2007-11-17 14:12 zoumaner | Level 5
There are many farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty, and the representative works are: Wang Bo's "Farewell to Du Shaofu in Shuchuan" and Wang Wei's "Weicheng Song" , Gao Shi's "Farewell to Dong Da", Wang Changling's "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower", Li Bai's "To Wang Lun", "Yellow Crane Tower to Meng Haoran's Guangling", Cen Shen's "Bai Xue Ge to Send Magistrate Wu Back to the Capital" are among them. excellent work.
Parting is sad, but the parting and sadness written by poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are the parting of young people, the sadness of young people. In addition to sentimentality, it is also full of the youthful and energetic atmosphere and positivity of young people. Optimistic emotions are full of dreams and hopes, as well as vigorous vitality. These are the unique spiritual features of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Most of the farewell poems we are talking about are Qijue or Qigu. Mr. Lin Geng once said that quatrains and Qigu are the most unrestrained poetic language. This free and unrestrained language complements the spirit of freedom and liberation, and embodies the same expression. The atmosphere of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
There are many common images, among which Changting, Nanpu, willows and fine wine are the most representative ones.
In ancient times, there were pavilions along the roadside for travelers to rest or say farewell. At that time, there was one long pavilion for ten miles and one short pavilion for five miles. "Changting" thus became an image that contained a feeling of attachment and farewell, and it constantly appeared in ancient farewell poems.
Nanpu is often seen in farewell poems on the southern waterway; it has become a common image in farewell poems and has a lot to do with Qu Yuan's famous saying "Send the beauty to Nanpu". After Jiang Yan wrote "Farewell Ode", Nanpu appeared more and more in farewell poems; in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it appeared more commonly in farewell poems, so that it was not only about farewell poems, but also imbued with parting feelings and hate. "Nanpu Ziqu" and "Nanpu" lyrics are mostly used to write about the feelings of farewell and separation or the sadness of traveling.
Starting from "Xiaoya Plucking Wei" in "The Book of Songs", the state of dependence on willows and the feeling of dependence on farewell have been integrated, resulting in the song "Folding Willows" mostly written about parting sorrow; And because "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic, there was an ancient custom of breaking willows to stay with guests. "Willow" has become more closely related to farewell. "Willow" was often used in farewell poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties to express the feelings of farewell.
Wine is also one of the most common images in farewell poems. Yang Zai of the Yuan Dynasty said: "When giving people a lot of wine, they can express their feelings, write about the scene of the moment to cheer up, and express words of encouragement to express their feelings. Greetings". In addition to relieving melancholy, wine is also full of deep blessings. There are many poems that link wine and separation, the most famous of which is "Weicheng Song" by Wang Wei.
Send Yuan Er envoy to Anxi
Wang Wei
The morning rain in Weicheng is light and dusty, and the guesthouses are green and willows are new.
I advise you to drink another glass of wine. There will be no old friends when you leave Yangguan in the west.
Appreciation of the work
This is a poem to send a friend to the northwest frontier. Anxi is the abbreviation of the Anxi Protectorate established by the central government of the Tang Dynasty to govern the Western Regions. Its administrative seat was Qiuci City (now Kuqa, Xinjiang). This friend named Yuan went to Anxi on a mission from the imperial court. In the Tang Dynasty, most people going west from Chang'an would see them off in Weicheng. Weicheng is the ancient city of Xianyang, the capital of Qin, located northwest of Chang'an and on the north bank of the Wei River.
The first two sentences describe the time, place, and atmosphere of farewell. In the early morning, the guest houses in Weicheng, the endless post road extending from east to west, the willow trees surrounding the guest houses and on both sides of the post road. All this seems to be an extremely ordinary scene, but when read, it is picturesque and full of lyrical atmosphere. "Chaoyu" plays an important role here. The rain in the morning didn't last long and stopped just as it moistened the dust. On the highway going west from Chang'an, there are usually cars and horses passing by and dust flying in the sky. But now, the morning rain has stopped, the weather is clear, and the road looks clean and refreshing. The word "浥" in "浥Qingchen" means moist. It is used very appropriately here, showing that the rain clears the dust but does not wet the road. It is just right, as if God has specially arranged a road for people who travel far. A dusty road. A guest house is a traveler's companion; willow trees are a symbol of farewell. Choosing these two things naturally meant to connect with the farewell. They are usually always associated with restraint and sadness, showing a mood of ecstasy. But today, because of the morning rain, it has a unique bright and fresh look - "the guest house is green and the willows are new". On weekdays, the road dust is flying, and the willows on the roadside are inevitably shrouded in gray dust and fog. Only after a morning rain does it wash out its true green color, so it is called "new", and because of the newness of the willows, it reflects the greenness of the guest house. In short, from the clear sky to the clean roads, from the green guesthouses to the green willows, a picture with fresh and bright colors is formed, providing a typical natural environment for this farewell. This is an affectionate farewell, but it is not an ecstatic farewell. On the contrary, it reveals a light and hopeful mood. Words such as "Qingchen", "Qingqing" and "Xin" have soft and bright pronunciation, which strengthens the readers' feeling.
