From the Three Kingdoms period
up to now, although it has been more than 1,7 years, he is still praised by the world, and he is almost the perfect idol of China people's ideal of "cultivating self-cultivation, keeping family
, governing the country and leveling the world".
In fact, Zhuge Liang in history is not as unpredictable and perfect as described in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
from ancient times to today, historians have been arguing about various evaluations of Zhuge Liang, one after another.
what is the real Zhuge Liang in history? Let's review Zhuge Liang's life, interweave
stories and historical records in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms with the research on Zhuge Liang in today's historians, and reveal some little-known
historical truths.
For the hometown of famous people, China people always like to describe it as "a treasure with rich materials and outstanding people".
Let's
see what's different about Zhuge Liang's hometown.
at the end of the eastern Han dynasty, Zhuge Liang was born into an official family in yangdu county, langya county, Xuzhou.
Yangdu is an ancient place name, and the big
is around yinan county, Shandong Province today.
Zhuge family is a famous family in the local area, but their ancestral home is not in Yangdu, and their surname is not Zhuge.
According to historical records, the ancestors of Zhuge, originally surnamed Ge, lived in Zhigou area of Zhucheng, Shandong Province today and migrated to Yangdu in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty.
At that time, there was a Ge family in Yangdu. In order to distinguish it from the local Ge family, Zhuge Liang's ancestors added the word "Zhu" in front of the "Ge" family to show the origin of this family.
From then on, China
got the surname "Zhuge".
according to the preliminary excavation by local archaeologists, Yangdu City in Han Dynasty was located at the intersection of Wenhe River and yi river.
This area is
hundreds of kilometers round, with flat terrain and fertile land.
yi river, which flows through here, has brought infinite vitality to Yangdu.
This is a tomb in yinan county at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The owner of the tomb and Zhuge Liang are fellow villagers of the same era and class.
according to the ritual system of the Han dynasty, masons at that time carved many portraits on the stone walls around the tomb.
Stone reliefs depict aristocratic life scenes such as singing and dancing, feasting, hunting, riding and shooting, and social travel.
However, masons have not forgotten that
the story depicts people in the middle and lower classes of society.
The lives of people from different classes roughly constitute the social features of Zhuge Liang's
era.
interestingly, the masons were particularly interested in the kitchen, and they described everything in the kitchen in that era
in detail.
From this, we can clearly see that there were indeed rich products here at that time, and there were all kinds of livestock and poultry.
As you can imagine, the capital of Yangdu at that time should be such a place: outside the city, rivers were running, irrigating thousands of hectares of fertile land.
the city is rich in materials, attracting merchants from all directions.
People here don't have to worry about the lack of food, they have enough to eat and drink, but
they are knowledgeable.
The children here are nourished by beautiful rivers, which makes them look full of aura.
Of course, Zhuge Liang was nurtured not only by rich products and beautiful environment.
Yangdu City is located at the junction of Qi, Lu and Chu in ancient times. The openness and enterprising of Qi culture, the emphasis on etiquette of Lu culture, and the romance and
fighting spirit of Chu culture all affect the scholars here.
at the end of the eastern Han dynasty, Zhuge family suddenly shone brilliantly, and heroes came forth in large numbers, becoming a prominent family in the three kingdoms period.
in the middle of the western Han dynasty, a famous figure-Zhuge Feng came out of Zhuge family.
Zhuge Feng served as a captain of the
Si Li in the Han and Yuan Dynasties, which was an important position equivalent to the garrison commander of the capital.
He is famous for his strict law enforcement and uprightness
.
Zhuge Feng's moral demeanor and political character were passed down from generation to generation and developed richly. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty,
Zhuge family suddenly shone brilliantly, and heroes came forth in large numbers, becoming a prominent family in the Three Kingdoms period.
This glory began with two brothers, Zhuge Xuan and Zhuge Xuan.
Zhuge Jue was Zhuge Liang's father, and he was a county official in Taishan County, not far from his hometown.
Jun Cheng is roughly equivalent to the post of
Deputy Commissioner of the Administrative Office.
Zhuge Xuan, Zhuge Liang's uncle, is a famous person with extensive friends.
he has both the knowledge and the eyes of celebrities.
Among the friends he made when he was young, two of them later became all-powerful figures, namely the great warlord Yuan
Shu and Liu Biao.
It is recorded in the history books that Zhuge Xuan married Zhang's family and gave birth to three men and two women.
the eldest son Zhu Gejin, the second son Zhuge Liang, and the youngest son Zhuge Jun
.
after his eldest brother, Zhuge Liang has two older sisters.
