To understand this problem, we must first understand what a tyrant is.

A tyrant is a national ruler who doesn't care about the rule of law, morality, brutal dictatorship and indiscriminate killing of innocent people. Tyrant and tyranny are interrelated words. An autocratic and ruthless monarch, a ruler who exercised autocratic power cruelly or savagely. This is the explanation of Baidu Encyclopedia.

I think this explanation is imperfect. I think a monarch who rules the country according to law may also be a tyrant. I think everyone will be surprised and puzzled by what I said.

Why can a monarch who rules the country according to law also be a tyrant? What law is the key to governing the country according to law? Who made the law? Who made the law?

We know that Chen Sheng and Liu Bang both said such a famous saying: Everyone in the world has suffered from Qin for a long time! What do Chen Sheng and Liu Bang mean? Wang Liqun, a teacher in the lecture room, said that this sentence has two meanings. The first layer is that all the people in the world live in the hot water of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. The second layer is that all the people in the world have lived in the hot water of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty for a long time. Then there is a question here: How long have you suffered from Qin? When should this time be counted? Since Qin Shihuang ascended the throne or after Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the world? Or since the death of Qin Shihuang and Qin Ershi's accession to the throne? ..... I think everyone in the world has suffered from Qin for a long time. This long time is neither counted from the accession of Qin Shihuang to the throne, nor from the unification of China by Qin Shihuang, nor from the death of Qin Shihuang and the accession of Qin Ershi. So, when did it start?

I think we should start with Qin Xiaogong Shang Yang's formulation of a new Qin law! What do I mean by this sentence I don't deny that Qin Xiaogong's Shang Yang Reform made Qin rich and strong. Qin Xiaogong's Shang Yang Reform fundamentally changed the situation of Qin from weak to strong. But why did Qin Xiaogong's Shang Yang reform make everyone suffer from Qin for a long time? This should also be understood from two aspects.

For several Qin countries. Who is Shang Yang? Shang Yang is a rare talent. I give Shang Yang a high evaluation. I think Shang Yang was the only great talent in the whole historical period from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty. Shang Yang's political reform not only laid the foundation for the final demise of Qin State and the unification of the six countries, but also laid the political pattern of China's unification since Qin State and the centralized and autocratic system of China's feudal empire for more than 2,000 years since Qin State. It can be seen how powerful Shang Yang is!

However, please don't forget the identity of Shang Yang. Shang Yang is not only an outstanding politician, but also a rare strategist. Shang Yang is a representative figure of Legalism. What are the characteristics of legalists? The representative figures of Legalism are characterized by carrying forward the spirit of Legalism and propagating the views of Legalism. So what is the legalist point of view? The main viewpoints of legalists are summed up in two points: 1. Governing the country according to law. This rule of law is not the rule of law we understand now, but the rule of law. So what is governing the country according to the idea of Legalism? This is the second point of view of legalists. So what is the second point of view of legalists? Legalists' second point of view is the core idea of legalists-heavy punishment and heavy law! Legalists advocate heavy punishment and the rule of law!

Speaking of which, do you understand? That's what I mean when I say that a monarch who rules the country according to law may also be a tyrant. It is precisely because legalists advocate severe punishment and severe laws. Then, without tyrants and tyranny, how can such laws be enforced? However, the legalist advocates that the purpose of severe punishment and strict law is not to make the country appear tyrant and tyranny, but to make the country show maximum justice under the protection of law, so as to realize that everyone knows the law and everyone abides by it. This person includes the monarch. So as to eliminate the national chaos, official corruption and lawlessness caused by the abolition of the law, and become a single thief like Shang Zhouwang ... so that the country can develop rapidly in an orderly way on the track of the legal system, achieve the goal of enriching Qiang Bing, and then realize the great cause of unifying the world.

However, the negative influence brought by the harsh laws of the Legalists made the monarch who practiced the Legalist theory to govern the country become a tyrant. It makes the officials and people of the governed country have to shoulder a heavier burden. This is the tyranny accused by Confucianism. This is particularly prominent in Qin Shihuang.

