Words can be divided into content words and function words. Among them, notional words can be divided into five categories: ① monosyllabic words and disyllabic words.
Classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese is dominated by disyllabic words. For example, the word "wife" is a disyllabic word in modern Chinese, meaning wife, while it is two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese, meaning wife and children.
② The ancient and modern meanings are different. Including synonym enlargement, word meaning reduction, word meaning transfer, color change and name expression change.
(3) The word is polysemous. For example, the original meaning of the word "yin" is to open the bow, and there are five kinds of extensions: extension and elongation; Procrastinate; Guide and lead; Take it and lead it; Stay back. Stay back.
4 leave. Including interchangeable words, borrowed words and ancient and modern words.
Its basic law is "homophone substitution". ⑤ Flexible use of parts of speech.
Including: nouns are used flexibly as adverbials; Nouns are used flexibly as verbs; Adjectives as nouns; Adjectives are used flexibly as verbs; Causative usage, dynamic usage, intentional usage and behavioral usage. Sentences can also be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences.
Among them, inversion can be divided into subject-predicate inversion, verb-object inversion, object postposition and adverbial postposition. 2. Sentence breaking The ancients wrote articles without punctuation marks, so how to sentence break directly affects the understanding of the content of the article.
Pay attention to the following points correctly: first, accurately grasp the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, understand key words and judge the relationship between words. Secondly, we should know some common sense of ancient culture.
Such as the expression of names, places and official positions, and the writing habits of euphemisms and taboos. Third, master some rules of dialogue, reporting and quoting in the text.
For example, words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Shu" are often used as signs before quoting and reporting the content. Fourth, judge according to the common words at the beginning and end of the sentence.
As usual, the words used at the beginning of a sentence are beggar, Fu, Shi, Hou, Gong, Ran Ran, Ran, Gong, Thief and Widow. Usually used at the end of the sentence are modal auxiliary words such as you, evil, Hu, and existence, and disyllabic function words such as helpless, yi zai, yun er,.
There are also relatively independent exclamations commonly used at the beginning of sentences, such as: fu, Hu, alas, etc. Fifth, you can also break sentences according to common idioms in sentences.
For example, words indicating ordinal number and order, words indicating questions. In addition, sentences can be broken according to common sentence patterns, fixed sentence patterns or figures of speech.
3. Mastering the correct translation methods People usually take "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" as the standard to measure the quality of translation, and so does the translation of classical Chinese. A good translation can truly and perfectly reproduce an article in another language environment.
If an article with profound meaning and literary talent is translated stiffly or difficult to understand, it will not fully achieve the purpose of translation, and at the same time it will distort the original text. It can be seen that translation not only reflects the comprehensive level of classical Chinese, but also reflects the translator's expressive ability and writing level.
"Faithfulness to the original text, the final version of each word, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the auxiliary" is the general principle to be followed when translating classical Chinese. Specifically, we should pay attention to the following points in translation: ① supplement the omitted parts.
Omitted parts in the original text, such as predicate, subject, object, etc. , should be supplemented as appropriate. ② Adjust the word order.
There are many inverted sentences in classical Chinese, such as predicate preposition, preposition object and attributive postposition. These word orders are different from those of modern Chinese and should be adjusted in translation. ③ Increase or decrease appropriately.
Some sentences in classical Chinese are very concise and rich in meaning, which should be appropriately expanded in translation to fully express the meaning of the original text. On the contrary, some articles deliberately use a series of sentences with the same meaning but different opinions in order to increase the momentum and strengthen the effect. At this time, translation will be integrated and condensed.
In addition, we should also pay attention to the tone of sentences, the relationship between sentences and rhetorical devices. , and fully and properly expressed in translation. 4. Read more. As the saying goes, "Reading a book a hundred times reveals its meaning." Read more, especially repeatedly.