Zhu Gejin, Zhuge Liang's eldest brother, focused on Confucian classics when he was young and was famous for his filial piety.
Later, he avoided the chaos in Jiangdong and was
reused by Sun Quan, and gradually promoted to the highest military post in Dongwu-General.
Zhu Gejin's eldest son, Zhuge
but shine on you was even more important. At one time, he was in charge of state affairs and was in power in the ruling and opposition parties.
Zhuge Liang has a cousin named Zhuge Dan.
he held an important military and political position in Wei.
It can be seen that during this period, Zhuge family was not only talented, but also held power in three countries that were hostile to each other.
This phenomenon is extremely rare in the history of China.
and the brightest star among them is undoubtedly Zhuge Liang.
Behind the statue of Zhuge Liang in yinan county, there are a group of relief portraits about him, one of which shows his happy childhood.
In fact, Zhuge Liang's childhood and even his life were extremely bumpy.
When he was very young
, his parents passed away one after another.
The brothers and sisters had to take refuge in their uncle Zhuge Xuan.
At this time,
one of Zhuge Xuan's early friends made a fortune. He was the great warlord Yuan Shu.
at this time, Yuan Shu has occupied the territory of today's Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi.
In order to continue to expand his territory, he appointed Zhuge Xuan as the prefect of Yuzhang County.
Yuzhang is in Nanchang, Jiangxi today.
Zhuge Xuan is very interested in this appointment.
He will take his family to Yuzhang immediately.
Zhuge Xuan and his party are heading for Yuzhang, and a bad luck awaits them.
The History of the Three Kingdoms says: After Zhuge Xuan took office, the imperial court refused to recognize Yuan Shu's appointment and sent another
person named Zhu Hao to be the prefect of Yuzhang.
In desperation, Zhuge Xuan had to go to Jingzhou to join his good friend Liu Biao.
Xian Di Chunqiu, which was contemporary with The Three Kingdoms
, said: Zhuge Xuan didn't go to Jingzhou, but was trapped in the city by Zhu Haowei.
Later, people in Yuzhang rebelled and killed Zhuge Xuan.
At present, historians agree that it is possible that Zhuge
Xuan really died in the rebellion of the people.
however, before this, Zhuge Xuan may have sent several trustees of Zhuge Liang's brothers and sisters to his good friend Liu Biao in Jingzhou.
so they didn't die in the war.
Otherwise, there will never be such a great man as Zhuge Liang in the history of China.
Thanks to history, this great young man didn't die young. His brothers and sisters finally moved to Jingzhou, and uncle
' s good friend Liu Biao was warmly received.
When Zhuge Liang was 17 years old, he decided to stand on his own feet and lived in seclusion in a place not far from Xiangyang City, where he worked and studied.
at that time, Jingzhou spanned many areas such as Nanyang, Hubei and Hunan in Henan province, and its capital was Xiangyang.
Liu Biao is the military and political leader here.
He has always taken good care of Zhuge Liang's brothers and sisters.
In those wartime years, it was extremely lucky for a group of orphans like Zhuge Liang.
What is more gratifying is that Jingzhou is not only a stable and rich land, but also a very important cultural center in China at that time.
Zhuge Liang once studied in a school taught by a master of Confucianism, where he was systematically trained in Confucianism.
A few years later, when the young student was 17 years old, he decided to stand on his own feet and lived in seclusion in a place not far from Xiangyang City, where he worked and studied.
So what books did Zhuge Liang read during his seclusion? This is the most interesting question for scholars throughout the ages.
in other words, how did Zhuge Liang, an ancient wizard, learn?
first of all, he has read Confucian works.
in many official documents he later presented to the court of Shu and Han dynasties, Zhuge Liang often quoted various classic works of Confucianism, such as Poetry, Book, Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Annals and so on.
He also read books by military strategists. In his later military works, many opinions were transformed from Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War.
In particular, Zhuge Liang's famous Eight Arrays map evolved after studying the military works of predecessors.
Zhuge Liang has also read Taoist books, and his famous saying, "If you are indifferent, you will have no ambition, and if you are quiet, you will have no distance" is your own experience after reading
Laozi's works.
Zhuge Liang also read many historical works, and in his later expositions
, he quoted a lot of historical knowledge from Historical Records, Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy.
Of course, not all of these
books were read in Longzhong, but in Longzhong, he did read widely and became the most important
learning stage in his life.
