Keywords: architecture; Structural design; Optimize
China Library Classification Number: S6 1 1 Document Identification Number: A Document Number:
In the field of architecture, digital computers and related digital technologies not only enable practitioners to easily complete a series of work such as data analysis and calculation, project design and drawing. But also brought us many "new experiences". For example: the optimization of architectural structure design. Experience tells us that building structural design optimization based on digital computer and taking mathematics, mechanics and other disciplines as reference can not only assist architects in the main work of project "enforceability" (traditional structural design), but also play a role in weighing the advantages and disadvantages of structural design "safety" and "economy". Undoubtedly, the optimization of architectural structure design has achieved a strong structural erection guarantee for increasingly complex and diverse buildings. In the specific work, in order to truly achieve the goal of economic and reasonable double benefits, we must strictly master the relevant methods and technical means.
First, the benefits of architectural structure design optimization
As we all know, in the traditional architectural structure design, designers usually proceed with the corresponding design scheme in a judgmental way according to the design requirements, combined with previous practical experience, and then calculate the strength, stiffness, stability and other related aspects. When using this method for structural design, if conditions permit, the designer will also seek a more reasonable design scheme from the aspects of structural layout, structural shape and material selection, which only plays a role in checking and comparing mechanical analysis. Therefore, the traditional architectural structure design exposes the following main disadvantages: ① heavy workload and low efficiency; (2) Due to internal and external factors such as limited time and inexperienced designers, the final design scheme is not the most ideal and scientific scheme; (3) The working goal is to analyze and calculate the mechanical reactions such as stress and deformation under the action of various external factors, which fails to reach the design level.
However, with the rise and influx of digital technology and other scientific technologies, our human thinking, feelings and other design-related factors are constantly being submerged and changed. At this time, the traditional structural design method can only play the role of "analysis", which is obviously not enough. Because, at present, no matter what kind of design, it should not only meet the artistic characteristics of the design object, such as process performance, reliability and safety, but also achieve the goal of minimum consumption, minimum error and minimum cost in the production of the design object. And the optimization of architectural structure design, that's all.
Facts have proved that architectural design optimization can be realized: "shortening the design cycle to the minimum range, saving a lot of manpower, improving the design quality and level, and finally achieving remarkable economic and social benefits." How to do this in the optimization of building structure design depends on its methods and techniques.
Second, the optimization method of building structure design
Like structural design optimization, the main feature of architectural structural design optimization is that the parts involved in calculation appear in the form of variables. Generally speaking, in the design process, all the schemes that can realize structural design are listed under the condition of meeting various relevant codes and regulations. Then, with the help of mathematical means, according to the predetermined design requirements, an optimal scheme with various advantages such as "executable", "scientific" and lowest cost is selected. In the application of the method, building structure and project cost are the two most obvious breakthroughs.
(A) the building structure
The seismic design of buildings requires that the building plane be regular, simple and symmetrical, reduce eccentricity, the plane height-width ratio should not be too long, the plane concave-convex should not be too large, and the vertical lateral force resisting members should be as continuous as possible. Therefore, it is particularly important for architects to consider the overall situation in the design stage of architectural schemes! At the same time, it is necessary for architects to participate in the design of architectural schemes. When the rules of the architectural scheme are reasonable, the structural designer will make calculation, analysis and reasonable adjustment in the stress analysis and conceptual design. You can ask for an economical and safe structure and energy saving! A large number of engineering examples show that irregular building schemes make structural engineers seem unable to optimize the design to a great extent.
For a project, starting with the structure of a building project is the structural design optimization method that designers use for the longest time. It is true that building structures are generally composed of several substructures, and the substructures of buildings can be divided into: foundation structure (building frame), roof structure, enclosure (wall) structure and structural details (such as doors, windows, floors, etc.). ). Therefore, each branch structure has become a breakthrough for designers to optimize their structural design. In the specific operation, designers can focus on the key factors of optimization design, such as shape, material selection, layout, location, mechanics and cost, within the scope of relevant regulations, in line with the principle of "double harvest" of economic benefits and safety factors, combined with specific conditions (the needs of architects and other related personnel), from one-sided (each branch structure) to comprehensive.
