du fu (712-77), with beautiful words, was born in gongxian county, Henan province (now gongxian county, Henan province), and was the grandson of a famous poet Du Shenyan. Because he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he called himself Shaoling Yelao and was known as Du Shaoling. Read and travel before the age of thirty-five. During the Tianbao period, when he went to Chang 'an, he had no way to enter the army. After ten years of hardship, he won the small position of Youwei leading Cao to join the army. At the beginning of the Anshi Rebellion, he was in exile and was captured by the rebels. After getting out of danger, the official was given a left pick-up. In the second year of Ganyuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went west. Finally, he went to Sichuan and settled in Chengdu. At one time, he served as Yuan Wailang in the scene of Yanwu, our time in Jiannan, so he was also known as Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward and stayed in Kuizhou for two years on the way, leaving the gorge. Wandering around Hubei and Hunan, he died of poverty and illness.

Zi Mei lived in the historical period when the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, and her poems mostly involved social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings, so she was called "the history of poetry". He is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills, and is regarded as a "poet saint."

Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focuses on the whole story, marking the high achievement of Chinese poetry art.. Du Fu also showed remarkable creativity in the Five-Seven Rhythm, and accumulated complete artistic experience in temperament, antithesis, and refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. Du Gongbu has been handed down from generation to generation.

Self-named Shaoling Yelao, Du Shaoling, Du Gongbu, etc. A great realistic poet in ancient China, known as "Poet Saint". He wrote more than 1,4 poems in his life. Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei, he was born in Gongxian, Henan. The distant ancestor was Du Yu, a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty, and his father was Du Xian. Tang Suzong, the official left gleaning. After entering Shu, Yanwu, a friend, recommended him to be the staff officer of Jiannan Jiedu Mansion, and to add Yuan Wailang to the school's Ministry of Industry. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.

Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai, known as "Great Li Du" in the world. The core of his thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He has the grand ambition of "to make the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then to make the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized that he was willing to make self-sacrifice to save their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, strong times color and distinct political tendency, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life picture of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, so they are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are rich in changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles, except for the five ancient, seven ancient, five laws and seven laws, and he also wrote a lot of arranged laws. The artistic techniques are also varied, and they are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, and got rid of the shackles of Yuefu's ancient themes, and created many new themes of Yuefu, such as the famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". After his death, he was greatly praised by Fan Huang, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others. Du Fu's poems have a profound influence on Yuan Bai's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others hold Du Fu in high esteem, while Wen Tianxiang takes Du Fu's poems as the spiritual force to stick to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art.. For details of his life, see Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 19. There's Du Gongbu.

"Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are masterpieces of Du Fu's realistic poems. It truly describes the thoughts, feelings, actions and language of county officials, customs officials, old women, old men, brides, husbands and others in a specific environment, vividly reflects the social reality of that period and the profound disasters and pains of the working people, and shows people scenes of miserable life tragedies. In these descriptions of life suffering, on the one hand, the poet has deep sympathy for the people who have suffered greatly, and hates the slavery and persecution given to the people by officials; On the other hand, he supported the dynasty's counter-insurgency war and hoped that the people would endure hardships and cooperate with the dynasty to put down the rebellion. This complex and contradictory thought is in line with the poet's ideological outlook of worrying about the country and the people.

Life introduction

Gorkey (1868 ~ 1936)-full name: Gorkey (Maksim)

Soviet writer. Formerly known as Alexei Macsimovici Peter Skof. Born in a carpenter's family in Nizhny Novgorod on March 16th, 1868, he died in Moscow on June 18th, 1936.