At this time, a group of clay sculptures in Wuhou Temple in Nanyang show Zhuge Liang's meeting with his friends.
According to historical records, Zhuge Liang made a group of like-minded intellectuals in Jingzhou. They often get together to discuss knowledge, talk about the past
discuss the present, pay attention to society and gain insight into the general trend of the world.
While Zhuge Liang made friends everywhere, his family also changed quietly.
According to the local records in Xiangyang, Zhuge Liang's second sister married a famous family in Xiangyang, Pang Shanmin, and Pang Shanmin's father was Pang Degong, a famous academic leader and master in Xiangyang.
There is a mural in Wuhou Temple in Longzhong that shows Zhuge Liang's apprentice.
Because of his relatives, Zhuge Liang often visited Mr. Pound, and every time he went, he respectfully bowed down to the elder.
Over time, Pang Degong discovered that these
young people are not only polite, but also intelligent and cultured that ordinary people don't have.
Pang Degong admired Zhuge Liang very much, so he agreed to be Zhuge Liang's teacher and teach him all he had learned in his life.
Later, Zhuge Liang met Pang Degong's good friend and great scholar Si Mahui.
At that time, scholars paid attention to the word-for-word explanation and textual research of ancient
documents, which was very complicated and tedious, but this knowledge was useless for governing the country and ensuring the country.
Si Mahui paid great attention to the ideological connotation of Confucian classics, in order to appreciate the essence of ancient doctrines.
This method of studying has a great influence on Zhuge Liang.
According to the history books, his reading is "only looking at the general idea", that is, reading
a general idea.
This is by no means a lack of understanding. On the contrary, he is very good at understanding the essence of the book, and he is diligent in thinking and
has his own independent opinions.
under the guidance of famous teachers, Zhuge Liang's reading has entered a new realm.
Zhuge Liang's choice of an ugly woman as his wife was not only passed down as a joke at that time, but also has been talked about by later generations today.
Zhuge Liang made a very special friend named Huang Chengyan.
He appreciates Zhuge Liang's personality and knowledge.
One day,
he suddenly said to Zhuge Liang, I have an ugly girl with yellow hair and black face, but her talents match
you.
Zhuge Liang actually agreed to the marriage.
There is a group of woodcuts in Wuhou Temple in Longzhong, which shows this famous marriage.
This is Huang Chengyan's daughter named "
Huang Yueying".
according to legend, their married life is very happy.
After Zhuge Liang came out with Liu Bei, he has been fighting in the north and the south. Huang Yueying
works hard at home to raise his children.
It is said that this lady is also extremely clever. She invented a wooden robot that can
grind flour. Later, Zhuge Liang's "wooden ox and flowing horse" was invented with the help of Huang Yueying.
After getting married, Zhuge Liang suddenly found that the social relationship between his father-in-law and his family was very complicated.
My father-in-law and Liu Biao are brothers-in-law. At that time,
Cai Mao, the leading strength figure in Jingzhou, married two sisters to Liu Biao and Huang Chengyan respectively.
That is to say,
Liu Biao is not only a good friend of Uncle Zhuge Liang, but also his wife's uncle, and the relationship has gone further.
Cai Mao, who held an important military post in Jingzhou, became Zhuge Liang's wife's uncle.
In view of the Huang Chengyan family background, many people wonder whether Zhuge Liang made a deal with his marriage
in order to take refuge in powerful people.
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms says that during Zhuge Liang's cultivation in Longmu, "every time he compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi", Guan Zhong was the prime minister of Qi, and with his help, Qi ascended the position of overlord.
Le Yi, a famous soldier of Yan State, led an army to capture more than 7 cities of Qi State.
Both of them are pillars of the country with outstanding achievements.
Zhuge Liang compares himself with them, which shows that he is ambitious
and will never be satisfied with tinkering around in Jingzhou through nepotism.
Facts also prove that he didn't attach himself to
Liu Biao to get a part-time job in Jingzhou.
Instead, keep reading and making friends, and watch the world change.
However, with Huang Chengyan's relationship, Zhuge Liang's contacts with Jingzhou's political and military circles have been further enhanced.
through these channels, Zhuge Liang, who lives in Longzhong, can quickly understand the development of the current situation, the political trends of various
figures such as the imperial court and princes, and the inside activities of various political groups at that time.
Later, Liu Bei visited the cottage.
Zhuge Liang produced the famous planning case "Longzhong Dui", which was a set of strategic thoughts formed after he had fully understood and correctly analyzed the world situation.
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