/kloc-In the 9th century, Paris, France was the center of European oil painting. At this time, this style was dominated by academic neoclassicism. They hold an official exhibition called "Salon" every year. Most of them come from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. They have a profound sketching foundation, are proficient in human anatomy, and their painting style is rigorous and delicate. At this time, there appeared a large number of young painters full of ideals. They come from all walks of life, and most of them are free people. Many people have different views on academic teaching methods and painting styles. They think that classicism is stereotyped and lacks personal style. They advocate realism and outdoor sketching. Because everyone shared the same ideals and views, they gradually gathered in a small village called barbizon on the outskirts of Paris to describe the charming scenery there. They are called "barbizon" schools. Barbizon Village is Fontainebleau, one of the satellite cities in Paris. Barbizon School is the predecessor of Impressionism.
As early as 1469, the first printing factory in France was born in the Latin quarter, and the press and publishing industry in Paris still ranks first. Agence France-Presse, one of the largest news agencies in the world, is located in the trading square, with 150 branches all over the world. Le Monde and le figaro published in Paris enjoy an international reputation. The Latin quarter is also the cradle of French higher education. The ancient University of Paris has now been divided into 13 independent universities with more than 300,000 students, five of which are located in the suburbs. Paris Teachers' College, 20 13QS World University ranked 34th in the latest.
There are 50 theaters, 200 cinemas and 15 concert halls in Paris. Paris Opera House is located in Osman Street in the city center, covering an area of 65,438+0,654,38+0,000 square meters. The whole building has both Gothic and Romanesque styles. The French National Conservatory of Music and Dance School are also located here.
"Street art" in Paris is very active. Thetel Art Square in the northwest of the city is a world-famous open-air gallery, where many painters improvise and sell it every day. In Chastreeter Square and Saint-Germain Depe Square in the city center, young students and citizens often bring their own musical instruments to hold concerts and perform various programs.
Paris is a famous historical city in the world, and places of interest abound. The Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe, the Elysee Palace, the Palace of Versailles, the Louvre, the Place de la Concorde, Notre Dame, and the National Cultural and Art Center of Georges Pompidou are places where domestic and foreign tourists linger. On both sides of the beautiful Seine River, parks and green spaces are dotted with 32 bridges across the river, making the scenery on the river more charming and colorful. The city island in the center of the river is the cradle and birthplace of Paris. There is a second-hand book market on St. Michel Avenue on the Seine River, which stretches for several kilometers. Every day, many scholars and tourists from home and abroad come here to buy their beloved ancient books, forming a major feature of the Latin district, an ancient cultural area on the Seine River.
Paris lives in details. Parisians, no matter how old, are like children. They are fascinated by new things for a day or two. Although not rich, there is no lack of comfort. This made me interested in following the American writer edmund white into Paris, a memory of a wanderer.
Cultural person are that soul of social life in Paris. /kloc-French writers Balzac, Proust, Baudelaire, Rambo, george sand, Chopin, Wilde, Colette and Genet in the 0/9th century; In the 20th century, some cultural celebrities such as Picasso, Benjamin, Gide, Sartre, Beauvoir, Camus, roland barthes and Foucault formed a social and cultural community in Paris. They once lived in Paris, a place full of nothingness in the air, but their spiritual creativity was full of the spirit of free France and achieved the highest achievement in the history of world culture. In Lip Cafe, Flower God Cafe and Shuangsou Cafe, the cultural heart of Paris seems to be beating there; In the marijuana club of Lozan Hotel, those talented people smoke "green jam" all night in pursuit of madness and excitement. Balzac refused to smoke it, but he did not forget to interview smokers' experiences and hallucinations. It was a free and exciting time, exploring how to break the boundary between art and life.
France is in the middle. They combine fashion art with conservative culture, national unified welfare with extreme individualism, and sharp-eyed realism with dynamic romanticism. These aspects have stood the test of time, which is unquestionable and very subtle. Paris is the center of education. France's famous French Academy, Paris University, Paris Institute of Technology, Teachers College, National Institute of Statistics and Economic Management, French National Advanced Engineering and Technology School, National Bridge School, National Advanced Technical School and National Scientific Research Center are all located in Paris. Paris University is one of the oldest universities in the world, founded in 1253. There are also many academic research institutions, libraries, museums and theaters in Paris.