It is a magic weapon to learn classical Chinese well. It is difficult to achieve the effect by memorizing some grammar rules without the language environment. It is best to master the usage of words and important grammatical phenomena when reading. Reading more books can consolidate and deepen the knowledge learned in class and cultivate a sense of language, so as to achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully.
Repeated reading is one of the basic skills in learning classical Chinese, which can make us have a rich perceptual knowledge of classical Chinese. Moreover, ancient works attach great importance to internal rhythm and rhythm. Repeated reading can fully appreciate the musical beauty of ancient Chinese and increase interest in learning.
2. About the solutions and skills of classical Chinese. The notional words in classical Chinese are compared with the original text. The usage of the function word "er" is 1 and the conjunction is 1. Table juxtaposition: You (noun+"er"+noun; The position of nouns can be reversed) 2 Progressive form: and (noun+"er"+noun: the latter noun is deeper than the previous noun) 3. Table Turn: But (…, "er" …) 4. Table modification, that is, linking adverbials (nouns+"and"+verbs). What is the former noun used for the latter verb? 5. The usage of "with" is 1, and the usage of "with" and "is 1. Adjective) 5. Cause and effect: because 6. Used as a preposition 1. Use and taking (indicating means) 2. Put (demonstrative object) 3. Because (explain the reason) 4. Being (indicating the location) 5. Rely on (express the basis). Making an appointment with the group (showing courage and alertness) is the general function of using description techniques: expressing the character and reflecting the theme of the work, portrait description expressing the character with vivid action, language description expressing the character's character, psychological description revealing the inner world of the character, rendering the atmosphere, setting off the character's character, expressing feelings with simple strokes, concise, accurate, vivid and detailed description, and what you see and see. After the ups and downs of the topic discussion, vivid examples. It is easy to understand and express feelings directly, and indirect lyrical feelings are vividly expressed in the scene. Things implicitly describe the scene from the perspectives of vision, hearing, taste and touch. The methods of describing scenery are: combining static with dynamic (writing static with dynamic), and. Lay a good foundation; Set suspense; Pave the way for the following; Below the general collar; Responsible for the whole article; Cut to the chase; Contextual contrast; Render the atmosphere; Set the tone; Reveal the theme.
B, the middle paragraph: connecting the preceding with the following (summarizing something above, causing a description of what is below); Below the general collar; Summarize the above; Lay a good foundation; Pave the way; Combination of details; Enrich the content c, the ending paragraph: point out the center and deepen the theme; Care begins; Echoing the previous article; Draw a dragon to clean up; Sublimate feelings; Zhang Xianzhi; Implicit and memorable; Entrust the author's feelings. Make the structure round head and tail; Words are endless, meaning is endless.
This is my experience.
3. For all usages of "de" in classical Chinese, the pronunciation of "de" in classical Chinese is "dí", not "de". It can be used as both a noun and an adverb, all of which are as follows:
First, when "de" acts as a noun.
1) Original meaning: aboveboard. For example, the Goddess Fu of Chu and Song Yu in the Warring States Period: Qi Ruodan of Zhu Lip.
2) The central target of the arrow target. For example, Xunzi's exhortation to learn: it is an old-school Zhang, but it is a bow and arrow.
Second, when "de" is used as an adverb.
1) indeed; Really. For example, Qin Guan's Hai Huai Ji: Frost leaves never leave the forest, but it is true that Shan Weng has no sense of autumn. Another example is Miracle's poem "Send Friends of Nanyue" in the Five Dynasties: "I wasted my time for Chu, and Bian Hong deserved it."
2) affirmation; Absolutely. For example, "History of the Jin Dynasty, Biography of Rebellion and Fierce Holding in the Middle": "Angry holding in the middle, injury and danger, imperial decree 50." Another example: Lin Qingjuemin's Book of Wives and Concubines: I lay down my life and let you worry. I can't bear it.