(2) Project cost
Experiments show that the construction cost can be reduced to 5%-30% by using the optimization method of building structure correctly (at present, but with the technological innovation, this ratio will be higher and higher). Therefore, the most direct way to reduce the project cost is to use building materials reasonably under the conditions of ensuring the coordination of various branches within the building and ensuring the safety, rationality and structural reliability of the building. Therefore, this has become another "landing point" of the optimization method of building structure design.
To sum up, we can easily see that using the optimization method of building structure design from the correct "entrance" is an effective way to realize the advantages of high applicability, high safety and low cost. And in the specific application, it needs to be realized by applying technical means.
Three, the technical problems of building structure design optimization
Every architectural structure design will produce many structural layout design schemes, and the treatment methods of architectural details are also very different. For designers, it is unscientific to seek the optimal design by blindly analyzing various related parameters, materials and load values in the design. Because, as far as load value is concerned, there are many different analysis methods under the same load.
In fact, the optimization of building structural design should also follow the traditional structural design process: "design (drawing up relevant dimensions) → check (checking whether it meets the specifications) → modify the design scheme → check again", and so on until the ideal scheme is reached. In this process, the experience, knowledge and experience of structural designers play an important role. For example, every building project may encounter many unforeseeable natural disasters during or after construction, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other geological disasters. In the process of building structure design optimization, designers should nip in the bud. In practice, we must first eliminate the practices that are not conducive to fighting natural disasters such as earthquakes. Secondly, in the process of design optimization, we must seriously consider the earthquake action, wind load, axial force, bending moment, shear force and other values related to external load. When solving this problem, designers can design according to local conditions with their own work experience and knowledge. For example, the balance and symmetry of stiffness can reduce the damage to buildings caused by earthquakes; "Ductile design" can avoid the phenomenon of "brittle fracture" of buildings under the influence of earthquakes; And the "multi-channel fortification design" will make the secondary structural members of the building be destroyed first when a major earthquake occurs, thus minimizing the impact on the main structure of the building. In addition, with the increasing number of buildings, architects can adopt the optimization method of symmetrical regular plane layout and vertical connection on the basis of meeting the design needs of architects. With this optimization method, the center of mass and stiffness can be reduced as much as possible, so that the building will not be deformed due to excessive horizontal load; In addition, the vertical coherence method makes the vertical stiffness have a "gradual change" effect, so there will be no disadvantages of sudden stiffness change and stress concentration.
In a word, construction engineering is not only an extremely scientific and rigorous discipline, but also an expensive project. In the "journey" of architectural structure design optimization, architects must estimate all kinds of problems involved from various angles. In short, it is necessary to follow the relevant rules and guidelines, and on the basis of ensuring the optimal design of the project, find structural design methods and technical means that can achieve "open source and reduce expenditure".
Four. conclusion
Obviously, the emergence of architectural structure design optimization has chosen the most effective and scientific architectural structure for the present buildings. A famous saying once said: "The goal of architecture is to create perfection, that is, to create the most beautiful benefits." For a structural designer, it is worth promoting to explore a scientific, economical and effective architectural structure on the premise of ensuring the safety and reliability of the building. Because the technical realization of the optimization method of building structure design can not only make the building project find the most economical and reasonable way to use materials in construction, but also make the internal elements of the structure well deployed, and even make the built building have a high degree of safety. Undoubtedly, the optimization of architectural structure design is the best way to make the building economical, safe and applicable.
References:
Bear, Cheng Zhiyong. Building structure [M]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press.2011(07)
[2] Liu Zhaoru, Zhuang Yan. Fundamentals of building structure and mechanics [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press.2011(09)
[3] Xu Chuanliang, Guang Jun. "Optimization and Example of Architectural Structure Design" [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.2012 (03)
[4] Jiang Niu. Problems that should be paid attention to in architectural structure design [J]. Value engineering. 20 1 1(36)
[5] Zhu. On the key points of architectural structure design [J]. Value engineering. 20 10 (27)
Note: Please view all formulas and charts in the article in PDF format.