Notre Dame was the center of higher education in Paris before the University of Paris was founded in 12 century. King Philip II of the Cape Dynasty (France) coined the word "universitas" in 1200, arguing that universities are groups that gather teachers and students and have the right to operate independently without interference from the king's laws and tax laws.
By the13rd century, the already famous Paris University had attracted students from all over Europe. The scholastic philosophy center on the left bank of Paris (later called Latin quarter) was reorganized around the Sorbonne University founded in 1257. /kloc-In the 20th century, the University of Paris had six discipline organizations: law, science, pharmacy, medicine, literature and theology.
1The May storm in the spring of 968 made the organizational form of Paris University continuously reformed, and gradually dispersed its concentrated academic subjects. The University of Paris was later split into 1 9713 universities in the urban and suburban areas. Each new university (Paris first, Paris second, Paris third, Paris fourth, Paris fifth, Paris sixth, Paris seventh, Paris eighth, Paris ninth, Paris tenth, Paris XI, Paris twelfth and Paris thirteenth) only retains a small part of the old Paris University.
199 1 year, four universities were newly established in the suburbs of Paris, so there are 17 universities in French islands. The four newly established universities are Cergy-Pontoise University and Evli-Valdai Sona University. Vry Val d'Essonne), Marne-Lavalliere University in Saint Constantine and Evelina-Versailles University.
Every July 14 National Day, at the military parade held in front of the Arc de Triomphe, the young officers in the front phalanx are all students of the school. Institute of Technology was established in 1794. Napoleon quickly took a fancy to this school, put it under the military establishment, and awarded it a flag with the words "Pour la patrie, les Scineces, la Gloire".
18 14 years, when the Russian-Austrian allied forces arrived at the gates of Paris, the students of the Institute of Technology asked to take part in the war, but Napoleon, who was facing extinction, said, "I don't want to kill my old hen to get the golden eggs!"
This famous saying has always inspired the students in this school to study hard. In the past 200 years, it has trained a large number of talents for France, for example, Fauci, commander-in-chief of the allied forces in World War I, Berger, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Citroen, the automobile industrialist, and Destin, the French president.
Today, the school has moved to Palesso in the southwest suburb, covering an area of 150 hectares, with more than 200 students/kloc-0. Paris Teachers College is very famous, and the admission list of new students is finally decided by the Minister of Education. Chemist and microbiologist Pasteur, writer Sartre and President Pompidou are all graduates here.
The famous sports teams in Paris include the professional football team Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, the professional basketball team (Paris-Le valois Basketball Team) and the professional football team Stade Fran? Ais). stade de france is located in saint-denis, a suburb of Paris, which can accommodate 80,000 spectators. Stade de france was built for the 1998 World Cup, and it was also the venue for the 1998 World Cup finals. Stade de france is also a multi-purpose large-scale stadium, which can also be used for rugby and track and field competitions. The French national football team, the French national football team and the Six Nations Championship have all played in this stadium. In addition to the professional football team Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, there are also Paris Football Club, Red Star Football Club, RCF Paris Team and France Paris Team (Stade Fran? Ais Paris) and other amateur football teams. Paris Saint-Germain used to be a strong team in the mid-1990s, but it has a downward trend in recent years. Ronaldinho played for Barcelona before joining the team. In 2007, the team reached a low point and even faced the danger of relegation for the first time in history.
Paris currently has two teams in the professional football league Top 14, namely Francis and Racing Métro 92. Paris successfully hosted the Olympic Games in 1900 and 1924 respectively, and also successfully hosted the World Cup football match in 1938 and 1998, and the 2007 World Cup rugby match was also held in Paris. The final of the 2006 European Cup was also held in stade de france, and the winner was Barcelona Football Club, a Spanish football power.