4. What are the ways to learn classical Chinese? There are many ways to learn classical Chinese. Everyone has his own learning method. Similar methods are:
1, read more interesting classical Chinese materials.
Reading is always the most fundamental way to learn classical Chinese well, but I have no interest in the text in the textbook and learn it passively.
In fact, there are vast amounts of classical Chinese materials, some of which are still very interesting. Reading more of these will be very beneficial to improve the sense of language and expand the accumulation.
2. Do more sentence-breaking exercises to improve your understanding.
It is the advice of the great Lu Xun to improve the level of classical Chinese through sentence-breaking practice. This is also the most demanding and targeted method. By breaking sentences, we can understand the relevant meaning and grammar, which is an all-round improvement of classical Chinese ability.
3. Always consult the dictionary and accumulate.
A dictionary is necessary for learning classical Chinese and should be kept at hand at all times. Look up words you don't understand. Over time, there will be great gains.
4. Treat classical Chinese translation books rationally and do more independent translation exercises.
Because of fear and disinterest, many students turn to or even directly copy the translation in the translation book when sorting out the meaning of the text. This is very harmful to the cultivation of basic classical Chinese ability and must be avoided.
You should listen carefully and take notes in class. Then complete the translation independently. Doing more translation will definitely improve the level of classical Chinese. Because junior high school students are all simple classical Chinese, they don't know much about it. More importantly, classical Chinese is a less difficult topic on the test paper. As long as you study hard, it's really simple, which means it's easy to score.
5. What is the reading method of classical Chinese? 1. Learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is the knowledge of classical Chinese words and sentence patterns. Only by accumulating certain knowledge of classical Chinese can we read classical Chinese fluently.
1. Pay attention to preview. Before learning to teach yourself, you must translate word for word with the help of notes. Don't wait for the teacher to explain. Pay attention to find out difficult sentences and submit them to class discussion, and ask teachers and classmates for advice.
It is necessary to classify keywords, highlight key points and break through difficulties. There are many notional words in classical Chinese that are polysemy and multi-purpose. We should be good at memorizing, comparing, summarizing and sorting out, and learn "words" vividly.
2. Follow the principle of "Words are inseparable from sentences" to understand and appreciate the meaning and usage of notional words and function words, which are always shown in a specific language environment. When accumulating classical Chinese words, don't memorize them by rote, but try to figure them out in combination with "context". Remember, there are five main sentence patterns in classical Chinese: judgment sentence, interrogative sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and inversion sentence, each of which has several different forms. Remember the form that is easy to remember and understand.
Second, Chinese textbooks emphasize the reading and reciting of classical Chinese, with the intention of enabling students to master the knowledge of classical Chinese, understand the meaning of the text and cultivate their language perception ability through more reading and reciting. Reading can be divided into four steps: 1. With the help of notes, finish the task of rough reading in the preview of rough reading text.
The primary task of rough reading is to dredge the text, and then perceive the text on this basis, and grasp the structure of the text as a whole. Combine your notes, read it two or three times according to the context, and then guess, you should be able to understand the text.
In rough reading, you should draw difficult words for discussion in class. 2. Ask questions, solve problems, read the text carefully, and through careful reading in class, you should be able to pronounce, make sentences and break sentences accurately, solve difficult problems encountered in rough reading, and analyze the structure of the article.
We should improve our understanding of the content of the article. 3. When reading the text intensively, deeply understand and try to read the tone, intonation and rhythm.
Through intensive reading, we can deeply comprehend and understand the work, feel the emotion of the article and grasp the characteristics of the article. 4. Appreciate the evaluation and get familiar with the text. This step mainly depends on the students' initiative after class.
We should be familiar with reading, strengthen the learning effect of classical Chinese vocabulary, and deepen our understanding of the content and structure of the text. We should consciously improve our literary appreciation and evaluation ability.
