Geopolitics, also known as "geopolitics", is an important school in political geography. The basic view is that the formation and development of global or regional political structure are influenced or even restricted by geographical conditions. It analyzes and predicts the strategic situation in the world and the political behavior of the countries concerned according to the geographical elements and the regional form of the political pattern. It is a theoretical basis for western countries to formulate national political and military strategies and foreign policies. Geopolitics came into being at the end of 19th century. In 1897, German geographer F. Laczer put forward the theory of national organism in his book Political Geography. He published a paper on "the theory of living space", arguing that a country, like an organism, has a process of prosperity and decline, and its prosperity needs a broad space. In 1917, R Xie Lun, a leading political geographer, accepted Laczer's thought and put forward the term geopolitics for the first time. After the First World War, Germany's K Hauser Hoff put forward the wrong geopolitical arguments that Germany lacked the necessary living space and sufficient natural resources, and advocated the redistribution of world territory, and war was the only way to solve the living space, which served the expansion of German fascism and was rejected by geographers, thus making geopolitics once infamous. The main theories of geopolitics from its emergence to the present are as follows: In 189, A·T· Mahan, an American naval theorist, put forward the theory of "sea power" in his book "The Influence of Sea Power History, 166-1783". He believed that whoever can control the ocean can become a world power; The key to control the ocean lies in the control of the world's important sea lanes and straits. In 1914, the British geographer H·J· Mackinder put forward the "continental heart theory", which holds that whoever controls Eastern Europe can rule the Eurasian continental heart, and whoever controls the Eurasian continental belt can rule the world island and thus dominate the world. Known as the "land power school", the masterpiece is "the geographical hub of history". In the 194s, Speakman, an American international relations scholar, put forward the "fringe theory", which became another theory of "land rights theory". In 195s, American strategist A. seversky put forward the theory of "air superiority" according to the special geographical position of the Arctic between two superpowers and the increasingly important role of the air force. In 197s and 198s, American geographer S. B. Cohen put forward the model of geopolitical strategic zone. All these geopolitical viewpoints overemphasize the importance of this part or a certain region in the geographical environment, and exaggerate that they can dominate the world by controlling a certain region, and then adopt corresponding strategies to achieve their country's attempt to dominate the world. Even the author of American Military Strategy has to admit that these views are unrealistic. They said that "ruling the heart area does not mean controlling the world island, and ruling the peripheral area does not mean controlling the world island." Morgenthau, the author of Politics between States in the United States, pointed out: "Geopolitics is a pseudoscience, which raises geographical factors to an absolute position and holds that geography determines the power of a country and thus its fate." However, these theories have played an important role in formulating principles and policies in western countries.

geopolitics is a means and method to discuss how individuals, organizations or groups manage politics because of geographical factors such as spatial distribution. At present, it is widely used in military, diplomatic and other strategic analysis. Often based on geographical factors, economic, social, military, diplomatic, historical, political and other aspects are analyzed.

is a theoretical basis for western countries to formulate national political and military strategies and foreign policies. Geopolitics came into being at the end of 19th century. In 1897, German geographer F. Laczer put forward the theory of national organism in his book Political Geography. He published a paper on "the theory of living space", arguing that a country, like an organism, has a process of prosperity and decline, and its prosperity needs a broad space. In 1917, R Xie Lun, a leading political geographer, accepted Laczer's thought and put forward the term geopolitics for the first time. After the First World War, Germany's K Hauser Hoff put forward the wrong geopolitical arguments that Germany lacked the necessary living space and sufficient natural resources, and advocated the redistribution of world territory, and war was the only way to solve the living space, which served the expansion of German fascism and was rejected by geographers, thus making geopolitics once infamous. The main theories of geopolitics from its emergence to the present are as follows: In 189, A·T· Mahan, an American naval theorist, put forward the theory of "sea power" in his book "The Influence of Sea Power History, 166-1783". He believed that whoever can control the ocean can become a world power; The key to control the ocean lies in the control of the world's important sea lanes and straits. In 1914, the British geographer H·J· Mackinder put forward the "continental heart theory", which holds that whoever controls Eastern Europe can rule the Eurasian continental heart, and whoever controls the Eurasian continental belt can rule the world island and thus dominate the world. Known as the "land power school", the masterpiece is "the geographical hub of history". In the 194s, Speakman, an American international relations scholar, put forward the "fringe theory", which became another theory of "land rights theory". In 195s, American strategist A. seversky put forward the theory of "air superiority" according to the special geographical position of the Arctic between two superpowers and the increasingly important role of the air force. In 197s and 198s, American geographer S. B. Cohen put forward the model of geopolitical strategic zone. All these geopolitical viewpoints overemphasize the importance of this part or a certain region in the geographical environment, and exaggerate that they can dominate the world by controlling a certain region, and then adopt corresponding strategies to achieve their country's attempt to dominate the world. Even the author of American Military Strategy has to admit that these views are unrealistic. They said that "ruling the heart area does not mean controlling the world island, and ruling the peripheral area does not mean controlling the world island." Morgenthau, the author of Politics between States in the United States, pointed out: "Geopolitics is a pseudoscience, which raises geographical factors to an absolute position and holds that geography determines the power of a country and thus its fate." However, these theories have played an important role in formulating principles and policies in western countries.