Masterpiece: Mother

It depicts the magnificent revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, portrays the touching images of Barville, a worker from party member, and Nilovna, a revolutionary mother, and is recognized as a brand-new foundation work of socialist realism literature in the history of world literature.

literary creation

1. Early life and creation

Gorky lost his father at the age of 4, and made a living independently at the age of 11. He worked as an apprentice, porter and baker. In 1884, he went to Kazan, and in the late 198s and early 199s, he roamed around Russia twice, widely understanding the people's feelings. In the meantime, he was arrested in 1889 for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his actions were still monitored by the constitutional police. In 1892, he published his first novel, Macard Chudra, and soon began to work as an editor and journalist in local newspapers. In 1898, he published two volumes of Essays and Short Stories, which became famous in Russian and European literary circles. He has only been in school for two years, and he is completely self-taught.

Most of his early works were short stories. Among them, Macard Chudra, Maiden and Death, Old Lady Izgil and Song of the Eagle, etc., with a strong contrast between darkness and light, praise heroes who yearn for light and devote themselves to the interests of the people, which has distinct romantic characteristics. Novels such as Celka Shi, Konarov and Because of Boredom focus on describing the miserable life of the lower classes and expressing their anger towards reality, which belongs to realism in art. The short story "The Reader" and the critical article "Paul Welland and the Decadent School", which are included in two volumes, also show that the author attached importance to the social role of literature and had a clear artistic stand against decadence from the beginning.

Two novellas, Fuma Gore Deyev and Three Men, which were completed at the turn of the 19th and 2th centuries, focus on revealing the theme of the young hero's life exploration through a wider realistic picture.

Since 19, Gorky has participated in and presided over the work of Knowledge Publishing House, uniting a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time by publishing Knowledge series. In 191, he wrote leaflets in St. Petersburg to expose the atrocities of the Tsar government in suppressing the demonstrators and called for the overthrow of the autocratic system. The prose poem "Song of Haiyan" published in the same year was full of revolutionary passion and was considered as a "declaration of revolution". This year, he was also entrusted by the revolutionary party to set up a secret printing house, and was arrested and exiled for the second time.

Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 2th century, among which "Little Citizen" exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created a vivid image of workers. The Bottom profoundly criticizes the passive waiting for happiness, and a character in the play declares, "How proud the word human sounds." Three plays, Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun and Barbarian, reveal the division of Russian intellectuals at that time in time and flog those who abandoned the revolutionary ideal. At the beginning of the revolution in 195, as a witness, he wrote a leaflet against the shooting of petitioners by the czar government, calling on the people to rise up and fight. At the same time, he actively participated in the publication of the Social Democratic Labor Party's "New Life Newspaper" and "Battle Newspaper" and made efforts to plan funds and weapons for the insurgents. During this period, he also published a lot of political comments, among which "Talking about the habits of ordinary citizens" deeply analyzed the social roots, psychological characteristics and its harm to the revolutionary cause.

2. Mid-term life and creation

In early 196, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised funds for the party. In the same year, he wrote the play Enemy and the novel Mother in the United States. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class without fear of sacrifice through the fierce face-to-face conflict between the workers and the factory owners in a factory; The latter is based on the May Day Parade of Women in Sormo in 192, which highlighted the image of Barville who consciously struggled for the socialist cause and his mother Nilovna who changed from resignation to staunch revolutionary fighter under realistic education. Both works are permeated with a firm belief in historical progress and embody the creative principle of expressing reality in the realistic revolutionary development, and are recognized as the foundation works of socialist realism. During his stay in the United States, the writer also wrote "My Interview" and "In the United States", which exposed and criticized the capitalist system.

After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went to Italy from the United States in the autumn of 196 and settled in Capri Island. During this time, he worked almost exclusively for the Russian revolution. Together with Lenin, he set up a school to train revolutionaries and propagandists, and met many people who came to visit him specially. He received many letters from all over Russia, in which many people told him their hopes and worries, and he also replied to many letters.

During this period, he had the first conflict with Lenin. Religion is very important to Gorky. Lenin regarded this as "deviating from Marxism". The direct cause of this conflict is Gorky's essay Confession, in which he tries to combine Christianity with Marxism. This conflict broke out again in 1913.

In 1913, Gorky was given a chance to return to Russia on the occasion of the 3th anniversary of Romanov's coming to power.

