"Artificial Intelligence" is referred to as AI. It is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, technologies and application systems for simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence studies how to use computers to simulate, extend and expand human intelligence; how to use computers smarter; how to design and build computer application systems with high intelligence levels; how to design and manufacture smarter computers and smart computers with higher levels of intelligence.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, and artificial intelligence is the cutting-edge scientific and technological field of computer science and technology.
Artificial intelligence is closely related to computer software. On the one hand, various artificial intelligence application systems must be implemented with computer software. On the other hand, many smart computer software also apply theoretical methods and technologies of artificial intelligence. For example, expert system software, machine gaming software, etc. However, artificial intelligence is not equal to software. In addition to software, there are also hardware and other automation and communication equipment.
Although artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, its research involves not only computer science, but also brain science, neurophysiology, psychology, linguistics, logic, and cognition ( thinking) sciences, behavioral sciences and mathematics as well as many subject areas such as information theory, cybernetics and systems theory. Therefore, artificial intelligence is actually a comprehensive interdisciplinary and edge subject.
Artificial intelligence mainly studies the use of artificial methods and technologies to imitate, extend and expand human intelligence to realize machine intelligence. Some people divide artificial intelligence into two major categories: one is symbolic intelligence and the other is computational intelligence. Symbolic intelligence is based on knowledge and solves problems through reasoning. Also known as traditional artificial intelligence. Computational intelligence is based on data, establishing connections through training and solving problems. Artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy systems, evolutionary programming, artificial life, etc. can all be included in computational intelligence.
Traditional artificial intelligence mainly uses knowledge to solve problems. From a practical point of view, artificial intelligence is a knowledge engineering: taking knowledge as the object, studying the representation method of knowledge, the application of knowledge and the acquisition of knowledge.
Artificial intelligence has made great progress and success since it was proposed in 1956. In 1976, Newell and Simon proposed the physical symbol system hypothesis, believing that the physical symbol system is a necessary and sufficient condition for expressing intelligent behavior. In this way, any information processing system can be regarded as a specific physical system, such as the human nervous system, computer structural system, etc. In the 1980s, Newell and others devoted themselves to the research of SOAR systems. The SOAR system is based on the knowledge chunking theory and uses rule-based memory to obtain search control knowledge and operators to achieve general problem solving. Starting from psychological research, Minsky believes that people use a large amount of knowledge acquired and organized from previous experiences in their daily cognitive activities. This knowledge is stored in the human brain in a framework-like structure. Therefore, in the 1970s he proposed a framework knowledge representation method. By the 1980s, Minsky believed that there was no unified theory of human intelligence at all. In 1985, he published a famous book "Society of Mind". The book points out that thinking society is a complex society composed of a large number of units with certain thinking abilities. Represented by McCarthy and Nilsson, they advocate using logic to study artificial intelligence, that is, using formal methods to describe the objective world. In artificial intelligence research, the logic school emphasizes conceptual knowledge representation, model theory semantics, deductive reasoning, etc. McCarthy advocates that everything can be represented by a unified logical framework, with non-monotone logic as the centerpiece in common sense reasoning. The traditional artificial intelligence research idea is "top-down". Its goal is to let machines imitate humans. It is believed that the thinking activities of the human brain can be defined through some formulas and rules. Therefore, it hopes to translate human thinking into Programming language is input into the machine so that the machine will one day have the same thinking ability as humans. This theory guided early artificial intelligence research.
Research results in neurophysiology and brain science in recent years have shown that the perceptual part of the brain, including visual, auditory, motor and other cerebral cortex areas, not only has the function of input/output channels, but also has the function of directly participating in thinking. . Intelligence is not only the application of knowledge and solving problems through reasoning, intelligence is also in the perception channel.
In 1990, Shi Zhongzhi proposed a hierarchical model of human thinking, which showed that human thinking has perceptual thinking, image thinking, and abstract thinking, and forms a hierarchical relationship. Perceptual thinking is a simple form of thinking. It produces images through human eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body sensing organs, forming primary thinking. The expression of perception in perceptual thinking is key. Image thinking mainly uses typical methods to summarize and use image materials to think, which can be processed in a high degree of parallelism. Abstract thinking is based on the physical symbol system and uses language to express abstract concepts.
Due to the effect of attention, its processing is basically serial.