geopolitics

1. The Concise Encyclopedia of Great Britain says: Geopolitics is "an analysis and study on how geographical position affects the political relations among countries in international politics. Geopolitics points out the importance of certain solid elements in determining national policies, such as gaining national interests, controlling the traffic line of shipwreck, and having strategic positions.

2. The Encyclopedia of China (geographical volume) says: "Geopolitics is a part of political geography, which analyzes and predicts the strategic situation in the world and the political behavior of the countries concerned according to various geographical elements and regional forms of political pattern. Geopolitics regards geographical factors as a basic factor that affects or even determines the political behavior of countries, which is absorbed by the theory of international relations and has a considerable impact on the political decision of countries."

geopolitics can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense, which can be roughly divided into three levels: first, it refers to the geopolitical relationship between a country and its neighboring countries, which is also the most widely used definition; Second, the middle level, which mainly refers to a wider area than a country's periphery, is regionalism or regionalism geopolitics; Third, great geopolitics is geopolitics around the world. Studying the world as an inseparable whole is a concept that is often used by big countries, especially those countries with dark intentions of world war. Geopolitics at this level mostly involves the relationship between big countries.

3. Geopolitics is an effective method to determine a country's interests, which is of great help to understand the country's foreign strategy and policy. It is a useful tool. However, everything cannot be attributed to geopolitics, especially to distinguish geopolitics from international politics, state and diplomatic activities. These three concepts are closely related, and their contents also overlap, but there are also differences, so they cannot be confused.

4. Geopolitics has two distinct characteristics: first, it is open. Any kind of geopolitics is to connect a country with neighboring countries and border regions, and to connect a country with the rest of the world. It is a connection between two countries and more than two countries, and it is impossible to carry out geopolitical activities in a closed environment; Second, any geopolitics is inseparable from the interactive influence of geopolitics and geopolitics. Geopolitics does not talk about politics without talking about economy and culture. In fact, any geopolitical change is linked with economic and cultural changes. In the long-term practice of geopolitics, people have roughly formed seven thinking patterns, which also reflect the laws of geopolitics to a certain extent. These laws are as follows:

1. Rich Qiang Bing is the first priority in geopolitical relations.

2. Geopolitics can show obvious marginal effect, which can be expressed as follows: a country that is friendly to you and brings you benefits will double this benefit because it is your neighbor; similarly, a country that is unfriendly to you will double this damage because it is your neighbor. Geographical distance plays an important role here. Countries that are close to each other will have a much greater impact on their own countries than countries that are far away.

3. There are no eternal friends and enemies in geopolitics.

4. The focus of geopolitics will shift with the focus of geopolitics and the changes in the relations between neighboring countries.

5. Pursuing the protection of big countries is the instinctive reaction of small countries in the geopolitical pattern.

6. Borderlands, borders and borders are important factors in geopolitics. Geopolitics first lies in the border and the sea, so geopolitics can be said to be border politics, frontier politics and territorial politics in a certain sense.