Confucianism accused Qin Shihuang of tyranny, mostly because he burned books to bury Confucianism. But I don't think it is tyranny for Qin Shihuang to burn books and bury Confucianism. I don't think it is tyranny for Qin Shihuang to burn books and bury Confucianism. First, burn books. Wang Liqun explained it clearly in the lecture room. Qin Shihuang did not completely burn Confucian classics. There is not much explanation here. Pit Confucianism. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang killed more than 400 Confucian scholars. According to the most unfavorable literature, Qin Shihuang only killed more than 700 Confucian scholars. Not too many people, not too wide. Therefore, burning books and burying Confucianism is not the tyranny of Qin Shihuang.

So since burning books and burying Confucianism is not the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, what makes you say that Qin Shihuang is a tyrant? Why was Qin Shihuang a tyrant?

1. Qin Shihuang faithfully carried out the "new law" formulated since the Shang Yang political reform in Qin Xiaogong. And this "new law" is the total source of Qin Shihuang's tyranny and even the whole Qin Dynasty's tyranny! First of all, is this "new law" of far-reaching significance to Qin and even China good? I said: good! The advantages definitely outweigh the disadvantages. Is Qin Shihuang's policy of faithfully implementing, maintaining and implementing the new law correct? It should be said that it is absolutely correct! Then why is it said that Qin Shihuang's faithful implementation of the "new law" formulated since the Shang Yang Reform in Qin Xiaogong is tyranny?

How should we look at this problem? First of all, talk about the advantages of the new law. The formulation and implementation of the "new law" truly realized equality before the law; The formulation and implementation of the "new law" really made the state of Qin from weak to strong and from poor to rich. The formulation and implementation of the "new law" truly safeguarded the advanced feudal system and eliminated the backward slavery; The formulation and implementation of the "new law" really maintained the unified situation of abolishing the enfeoffment system in the county system. ……

Let's talk about the tyrannical side: the harsh laws of Qin state are not ordinary violence. The cruelty of the new law has gone beyond the boundaries of interpersonal relationships. Whipping, flogging, castration, gouging out feet, gouging out eyes, cutting waist, cutting in the middle of the year, and breaking cars. ..... Look at these terrible punishments. Isn't it true, eldest brother, that Prince Fu Gongzi's money was sentenced to flogging because the prince broke the law and broke the law himself? After Qin Xiaogong's death, Shang Yang was sentenced to separate cars. Gong Ziqian's nose was cut off and Shang Yang was dismembered by five horses. It can be seen how cruel the laws of Qin state are. How can it not be tyranny to enforce and maintain such laws? How can a king who enforces and upholds such laws not be a tyrant?

2. Qin Shihuang's great construction, arrogance and extravagance, was overjoyed. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he continued to launch large-scale projects. Straighten the road; Repair the Great Wall of Wan Li; Strike the Huns in the north; Expedition to the south; Xiulingqu; Xiuafang Palace; Li Xiushan Mausoleum. The practice of Qin Shihuang is undoubtedly a great achievement for the benefit of the future. The problem is that these huge large-scale projects are beneficial to the future, but they are bitter in the present and difficult in the past! Otherwise, there would be no folklore that Meng Jiangnu cried at the Great Wall. These large-scale projects of Qin Shihuang led to the death of 56 people in the Qin Dynasty 10. Thousands of Qin people died in Qin Shihuang's large-scale project construction. The death toll even exceeds that of war. It has caused the separation and destruction of countless families. These large-scale projects of Qin Shihuang greatly exceeded the limit of the heavy pressure that Qin people could bear at that time. This is also the main reason why we characterized Qin Shihuang as a tyrant.

But if we simply regard Qin Shihuang as a tyrant, it would be a big mistake. It is true that we characterized Qin Shihuang as a tyrant. However, Qin Shihuang is a wise monarch of SHEN WOO, a generation of arrogance, a generation of saints and a generation of heroes, which is rare!

