person to management! How can we give full play to their subjective initiative? Give him the place and let him be the big landlord. Note that this landlord is often difficult to do, because fiefs are generally not in the hinterland of the Central Plains, and most of them are uninhabited frontiers, and they fight foreigners every day. In the early years of the Han Dynasty, Han Wangxin, who had the same name as Han Xin, simply became a foreigner and surrendered because his fief was too close to the Xiongnu.
So many things that are not a problem in our opinion may have some problems when we think about them carefully. We are just used to that, of course, we follow a wrong concept.
Question 6: What is the meaning of feudalism? Feudalism means standing still. Good things are unwilling to learn and progress. Always content with the status quo. But now social seal has two meanings.
The first floor is nice. For example, some people write very well in calligraphy. You would say they are feudal. Now is the era of typing. Who can write in Chinese calligraphy?
In fact, calligraphy is a high-quality thing.
The first floor is not good For example, people nowadays like breasts. You call it obscene, others will call you feudal. In fact, this is a bad culture.
Question 7: What exactly does feudalism mean? The feudal system of not copying was originally meant to be enfeoffment in ancient China, which first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty (it was the enfeoffment system of 72 princes at that time, wasn't it). Later, feudalism mentioned in ancient literature basically meant the same thing. Therefore, according to the original intention, medieval western Europe was truly "feudal": land, wealth and status were also hierarchical, and strict order was established within the nobility. On the contrary, in ancient China, the enfeoffment system was basically no longer implemented since the Qin Dynasty (even if there were governors, they had no right to rule any piece of land, but they still had to obey the imperial bureaucrats. The Western Han Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty were special cases). Ancient literature often said that Qin abolished feudalism and went to counties (now it is said that Qin reformed to establish feudal system), and feudalism was regarded as a local ruling system alongside counties.
Now feudalism is defined by western historiography (especially Marx). In fact, medieval Europe was very different from ancient China. In ancient China, there were no aristocrats who were divided into different ranks. The emperor was centralized and ruled by bureaucrats. There is no independent manor economy, only relatively free small-scale peasant economy and landlord forces. There is no church theocracy. In fact, the original definition is very inconsistent with the history of China. Accurately speaking, if it is in line with reality, the overall characteristics of feudalism are: from slave society to capitalist society, self-sufficient agricultural economy is dominant, mainly ruled by the landlord class, and autocratic regime is generally implemented, often accompanied by control over social life, ideology and culture (the above views come from individuals. . . ), etc. Those who meet these characteristics can be called feudalism.
Due to political factors, feudalism has a certain derogatory meaning in modern China. Sometimes it is used to symbolize backward phenomena and concepts (such as paternalism and superstition), or to symbolize stubbornness, or to arbitrarily reject dissidents, and so on. In short, it is common in ancient society, but it has fallen behind the times in modern times.
Question 8: What does feudalism mean? Feudalism is to establish a country by fiefs.
The word feudalism has different meanings in ancient and modern times. In ancient times, the feudal system corresponded to the county system. In ancient times, disputes often occurred between feudal counties. Feudalism refers to the enfeoffment system similar to the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the county system refers to centralization similar to the Qin Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, the central government was weak and incompetent. Liu Zongyuan wrote a book on feudalism to discuss the importance of centralization. Later, the central government in China often adopted a centralized approach. Of course, there are many governors who establish kings, but at this time the kingdom is mostly counties, and the governors stay in the capital instead of fiefs.