7. The goal of geopolitical pattern is the balance of regional strength.

one of the biggest characteristics of geopolitics is that the political, economic and military actions and development of neighboring countries will have a great impact on neighboring countries. The so-called geopolitical theory mainly studies the influence of geographical factors on the political situation between countries and countries, and on the political behavior of countries. So what is the geographical factor of a country? They mainly refer to the size of the country's territory, the country's geographical location, the natural resources owned by the country's territory, the climatic conditions, the country's population and the natural attributes of the nation. From the reality and history, a country's geographical elements have various influences on the country, and geographical conditions, such as location, topography, pool appearance and climate, have a direct impact on a country's potential. Compared with other countries' political, economic and social factors, the influence of geographical factors on national politics is more direct and certain.

in the theory of geopolitics, Mackinder's theory of "Lu Xin" plays an important role. Mackinder was the first geography department in Britain, the head of the geography department of Oxford University and a professor of geography. Later, he served as the dean of the famous London School of Economics and the president of the Royal Geographical Society of Britain. In addition, he is a member of the British Parliament, an adviser to the British Privy Council and chairman of the Imperial Economic Committee, and the British High Commissioner to South and Russia in the British Foreign Office. It can be seen that he is a scholar and political activist.

During the transition from the 19th century to the 2th century, Britain's political and economic position in the world, especially its geopolitical strategic position

changed greatly. Economically, in the 19th century, due to the industrial revolution and the great development of industrial production, Britain became < P > the "factory of the world", and the output of its industrial products was monopolized in the world. At that time, the old imperialism of Spain, Portugal and Holland had declined, and the British empire was in an indisputable position in the world. To this end, Britain's foreign free

trade policy. By the late 19th century, the industrial revolution had spread to Western Europe, Central Europe, and even Eastern Europe and North America. The industrial production in France, Germany and the United States rose sharply, and the export volume increased greatly, making it difficult for Britain's free trade policy to continue.

In order to stabilize the overseas market, Britain has to vigorously develop colonies, which can ensure the control and monopoly of Britain in selling goods, exporting capital and obtaining raw materials there. As a result, the competition and conflict between Britain and France in Asia, Africa, Germany, Russia and Japan in America < P > and the United States. In this competition and conflict, for Britain, it can be said that there is a * * * common feature, that is, the competition between maritime countries and land countries, the competition between Britain and Russia in Asia, and the competition between Britain and France and China are in contact with each other in Asian and African colonies, but in essence, it still reflects the contradiction between the British Isles and European law and Germany. In the war for the colony, the war between Britain and Boer in South Africa was very hard. These conditions indicate that the maritime hegemony was invincible in the past and met with a war of defiance, reflecting the rise of a land power.

under the influence of this great change in reality, Mackinder put forward a new geopolitical theory-"heartland theory" with a unique historical vision and a profound concept of macro-space. In 194, Mackinder read his article

Geographical Hub of History at the Geographical Society.

In this paper, according to the geopolitical characteristics, Max divides the world into "hub areas", inner crescent areas and outer crescent areas. The hub area is located in the middle of Eurasia, where the terrain is flat, the climate is either dry or cold, the south is grassland < P > and desert, and the north is Taijialin and swamp, which belong to the water system of interior drainage and Arctic Ocean. The east, west and south are blocked by mountains, plateaus and basins, and the west is connected with the plain of Eastern Europe.

the inner crescent area is an annular zone around the hub area. Its east is Buddhism in East Asia, south is Brahmanism in South Asia, southwest is Islam in Southwest Asia and North Africa, and west is Christianity in Europe. The outer edge of this area is the coast in contact with the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. The outer crescent is the rest of the world, including islands outside Eurasia, such as Britain and Japan; Sub-Saharan Africa; The whole of South, North America and Oceania.

According to the history, Mai pointed out that the nomadic people in the hub area, from the early Huns, Alva, Bulgarians,

magyars and Mongols, entered the hinterland of Europe in batches from here through the pass between Urals Mountain and Caspian Sea and the southern Russian grassland, either by the Eastern European plain in the north of Carpathian Mountain or by the Danube Valley in the south of Carpathian. The Mongols marched westward, and

the Golden Account Khanate was established in southern Russia and the Ihler Khanate was established in southwest Asia. It was the prairie people who invaded Europe by taking advantage of the mobility of horses and camels that formed the history of great European nations. Therefore, Max said that European civilization was the result of a long-term struggle against Asia, and the history of Europe should be regarded as a history belonging to Asia.

then, Maxwell said that after Columbus discovered the mainland, the west used the maneuver of maritime navigation to break through Europe and go to the world. They

used the fleet to establish sea power and established large colonies in the inner crescent and outer crescent. On land, Russia < P