First, the classification accumulation method. There is such a famous saying that "there is no accumulation, no miles; If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become rivers and seas. "
The accumulation of knowledge is the basis of improving ability, and the accumulation of classical Chinese knowledge is mainly in vocabulary. Students can prepare a notebook to collect, classify, organize and accumulate with emphasis and pertinence.
For example: 1, the accumulation of different meanings in ancient and modern times. There are four common situations of different meanings in ancient and modern times: ① the expansion of word meaning; (2) the narrowing of the meaning; For example, the word "wife" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden means "wife and children" in ancient times and "man's spouse" in modern times, which means in a narrow sense.
③ Transfer of word meaning; (4) the change of meaning. In addition, there are the accumulation of interchangeable words and function words.
Through classification, comparison and accumulation, students can not only improve their ability to analyze classical Chinese vocabulary, but also realize the happiness and benefits brought by learning accumulation. 2. The accumulation of function words in classical Chinese.
Function words "Zhi", "Hu", "Zhe" and "Ye" appear frequently. 3. The accumulation of flexible use of parts of speech.
4. The accumulation of inverted sentences. Second, familiar reading methods.
Reading aloud is a traditional learning method in China. This is the truth that "a book will find its meaning after reading it a hundred times" and "read 300 Tang poems well, even if you can't write poems, you can sing". First, refer to reference books, annotate new words with notes, and read the text clearly and accurately; Read and understand the text as a whole by combining preview tips or self-reading tips.
Secondly, we should cultivate a sense of language in reading aloud. From the psychological point of view, reading aloud is a necessary means to cultivate language sense and improve language learning effect.
Relevant research data show that human organs can communicate and interact with each other. When we open our mouth and read aloud, we not only move our oral organs, but also act on our ears. When language sense information is input to human visual and auditory organs, the brain feels it almost simultaneously, the time difference is greatly reduced, the accuracy is greatly improved, and the efficiency of understanding and perception is doubled.
Third, think about questioning methods. Now that students have more information at hand, it will inevitably make them rely on their thoughts, and they will not listen carefully and pay attention to thinking in class. They always feel that the material says, why bother? In this way, it will affect their ability to learn classical Chinese.
For example, I ask students to close all the information books in class. This situation can be changed by independent thinking and classroom questioning, which requires students to make full preparations for preview: first, circle the words they don't understand on the basis of self-reading; Secondly, try to find out the key sentences in the article and sort out the difficult sentences in your understanding; Then try to tell the text in the form of stories.
At the same time, words can also be questioned. Persisting in learning classical Chinese in this way can not only cultivate students' good reading habits, but also help improve their reading ability.
Fourth, semantic reasoning. It is the key to learn classical Chinese well, clarify the main idea of the article and remove the obstacles in writing. Students can seek hidden information, infer the meaning of difficult words and cultivate their reasoning ability according to the context.
1. Contact the context and infer the meaning in combination with the context. Classical Chinese has certain rules to follow because of the unique laws and writing habits of Chinese characters. Cultivating the habit of inferring the meaning of words in combination with context is helpful to improve the ability of translating classical Chinese.
2. Inferring semantics by connecting with old knowledge. In the process of learning, students should be good at connecting with old knowledge, synthesizing, comparing and classifying.
By comparing the old knowledge with the new knowledge, we can draw inferences, which not only consolidates the old knowledge, gains new knowledge, but also cultivates the ability. It's really called "reviewing the past and learning the new". Five, the corresponding translation methods.
There are many ways to translate classical Chinese. Such as reservation, deletion, adjustment and so on.
I think the most basic method is to adopt the principle of one-to-one correspondence and strive to realize all translatable words. Understand the notes below the text, and with the help of reference books, use today's words to express the meaning of classical Chinese sentences. If you don't understand, please ask the teacher for advice.
On this basis, it is supplemented, deployed and standardized by the grammatical requirements of modern Chinese.