The Tour de France is the largest and most influential international free cycling race in road free cycling, and its terminal is also located in Paris. From 1975, the end of the Tour de France is at the Arc de Triomphe. Tennis is also very popular in Paris and France. The French Open is one of the four Grand Slams and the only clay tournament. The French Open is held every year at Roland Galos Stadium near Boulogne Forest. go shopping
Shopping in Paris is a pleasure. Among the fashion shops and cosmetics shops on the Champs Elysé es, the most impressive thing is that these shops do not seem to be selling goods, but promoting ideas and guiding trends. The goods in Paris are more expensive, but most of them are not outrageous. As long as you don't buy blindly, it will generally be worth the money. Be careful, in the numerous souvenir and handicraft shops next to famous scenic spots, the price of the same commodity in different shops will vary greatly, ranging from 30% to 50% to twice, and many souvenirs are actually made in China.
leisure
In Paris, if you just visit places of interest, you can only see half of the city. Opera and drama have been deeply rooted in the lives of the French people. If you want to fully experience the life of Parisians, you should see the nightlife in Paris. Many theaters in Paris can see performances by world-class singers and ballet stars. You can make an appointment by phone or buy tickets at the ticket booth. Suitable for male guests to wear suits, and female guests like to wear dresses. The famous theaters in Paris are: Gagnaire Opera House (formerly Paris Opera House), Bastille Opera House, Comedy Theatre, and Charlotte Theatre, which continues to stage new plays of Shakespeare's classical works. There are also small theaters in Paris, which mainly stage plays by young writers.
The cinemas in Paris show not only French and American films, but also South American, African and Asian films. It's safe for women to watch it alone. Many movie tickets are discounted on Mondays and Wednesdays. The cinemas in Paris have their own characteristics. Some are famous for having the largest screen in Europe, some focus on discovering new directors and art films, and some can enjoy the most popular movies in the world.
In Paris, you can watch many small programs in other places besides special theaters. Any program, its stage scenery, costumes, performances and so on. Everyone has their own personality. The performance time is usually 10 in the afternoon and 12 in the afternoon, so you must make an appointment in advance. Red windmill, reed, wild horse and other theaters have their own characteristics. The places where folk songs and satirical songs are performed are French Folk Hotel and Folk Artists Hotel. In jazz and rock clubs, even people who don't know much about jazz will find it interesting to come here and dance to the rhythm.
Disco is not only the main place for socializing and dating, but also a place for music performances, which is flexible and changeable. It is also a great pleasure to appreciate the fashion dress of crowded people.
"Paris at night" is an English word that everyone knows in Paris. "Night Paris" can be a visit to brightly lit memorial buildings, a luxurious and exquisite dinner, a movie or coffee in a cafe. However, it usually refers to dancing in a club or watching a performance. The following are some famous places, which are also good places for sightseeing.
food culture
France is probably the only food country as famous as China. French cuisine is famous for its fine selection of ingredients and exquisite production. Truffles, snails and foie gras are famous French dishes. With mellow wine, it is really intoxicating and delicious, and of course the price is also very expensive. The Michelin-starred restaurant in Paris is world-famous. Rich and powerful people spend a lot here and abide by the rules set by the restaurant. Ordinary Parisians are more attached to unrestrained open-air cafes, affordable and authentic small restaurants on street corners, and love croissants and black coffee that they can't live without for a day. Perhaps these can better represent the gastronomic character of Paris.
Three meals a day for the French.
Breakfast: between 7: 00 and 9: 00, including croissants or bread (maybe both), cream and jam, and drinks are usually coffee, tea or hot chocolate.
Lunch: From noon to 14, some people use simple sandwiches to solve problems, while others regard lunch as a more important dinner, including appetizers, main courses and desserts, and finally end up with a cup of coffee.
Dinner: This is the most formal dinner of the day. The meal time is about 20 o'clock in the evening. Many office workers will go to the coffee shop to get together after work. For many families, dinner is an opportunity for the whole family to get together to communicate and enhance their feelings.
Coffee: It is the habit of all Parisians to have a cup of coffee at any time. Street cafes are to Paris what teahouses are to Chengdu.
Eat in a restaurant.
France is a country of delicious food, paying special attention to table manners. Eating in a high-end restaurant has a particularly grand sense of ceremony. In the small restaurants and cafes on the street, the atmosphere is much more leisurely.
Most restaurants are open from 12 to 15 and 19 to 23. But in some small grocery stores and sandwich shops, food can be found at any time of the day, and restaurants near the railway station are sometimes open until the early hours of the morning.
When eating in a restaurant, a basket of bread is usually sent first, which is free, equivalent to an appetizer sent by a Chinese restaurant. The so-called "French dinner" is actually rare, and people with big appetites rely on these breads to fill their stomachs.
Regular restaurant restaurant: exquisite dishes, high prices and luxurious environment. The most famous restaurant is Michelin Samsung, the top restaurant selected by top gourmets, with an average meal per person 150 euros.