Isn't Qin Shihuang a tyrant? How come it's Mingjun again? Isn't this a contradiction? This is really not contradictory. What is the antonym of tyrant? Is it Mingjun? No, the antonym of tyrant is not Mingjun, but Ren Jun.. What is Ren Jun? Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han were in the army. Wang Liqun said, if it is not Han Jing, it is not Ren Jun.. Look how badly Han Jing did to Liu Rong. Tiger poison doesn't eat children. Emperor Han Jing is so vicious, can he be regarded as an army? Emperor Taizong also killed his own brother. So Wang Liqun thought that all emperors were not benevolent. I don't think so. What do I think Ren Jun is? Ren Jun is a tyrant. As long as the monarch is kind to the people, he can be called Ren Jun.. What is a stone? Is to recuperate and live a peaceful life for the people. Specific performance is: light corvee, low taxes. Governing the country with Huang Lao's theory and Confucianism will eventually achieve the goal of governing the country. This is called benevolent governance, and such a king is called Ren Jun.. Not how the king treats individuals. Emperor Han Jing's diligence and love for the people were his military service. As for how he treats his son, it is cruel in the political field and has nothing to do with benevolence. Similarly, what is a tyrant? That depends on whether the monarch's national policy oppresses the people, not on how many people the monarch killed.

So what is Mingjun? Talent is the best way to choose people, and this is a wise gentleman. There is no doubt that Ren Jun must be a monarch. Because a military man is definitely a gentleman. Morality is noble and people are generous. Ren Jun is of course a pro-German minister, and there is such a person. Pro-virtuous ministers naturally stay away from villains.

So, what about tyrants? All tyrants are not wise kings. For example, several monarchs in Shang Zhouwang and Beiqi were not only tyrants, but also bad emperors. A bad king is opposite to a good king. In other words, a bad king is the antonym of a good king. Bad kings are not all tyrants. For example, Chen Houzhu, Li Yu, Song Huizong, Song Qinzong, Song Gaozong and Ming Xizong were absolutely bad kings, but they were not tyrants. The outstanding performance of a bad king is to be a villain, a traitor, a jester, a distant minister and a loyal minister. A bad king can't distinguish faithfulness, treachery, incompetence, dissoluteness and ruthlessness. Another characteristic of a bad king is cronyism, and he is partial to listening and believing. If it is a bad king and tyrant, it is equal to a thief.

What are the characteristics of Mingjun? A wise monarch is characterized by meritocracy, ability and courtesy. Just now we said that a bad king and a tyrant are thieves. What about monarchs and tyrants? A monarch plus a tyrant is great. A wise monarch plus a tyrant is equal to a generation of eternal pride!

It is easy for us to understand that a bad king and a tyrant are equal to single husbands and thieves. It is hard to understand that wise monarchs and tyrants are equal to the arrogance of generations through the ages. In fact, it is not difficult to understand the characteristics of tyrants. What are the characteristics of tyrants? Is it extravagant? That's right. But don't forget that tyrants are often ambitious. The tyrant's imagination is also rich. He dares to think and people dare not do it. What will happen if such a person becomes a monarch? We say that madness is only one step away from genius. That's great. Tyrants are ambitious, so tyrants like to expand their territory. Great talents are eager to create a prosperous era. Let's look at Qin Shihuang Hanwu, Tang Zongsong, Genghis Khan, Yang Di and Wu Zetian. Which one is not like this? What should be done to realize their great talent and great strategy? Meritocracy is to promote the use of talents! And what kind of talent do you use? What a genius! How can you make great achievements without a child prodigy?

Almost all kings in the Qin Dynasty were tyrants and Jia Mingjun. At the same time, a series of talents are reused. Qin Xiaogong used Shang Yang; Qin Yong Zhang Yi; Qin Wang Zhaoxiang used Fan Ju and Tian Lei; The king of Qin made people use Lv Buwei; Ying Zheng, king of Qin, used Li Si, Liao Wei, Wang Jian and Meng Tian. The monarch and the minister are integrated and complement each other. Heroes use force, and kings are far-sighted. The nature created is also an outstanding achievement and a great achievement.