Quatrains are strictly limited in length. In this poem, all the details about how to hold a farewell banquet, how to toast frequently and say goodbye attentively at the banquet, how to reluctantly leave when setting off, how to stare into the distance after setting off, etc., are all omitted, except for the scene when the host is about to end the farewell banquet. His advice to drink: Let’s have another drink. Once we leave Yangguan, we will never see our old friends again. Poets are like skilled photographers, taking the most expressive shots.
The banquet has been going on for a long time, the wine full of farewell has been drunk many times, and the words of polite farewell have been repeated many times. The moment for the friends to go on their way finally has to come, and the feelings of farewell between the host and the guest are all at this moment. reached the top. The host's words of persuasion seemed to come out of his mouth, which were a concentrated expression of the strong and deep feelings of farewell at this moment.
Three or four sentences are a whole. To deeply understand the deep affection contained in this invitation to drink before leaving, we have to involve "Going out of Yangguan from the West". Yangguan is located at the western end of the Hexi Corridor, opposite Yumenguan to the north. Since the Han Dynasty, it has been the passage from the mainland to the Western Regions. The country was strong in the Tang Dynasty, and there were frequent exchanges between the inland and the Western Regions. Joining the army or going on missions to Yangguan was a desirable feat in the minds of the people of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. But at that time, the west of Yangguan was still a desolate and desolate area, and the scenery was very different from that in the mainland. My friend, "leaving Yangguan in the west" was a feat, but it also required a long journey of thousands of miles, and the hardship and loneliness of walking alone in poverty. Therefore, "I urge you to drink another glass of wine" before leaving is like a cup of rich emotional nectar soaked in all the rich and deep friendship of the poet. There is not only a feeling of farewell, but also a deep concern for the situation and mood of the traveler, and a sincere wish to cherish the journey ahead. For the farewell person, persuading the other person to "have one more glass of wine" not only allows the friend to take away one more point of friendship from him, but also delays the breakup intentionally or unintentionally, so that the other person can stay for one more moment. How can the feeling of "no one has any old friends when leaving Yangguan in the west" only belong to travelers? I had a lot to say before leaving Yiyi, but there were so many things to say that I didn’t even know where to start. In this kind of situation, there is often a wordless silence. "Persuading you to drink another glass of wine" is a way to break this silence unconsciously, and it is also a way to express the rich and complex emotions at the moment. What the poet has not said is much richer than what has been said. In short, although the three or four sentences capture only a moment of the scene, it is a moment that contains extremely rich content.
What this poem describes is the most universal parting. It has no special background, but has a deep feeling of farewell, which makes it suitable for singing at most farewell banquets. It was later incorporated into Yuefu and became the most popular and longest-sung song.
1. An introduction to farewell poems before the Tang Dynasty and some characteristics of farewell poems:
In the history of the development of Chinese poetry, farewell poems appeared very early. "Beifeng·Yanyan" and "Qinfeng·Weiyang" in the "Book of Songs" should be the earliest extant farewell poems. Qu Yuan's "Chu Ci" also wrote about farewell content many times. In the Han Dynasty, "Li Ling's Twenty-One Farewell Poems" appeared under the names of Su Wu and Li Ling. This is a set of farewell poems. The number of farewell poems continued to increase during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it had become a poetry category. After that, it became a major genre in the Tang Dynasty. Shen Deqian of the Qing Dynasty compiled "Collection of Farewell Poems of the Tang Dynasty", which included nearly 300 farewell poems among the more than 1,900 Tang poems. head.