Question 9: What does feudalism mean? Why is it feudal? What is this? Let's go Feudalism is a kind of social ideology, and the social form on which this ideology exists is feudal society. As for the definition of "feudal society", due to the different understanding of Marxist theory of social formation, there have been differences in academic circles on whether there is a feudal society in China, when China entered the feudal society, and how to treat the differences between the feudal society in China and the feudal society in Western Europe. The academic debate on "feudalism in Western Zhou Dynasty", "feudalism in Warring States" and "feudalism in Qin and Han Dynasties" has never stopped until today. The purpose of this paper is not to focus on the debate of various viewpoints, but to try to explain the main characteristics and the main ideological core of feudalism from the ideological level. Feudal society is a hierarchical society. No matter how different scholars are about the beginning time of China's feudal social form, the description of this social form is consistent, that is, it is a hierarchical society, which maintains the hierarchical system at the institutional level and demonstrates and guarantees the hierarchical system at the ideological level. When the Western Zhou Dynasty established the patriarchal clan system and implemented the enfeoffment system, China entered the feudal social form. The Zhou Dynasty implemented the patriarchal system of enfeoffment, established a social hierarchical system, and formed the ideological concept of maintaining this hierarchical system-Zhou Li. After Qin and Han Dynasties, the hierarchical system, as the core of the social value system, inherited and further strengthened the Western Zhou Dynasty. First of all, Qin Shihuang unified the world and established the supreme imperial power. In the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu endowed the imperial power with a certain divinity by the theory of "harmony between man and nature". The popularity of "Tianzi" as the folk title of the emperor has since established a hierarchical system with "imperial power" as the highest authority, forming a hierarchical chain of monarchical power, patriarchal power and husband power. Jia Yuanchun's relatives, grandmother and parents meet them, and the scene in A Dream of Red Mansions is a vivid epitome. Second, the well-field system was replaced by private ownership of land, and the small-scale peasant economy became the most basic social and economic form after Qin and Han Dynasties. The remnants of his life have not disappeared to this day. The small-scale peasant economy is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it enables most people to gain freedom from others and the government because they own a small piece of land, on the other hand, it strengthens the social hierarchical order all the time. Third, the county system replaced the enfeoffment system, and the emperor "ruled the world with long-term policies." Under centralization of authority, the social structure at all levels is bound by layers, so that bureaucrats at all levels have the obligation to maintain but few rights, and the hierarchy runs through the structural units at all levels of society. Fourthly, the imperial examination system since Sui and Tang Dynasties replaced the hereditary system, which provided a convenient door for people from bitter and cold backgrounds to enter the upper class, but also made the rules of grades more complete. Fifthly, from the ideological level, after Qin and Han Dynasties, especially after the ceremony entered the law in the Tang Dynasty, the ceremony entered the law, and "ceremony" became "reason" and "righteousness". As the highest standard to adjust the relationship among all members of society, it has established the Three Cardinals and Six Disciplines, which is known as "justice" from and before heaven and earth. Therefore, in the long feudal rule, the governance with the three cardinal guides and six disciplines as the core basically has only tyranny that is superior to inferiority, respect and inferiority, and is longer than small, and only absolute obedience that is inferior to superiority, respect and inferiority. "You want to die, I dare not die. If a father wants his son to die, his son will die. " And this idea constitutes the core of feudalism. This complete and solemn hierarchy constitutes one of the most important features of feudalism: absolutism. The core of absolutism is absolutism with feudal characteristics, and its core is the so-called ritual system at the ideological level. In China's traditional feudalism, the core position is "courtesy" and "benevolence". "Rite" refers to the hierarchical birthright system stipulated in Zhou Li, that is, a set of very detailed etiquette norms and regulations formulated in the early Western Zhou Dynasty to safeguard the interests of the slave owners and nobles, and to mark the kinship and hierarchical birthright. It is mandatory and has become a tool for maintaining hierarchical social order. "Rite" defines the social status and subordinate relationship of everyone in society through different forms of etiquette, and no one can arbitrarily overstep it. Ritual system is a form of political order and social governance inherited by the feudal ruling class from slave owners and nobles. "Benevolence" refers to love, with filial piety, kindness, loyalty and forgiveness as its main contents. "Benevolence" serves "courtesy". The theory of "propriety" and "benevolence" is to maintain strict hierarchy, emphasize order, demand people's obedience, and take patriarchal clan system as a means to maintain society and consolidate a society with absolute monarchy. "Rule by courtesy" is about "rule by man": "rule by man". And "rule by man" is bound to show autocracy that is basically not subject to supervision and restriction. The emperor is the most ... >>