Where is Renhe Mingjun? Can we not create outstanding achievements and great achievements? I can't. The national policy formulated by Ren Jun and Ming Jun is to recuperate. The talents used by Ming Jun and Ren Jun are modest gentlemen. What are the characteristics of a modest gentleman? Modest gentleman is characterized by believing in Confucianism and advocating benevolent government. Benevolence is to let the people recuperate. Good-neighborliness and friendship with foreign countries and friendly countries. Implement benevolent policies internally. The end result of Jia Jun's appointment as an army in Ming Dynasty was to bow to his knees.

The Qin State practiced strict laws and penalties. Although Qiang Bing is a rich country; Of course, it is to open up the territory and expand the territory; Of course, it can create great achievements. ..... but in exchange for the exhaustion of national strength and people's strength. National wealth is drying up day by day. Once the treacherous court official abandons the statutes, he extorts and abuses his power. Especially in the late Qin Shihuang, no one dared to give advice. The country collapsed immediately.

The State of Qin and the Qin Dynasty, like an upright sword, were invincible at first. But in the end, it will be destroyed in an instant, so Qin Ershi died. In fact, Qin Ershi's death was doomed as early as Qin Xiaogong's time. Qin's new law was too strict, which made Qin's development reach its peak. This is like a famous sword, which is invincible when it is pure and strong. Once the end of the road is over, it will flash by. So Qin Cheng is also a new law, and defeat is also a new law.

Qin conquered the world by force. It is the new law that makes Qin prosperous. Qin conquered the world by force. At the same time, for the six countries, it brought war to the six countries. Brought disaster to the people of the six countries. This is the second meaning of Qin tyranny. But if Qin was not conquered, the six countries would also crusade against each other. Therefore, the new law of Qin allowed Qin to unify the world and put an end to the world disputes. It can be seen that the new law of Qin state not only did not count as tyranny in the unified war, but ended it.

But the problem is that Qin unified the world. Qin's new law will certainly be implemented in the six countries. What does this mean? This means: flogging, flogging, castration, gouging out feet, gouging out eyes, cutting waist, year-end, and smashing cars. ..... These horrible punishments have also been carried out in the old places of the six countries! In addition, Qin Shihuang's extortion, great construction, and extravagance, not to mention Qin Ershi's relatives, villains, distant ministers, abandoning statutes, abusing power, killing imperial clan and destroying loyalty. It made the people of the Qin Dynasty lose their hearts and minds. With the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi was actually a tyrant, a bad king, and completely became a husband and a thief. The Qin dynasty made people angry and miserable. The Qin dynasty was abandoned by many people. Qin Ershi and Zhao Gao, you are ignorant, treacherous, unreasonable and immoral, which will not help the immortal justice of the Qin Dynasty!

Qin's new law achieved A Qin's hegemony and Qin Shihuang's great achievements. It can be said that without the new law of Qin, there would be no Qin Shihuang to destroy the six countries and unify the world. Qin Shihuang chose people on merit. It can be said that without Qin Shihuang, meritocracy is the best and most thorough military coup. For example, the military coup mentioned by Cheng Bu, a grassroots scholar, is just as insignificant in the hands of mediocrity! And if you win the world at once, you have to rule the world at once. To unify the six countries, Qin must cultivate talents and reform to recuperate. Instead of forcibly launching large-scale projects in an attempt to leap overnight. Otherwise, it will only lead to the loss of people's hearts, and eventually the country will collapse because it can't get help. Qin Shihuang conquered the world by force, but failed to win the hearts and minds of the world, which was the fundamental reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Qin Ershi's relatives were far from virtuous, and his ministers chose people as relatives instead of meritocracy, which was the root of the demise of the Qin Dynasty.

To sum up, we can draw a conclusion that if you get this word, you will get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. He who wins the hearts of the people wins the world, and he who loses the hearts of the people loses the country. Oh! Those who destroy the six countries are also six countries, not Qin. Qin is also a Qin family, not the world. Hey, honey! Make the six countries love each other, enough to refuse Qin; Let the state of Qin love the six countries again, and give it to three generations to be king forever. Who wins and who dies? Qin people feel sorry for themselves, and later people mourn for them; Later generations grieved, failed to learn from it, and let future generations mourn for future generations.