In principle, formal restaurants require guests to wear formal clothes, but they don't have to be too grand. Men can wear suits and ties, while women are more relaxed.
The menu of high-end restaurants is often very simple, and it is enough to have 3-5 choices for each dish. Menu price) "* * * Euro/person" only includes five courses, and other items need extra charge. If in doubt, you may wish to ask the subscriber for advice, and you will certainly get very professional and thoughtful help. If the guest is a man and a woman, there is probably no price tag on the menu handed to the lady-don't be surprised, do as the Romans do.
When you go to a French restaurant for the first time, you will inevitably be confused by countless knives, forks and cups. In fact, it's easy to distinguish. Knife and fork can be used in turn from outside to inside. After eating each dish, put the used knives and forks on the plate side by side, and the waiter will take them away. Cups have different uses. The waiter will pour the drinks ordered by the guests into the correct cups, and the excess will be taken away.
According to the regulations, the waiter should be tipped 10- 15%.
Bistrot: Traditional home cooking is provided, the price is cheaper and the atmosphere is more relaxed and comfortable.
Dining in the above two types of restaurants, even if you know that there are not many customers, it is best to book in advance. This is not only polite to the chef, but also can enjoy more thoughtful service. Especially if you want to order the famous or time-consuming dishes in this store, it is always right to say hello in advance so that the chef has enough preparation time.
Cafeteria: there is no waiter service. Do it yourself. You only need to pay the price of vegetables without tipping.
Cafe Cafe, Afternoon Teahouse Salon, bistro Auvin, Brasserie: Besides wine, coffee and drinks, some simple dishes are also provided.
Fast food: There are not many fast food restaurants in Paris, and the prices are not cheap compared with ordinary small restaurants. But I'm sure you won't miss the fast food produced by the assembly line when you get to Paris.
physical exercise
Paris Saint-Germain was a strong team in the mid-1990s. Although there is a downward trend now, Ronaldinho also played for the team before joining Barcelona. In 2007, the team reached a low point and even faced the danger of relegation for the first time in history.
Paris successfully hosted the Olympic Games in 1900 and 1924 respectively. The Paris municipal government attaches great importance to the construction of ecological environment. Despite the shortage of urban land, the government has made every effort to increase the green space, gardens and Woods in urban communities in order to improve the environmental quality of urban communities and improve people's living environment. Paris is the capital of art and flowers. Whether it's rooms, balconies, yards, shops, windows and roadsides, there are blooming flowers and charming fragrance everywhere. As for colorful flower shops and colorful parks, people often stop to watch and linger.
198 1 year, there are 285 public green spaces in Paris, with a total area of about 355 hectares, not counting boulogne's 1850 hectares and Vincennes forest, nor decorative landscaping, cemetery and roadside greening.
From 198 1 to 1999, the urban governments have increased the area of public green space by 140 hectares with a total area of 496 hectares. Together with the forest areas in boulogne and Wansena, the green area is 22.3%, and the per capita green area is 65,438+. The added green spaces include municipal parks, regional parks, community parks and square green spaces, as well as parks and green spaces beside the Seine River and Canal. The green space in Paris is still growing at an annual rate of about 100 hectare.
Paris is the first city in European history to effectively protect the precious natural property of the city-trees. The "Tree Report" records the decisions and actions made by Paris to protect trees. For example, Paris encourages the protection of public green space and private green space through local regulations; Sign an agreement with the land developer to protect the trees on the site; In order to facilitate management, Paris has set up files and identification cards for every tree in the city. At the same time, experts in urban landscape technology put forward a "comprehensive biological protection and control scheme" after research, in order to improve the ability of plants to resist pollution and pests, improve biodiversity and achieve the balance of plant health. Nowadays, pesticides are rarely used in cities, but biological control is carried out by throwing spoons; Increasing the number of earthworms can also improve the permeability of soil.
There are 397 parks in the community of Paris, with a total area of 3.58 million square meters. On average, there are nearly 20 parks in each community, and the per capita community park area is 1.67 square meters. 12 has the largest number of parks, with 24; The second district has the least number of parks, with only three. The smallest park is Pihet—Beslay Park, which is also in the second district, only 92 square meters. La Vilette Park in 19 is the largest, with 35,000 square meters. Not only that, 65,438+10,000 trees were planted on both sides of the streets and avenues with a total length of 350 kilometers in the city.