6. Tips for learning classical Chinese Step 1: Don't ask the general idea. When we get a classical Chinese, we should read it roughly first, grasp the main idea of the article, and skip the words that we can't, and look directly at the following. This has two advantages: first, it can cultivate students' ability to extract information from an article; Second, when not, students will be entangled in it and lose interest in reading classical Chinese. Then, after reading a classical Chinese, we still can't fully understand the profound meaning of classical Chinese, which requires us to take the second step.
Step 2: Chew the words. After the first rough reading, the incomprehensible words are like pebbles on a flat road, which makes our feet hurt. In this step, we should remove these obstacles that limit us and thoroughly understand the content of classical Chinese. In this step, students should combine the notes in the book, understand the meaning of key words, and accumulate these words to lay a good foundation for future classical Chinese writing.
Step 3: Think deeply and seek the truth. We read classical Chinese to understand it and find out what it tells us about life. Our ancient ancestors were very wise, and this wisdom was often transmitted to us through classical Chinese and Chinese characters, so we can master the wisdom of the ancients in this way and apply it to composition or life.
7. Guidance on Reading Methods of Classical Chinese 2009-06-04 20:5 1 Guidance on Reading Methods of Classical Chinese The lecturer Xiao Classical Chinese plays an important role in cultivating students' love for the language and culture of the motherland, improving their self-cultivation, cultivating noble sentiments and inheriting traditional culture.
In recent years, the basic articles in class are mostly used as reading materials for the selected passages of classical Chinese reading questions, and the easy-to-understand articles are used as reading materials for extracurricular reading. Generally speaking, whether in class or after class, we pay attention to the examination of reading transfer ability.
The knowledge examined mainly involves the following aspects: ① Read the text thoroughly and master the sentence reading of the text. ② Understand common notional words and function words, and understand the general idea of the sentence.
③ Understand the thoughts and feelings contained in the text. ④ Understand the main artistic features and expressive techniques of the text.
How to read classical Chinese? The methods are as follows: First, clear the obstacles and understand the meaning. Reading the full text of classical Chinese after class is particularly important, because it is the premise of doing well in the examination questions. So how can we do this step well? The first is the overall reading. Read through, browse or skip the full text first, and get a general understanding of the style of classical Chinese excerpts.
If it is a narrative, it is necessary to find out "when, where, who and what, and what is the result." At this time, don't expect to read the whole text at once and get entangled in some difficult words, but put it down temporarily and circle the marks in the corresponding places in the text.
Then we should be good at using it and try to figure out the meaning. The proposer of classical Chinese will give some notes, which can often bring great help to solving problems.
For example, in the senior high school entrance examination in Yangzhou in 2006, there was a saying, "You can get the shape by touching the candle, and you will think it is tomorrow." With the help of the notes in brackets, it is much easier for candidates to understand the meaning of the text.
To understand the meaning of the text, you can also quickly browse the requirements of the test questions, especially the multiple-choice questions in the content summary category. After careful reading, you can understand the general content of the full text, because one of these questions is often inconsistent with the original text, and the other three are all correct. Even if there are mistakes, it is often a detail problem. Then, by reading such questions, you will immediately understand the content of the full text, and then read the original text, which will be more effective and easier.
The third is to reread the text. After the first two steps, candidates have been able to understand 70% to 80% of the articles and have a direction of thinking. Therefore, when reading again, they can recognize the full text from a higher level and correct the deviations in the first two steps.
When you encounter a difficult paragraph, you should read it through repeatedly, so that "words can't be separated from sentences, sentences can't be separated from texts, and you can grasp it as a whole", and use various means to deduce before and after to complete the interpretation process. Second, lay a solid foundation and apply what you have learned to word interpretation and sentence translation, which are all required questions in classical Chinese. To answer these questions well, we must rely on daily accumulation.