Gorky's pessimistic view of the October Revolution in 1917 was the reason for his second great conflict with Lenin. Gorky agrees with the social revolution in principle, but he thinks that the Russian nation is still immature, and the public still needs to form the necessary consciousness to revolt from their misfortune. Later, he said that he was "afraid that the dictatorship of the proletariat would disintegrate the only revolutionary force we had: Bolshevik, politically trained workers." This disintegration will destroy the social revolution itself for a long time ... ".

In the summer of 1921, she went abroad for medical treatment due to illness, and basically lived in sorrento until 1928. While recovering from illness, he tried his best to resist the extreme "left" and sectarian mistakes of some groups such as Lapp through letters and interviews with visitors, and did a lot of work to train young writers and unite writers of different styles. He also worked hard to create, published his memoir lev tolstoy and feature Lenin, and completed his autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University, describing the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road, and the laborers' pursuit of truth and light. The Artamonov Family's Career, a novel written in 1924 ~ 1925, describes the changes of three generations of a family in the broad historical background from the Russian serfdom reform in the mid-19th century to the October Revolution, and shows the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie from the psychological and moral perspectives.

Gorky organized a series of associations immediately after the revolution to prevent the decline of science and culture he was worried about. The Committee for Improving the Living Standards of Scholars was established to protect intellectuals who are particularly threatened by hunger, cold and political uncertainty. He organized a newspaper to oppose Lenin's Pravda and "lynching" and "poison of power". This magazine was banned in 1918. The difference between Gorky and Lenin was so great that Lenin advised Gorky to go to a foreign sanatorium to treat his tuberculosis.

He lived in Berlin from 1921 to 1924. He did not trust Lenin's successor, so he did not return to Russia after Lenin's death. He intends to return to Italy, and the fascist government in Italy agreed to let him go to sorrento after some hesitation. He stayed there until 1927, where he wrote Remembering Lenin, in which he called Lenin his favorite person. Besides, he is writing two of his novels.

On October 22nd, 1927, the Soviet Academy of Sciences decided to award Gorky the title of proletarian writer for the 35th anniversary of his writing. When he returned to the Soviet Union shortly afterwards, he received many honors: he was awarded the Lenin Medal and became a member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. The whole country of the Soviet Union celebrated his 6th birthday, and many units were named after him. His birthplace was renamed Gorky City.

Many of his works which are suitable for the socialist realism are publicized, while others are silent. In particular, Mother (the only work by Gorky in which the protagonist is a proletarian worker) has become a model of Soviet literature.

In Gorky's last period, he said that his pessimism about the revolution in the past was wrong, and he became a model writer of Stalin. He traveled around the Soviet Union and expressed surprise at the progress made in recent years. He didn't seem to notice the dark side of these progress. Most of the time he lived in a villa near Moscow and was constantly watched by KGB spies. He still tried to enlighten the public and promote young writers.

Gorky died of pneumonia on June 18th, 1936.

Gorky's works have been introduced to China since the early 2th century. Many of his novels, plays and works have not only been translated into Chinese, but also been edited and published as a single-volume and multi-volume Gorky Collection. His literary creation and literary theory have an important influence on the development of China's new literature after the May 4th Movement.

introduction to Gorky

Gorky (1868-1936) was a great proletarian writer and the founder of Soviet literature. Formerly known as alexey? Macsimovici? Peter Skof was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorko road town (now Gorky City) on the Volga River in Russia. Father is a carpenter. He lost his father in his early years and lived in his grandfather's house, which runs a small dye house. At the age of 11, he began to make a living independently, and his childhood and adolescence were spent at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary experiences in his early years are vividly described in his famous autobiographical trilogy. The suffering of the world and the bitterness of life have honed his fighting spirit; In addition to his heavy work, he is diligent in self-study. The experience and deep understanding of the painful life of the people at the bottom of society has become an inexhaustible source of his creation. In 1892, with Maxim? Gorky (meaning the greatest pain), the pseudonym, published his debut "Horse"