Dialectic (or dialectic, dialectical method) is a method of debate to resolve different opinions. A dialogue between two or more people who hold different views on a topic, and they hope to A sense of the truth of things is established through this well-reasoned dialogue. It discusses issues that have been central to Indian and European philosophy since ancient times. The term is used in many different fields, including philosophy, natural sciences, and historiography.< /p>

Dialectics originated from the logical dialectical process of ancient Greece and is well-known from Plato’s recording of Socrates’ dialogues. Socrates believed that truth is the most important, and only based on reason (similar to Logic, not emotion), is the correct way to persuade others and discover the truth, and is the decisive factor in a person's behavior. He believes that the truth can be found in the reasoning and logic used in the discussion.

< p>Dialectics is conducted in the form of questions and answers. It is a philosophical doctrine about the unity of opposites, universal connections, and change and development. Derived from Greek, it means the skills of conversation and debate, and refers to a form of logical argument. It is now used to include thinking, nature and A concept of philosophical evolution in the three fields of history, which is also used to refer to a worldview and methodology that is opposed to metaphysics.

Various forms of dialectical reasoning appeared in ancient India and the West. It has gone through a long history. Its three basic forms are: Socratic methodology, idealist dialectics represented by Hegel, and Marxist materialist dialectics. Others include: Hindu dialectics, Buddhist dialectics, medieval dialectics, and Jewish dialectics. Mudd dialectic, and Protestant dialectic, etc.

It should be noted that dialectics is different from debate or eloquence. In a debate, the debater is very clear about his or her views and arguments, and aims to win the debate. Debate Speakers either refute their opponents and prove that their own reasoning is correct; or prove that their opponent's reasoning is wrong. Therefore, in a debate, a referee or panel is needed to determine who wins; in eloquence, the speaker uses words, rhetoric and Appeal to persuade the audience and make them believe in the speaker's theory. Sophists believe that "talent" is the most important and the decisive factor in a person's life behavior. They believe that the artistic quality in speech can indicate a person's talent High and low. Oratory was considered an art form that delighted and moved the audience through brilliant speeches. Still, the Sophists taught their students to seek talent in a variety of ways, not just in oratory. Su Grates opposed the Sophists and their teaching of "eloquence as an art and infectious speech" because it required neither logic nor proof.

Ancient Naive Dialectics in Ancient Greece Among thinkers, dialectics has a wide range of meanings, from a rebuttal technique in debates, to a method of systematic evaluation of definitions, to the study and division of connections between special concepts and general concepts. Heraclitus is an ancient Greek simple One of the founders of materialist dialectics, he is famous for his philosophical view that "everything flows and nothing lasts forever". He has two famous sayings: "One cannot step into the same river twice" and "The sun rises every day." "New". Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc. are also representatives of ancient dialectics. They mostly take idealism as their starting point and contain many reasonable dialectical cores. For example, they believe that truth is always concrete and relativistic. Under certain conditions, it can be transformed into the opposite direction.

Many schools of thought in ancient China have simple dialectical thinking. For example, Taoist thought represented by Laozi, who once said, "Existence and non-existence create each other, difficulty and ease complement each other, "Comparing the long and short", "The opposite is the movement of Tao, and the weak is the use of Tao", "All things carry yin and embrace yang, and inflate qi for harmony", "Blessings are where misfortunes lie, and misfortunes are where blessings are based", "Softness is where blessings lie." "To overcome hardness, break teeth with hardness, and preserve softness with tongue" and other famous sayings. Another example is the theory of yin and yang and the five elements. The "Book of Changes" also has the concept of using softness to overcome hardness, the mutual transformation of yin and yang, and the endless growth of all things. Another example is the Confucian "Golden Mean" "The Way", "Too much is not enough", etc. These all illustrate that things are relative; things move, change, and develop; there are no absolute and unchanging things in the world except change itself.

Worth it In particular, the Chinese military classic "The Art of War" is also rich in dialectical thinking. The book discusses a series of contradictions and transformations related to war, such as friend and foe, host and guest, numbers, strength, weakness, offense and defense, Advance and retreat, victory and defeat, right and wrong, falsehood and trueness, bravery and cowardice, work and rest, movement and stillness, tortuousness, benefit and disadvantage, life and death, etc. All in the book

The sayings "Know your enemy and yourself, you will never be in danger" and "Victory because of the enemy" represent the simple materialist thought of "subjectivity must conform to the objective" and the dialectical thought of "concrete analysis of specific problems". The book also places special emphasis on the transformation of opposites. conditions, the most important of which is human subjective initiative - Sun Tzu believed that the outcome of a war not only depends on the objective situation, but also depends on whether the subjective guidance of the war is correct: on the one hand, he said, "Victory can be known, but cannot be done." He believes that victory can be foreseen, but cannot be achieved based on subjective wishes; on the other hand, he also said that "victory can be achieved." The reason is that as long as we study the specific situation of both the enemy and ourselves and correctly decide our own actions, adopt correct strategies and tactics, and exploit our strengths and avoid weaknesses, we can win. It can create conditions for victory. It can be said that "Sun Tzu's Art of War" proposed its war strategies and tactics based on the study of various contradictions in war and their transformation conditions.

Many people believe that: Ancient Dialectics Simple intuition mostly only describes the general nature of the entire world, and does not clearly understand the various elements and parts that make up the world. Therefore, it is incomplete and does not form a complete dialectical ideological system.

Idealistic dialectics is derived from From the time of the Stoics to the end of the Middle Ages, dialectics maintained a fairly close connection with formal logic. Much later, Kant used the term "transcendental dialectic" to denote the effort to reveal the illusions that now appear in the attempt to distinguish between phenomena and When applying intellectual categories and principles outside the scope of possible experience. Hegel regarded dialectics as: the result of a conflict between two sides of a concept due to its own inherent contradictions.

Materialist Dialectics

< p>Marx and Engels adopted Hegel's definition and applied it to their explanation of social and economic processes. In the Marxist philosophical system, dialectics is defined as a worldview and methodology that is opposed to metaphysics. Doctrine and theories about universal connections and eternal development - it understands and depicts the world as a universally connected whole and a process of eternal development, and understands development as "the various contradictions inherent in things themselves, which change under the influence of external factors "Results", that is, internal factors determine and external factors influence (promote or delay).