In recent years, the classical Chinese test questions have examined the interpretation of typical notional words. When encountering these notional words, candidates should first recall whether there is this word in the classical Chinese they have studied before. If so, does its meaning make sense here? For example, in the examination questions of Weifang Middle School in 2006, there was a request to explain the word "absolutely" in "the moonlight is particularly clear". Although this sentence comes from outside class, it has been learned in class. What candidates should think of is "the mouth and scenery are unique". In 2006, the interpretation of the word "yes" appeared in the senior high school entrance examination in Jiangxi Province. Looking back on what we have learned, there are two explanations about "Shi", one is the judgment verb, and the other is the pronoun "this", such as "Shi Nian" and "Shi Ri". Obviously, the definition of "yes" here is "this".
If it doesn't make sense in class and it is difficult to judge, we should infer its exact meaning from the perspective of judging the part of speech by using glyph analysis or syntactic analysis of the sentence where the word is located according to the specific context. The meaning of some notional words cannot be correctly explained according to their own usage, so we should consider their usage or flexibility.
For example, we have learned two meanings of the word "pawn" in the sentence "because of pawn", which is translated as "finally" in "pawn depends on the man" (Zhao Pu) and "all pianists are dead" as "died a month later", but it is meaningless to use it in this sentence, and it is obviously not a noun "soldier". Sometimes, the mid-term exam topics will also involve the usage of commonly used function words. Although there are many function words, they are nothing more than "zhi", "qi" and "er", which requires us to remember the basic meaning and main usage of commonly used function words, such as "zhi". There are "structural auxiliary words, de", "pronouns, referring to people or things" and "used in the subject" in junior high schools.
The translation of classical Chinese sentences should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation, grasping the key words in sentences, translating word by word, and doing well in leaving, supplementing, deleting, modifying and adjusting. The translation methods of classical Chinese generally include: ① Stay.
That is to say, people's names, place names, official names or words with the same meaning as modern Chinese are retained. 2 make up.
That is, to supplement monosyllabic words with disyllabic words, or to supplement ellipsis. 3 delete.
That is, delete function words that do not need to be translated. 4 change.
That is, replace ancient Chinese words with modern Chinese words with the same meaning. ⑤ Tuning.
That is, adjust the word order or word order to make it conform to the habits of modern Chinese. Third, the overall perception, trying to figure out the highlight of the classical Chinese test questions is the general analysis of the paragraph content and the inquiry test questions. This kind of test questions are mainly investigated from the following aspects: 1. Fill in the blanks with the original sentences. For example, in the examination questions of Fuzhou Middle School in 2006, "Zou Ji first used personal experience as a metaphor, then compared family affairs with state affairs, and finally came to a conclusion, which made Wang Qi accept his suggestion with conviction.
Since then, the King of Qi has made great achievements in opening up roads and improving politics. "This kind of question is relatively simple, as long as you grasp the overall situation, grasp the key points, grasp the central sentence, find the key sentences according to the stylistic characteristics, and clarify the level of the article.
On the basis of grasping the main points and centers, it is enough to analyze and judge the details and find the main information. The second is to understand the feelings expressed by the author.
8. Regarding the method of learning classical Chinese, teachers with basic knowledge of classical Chinese will point out that the method of classical Chinese is nothing more than checking, remembering, reading and writing more. This is also the four realms of learning classical Chinese. If you check more, you will be puzzled by the answers in the classics; Many journalists come from the existence of ancient books in their chests; For those who read a lot, western learning says: language environment. It is short and easy to read, which can be obtained from the essays of Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, and then you can easily understand the laws of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. A writer who writes a lot is the supreme realm. For example, Mr. Jing 'an said, "People looked for him thousands of times, and suddenly they looked back, and that person was under the dim light." At this time, the classical Chinese has been "infinitely useful and exists in the heart".
The classical Chinese method really doesn't work. What is impossible? Because everything in the world is natural, so is the nature of natural individuals. Other people's laws are not necessarily the same as those learned in Lahore. They should be integrated, and the existing laws should not be turned into existing ones, and the existing ones should be turned into their own.