Looking at ancient farewell poems, it is not difficult to find that they all have a bloodline of love running through them - the melancholy of leaving life. Although "expressing one's will and expressing emotions" is originally a national characteristic accumulated over thousands of years in ancient Chinese poetry, and is not a specialty of farewell poems, this type of poetry is more sincere in terms of lyricism than other types of works. ,strong. As the predecessors said: "In ancient times, those who chanted the words of sadness and farewell, and were astonished and ready to cry, are truly sentimental." (The sayings of Sao Yin, recorded in the "Compilation of Materials on Ancient Chinese Rhetoric") The formation of this characteristic is not No reason. Farewell poems about reunion and resentment after parting are originally the traditional psychology of the Chinese nation. The ancients said, "Be sad because parting is born" (words from "Nine Songs"), "If there is separation, there will be resentment, and if there is resentment, there will be more resentment" (Jiang Yan's "Farewell"). Just this one end can make people "sadly ecstatic" , this is one; the transportation in ancient times was not developed enough, and every journey would take many years and months, and it was easy to get difficult, so it was deeply "valued by the ancients" ("Yan Family Instructions"), this is the second; or warlords were fighting, and cliques were fighting. , or farmers acted righteously and "committed rebellion." The frequent redistribution of power within the ruling class and the continuous intensification of class struggle caused the turbulence of the ancient social and political situation. The "consciousness of worry" often enveloped the minds of feudal scholars. Facing parting in this way, it is inevitable to have a pessimistic mood of "where is the dust", so parting is more valued by people. Thirdly; after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to the temptation of the imperial examination system, scholars had a strong sense of "participation in politics". In order to obtain an official position and establish a successful career, they often stay away from home and travel to many places. They may fail in the examination and seek another career, or they may be offended by the imperial court and travel far away. They have no fixed location all year round. New friends make old friends. , it is really difficult to follow, so there are always sighs of "floating clouds" and "flowing water". Parting under such circumstances will turn into poetry, and the feelings must be genuine, which is the fourth reason. As Zhong Rong said: "If it were... Jiahui sent poems to relatives, and left the group to send poems to express resentment. As for the Chu ministers leaving the country, the Han concubines resigned from the palace...or they were garrisoning outside the war, and they were murderous. Seke guests. The clothes are scattered, and the widow sheds tears. Perhaps the scholar wears his clothes and goes out to court, but forgets to return... All these things move the soul. How can a poem express its meaning without a long song? "("Poetry") "Preface") proves it with poems, "You can't get drunk when seeing off guests in a high building, and the moonlight is in the heart of the cold river in silence" (Wang Changling's "Two Poems to Send Xin Jian off at Xiaorong Tower", Part 2), "I urge you to drink another glass of wine and go out to the west to the Yangtze River" "There are no old friends at all" (Wang Wei's "Send Off the Second Envoy of Yuan Dynasty to Anxi"), "It's difficult to meet each other in the south of Jing and Weibei, and don't miss the traces of wine on your shirt" (Cen Shen's "Send Off to Jia Shi, the Imperial Envoy to Jiangwai"), "The feelings of the world have disappeared like clouds. "The separation of hatred and empty space follows the river" (Jia Zhi's "Baling Night Farewell to the Eight Members"), etc., are all known for their true feelings.
One of the characteristics of farewell poems is that they all show the contradiction between the subject's will and the harsh reality to varying degrees, which is concentratedly reflected in the former's "can't bear to stay, can't bear to leave", with the tragic conflict of emotions and the soul. The huge fluctuations arouse readers' cries, sympathy and compassion. Take a poem as an example:
The old gate is decaying and the grass is everywhere, and it is sad to say goodbye. The road is out of the cold clouds, when people return to the dusk snow.
It is early for a young man to be a guest, but it is difficult to recognize you late. Covering the tears and facing each other in the sky, where will the wind and dust end? (Lu Lun's "Farewell to Li Duan")
In this farewell poem, a young boy is lonely and in need of comfort from relatives and friends, but it is sad to be a guest too early. , stay together day and night, and then part ways, wanting to stay but not being able to stay, both are sad; it happens to be the time when the grass is fading and the snow is falling, what a desolate time it is? The third thing is sad. The fourth thing is sad. We meet later after separation, but we don’t know when and where we will meet. The fourth thing is sad. It can be seen that it is this serious contradiction between the subject's will and the objective reality that leads to the author's gradual emotional conflict, which gives the work a rich tragic color.
If a poet encounters difficulties in real life, his farewell poem can also contain his personal feelings about his life experience. "I am a wounded bird like a crane in a cage, Lord Shen Jian is like a dragon under the spring" (Yuan Zhen's "The Spring of the Sixth Year"). When the members of the Wei Dynasty visited foreign ministers and invited them to have a drink, Shi Yu couldn't go because the day of mourning was approaching, so he sent ""). One of them was demoted in Jiangling and compared himself to a "crane in a cage." "It's hard to send me away"; "I'm crying because I have no way to go, so I touch your clothes" (Chen Ziliang's "Farewell"), "My mind is wandering, and my life is extremely hard" (Wang Bo's "Farewell Xue Hua"), "Knowing that your destiny is not coincidental, "We have the same disease and the same worries" (Meng Haoran's "Farewell"), "We cannot leave each other when we are in a foreign land, and we should be sad in a foreign land" (Cui Shu's "Farewell to Xue Ju in Songzhou") - the content of seeing off guests in the guest's life is strengthened In addition to the sadness of parting, the special situation of feeling sympathy for each other adds to the feeling of "falling apart at the end of the world" in the hateful farewell. In these farewell poems, the contradiction between wishes and reality, the conflict between ideals and fate, are so intertwined and complicated, showing a more eye-catching tragic color.
The use of scenery to express emotions is one of the important expressive arts of Chinese classical poetry, and farewell poems are often the same. Farewell poems express the feelings of hatred for farewell, and the ancients often said farewell along the fork in the road, at Jindu, in the long pavilion or outside the capital gate. In such a relatively broad space environment, the objective objects that the author can touch, feel sad, and use to express his emotions include the setting sun, flowing water and waves, river wind causing rain, flat sand and rolling canopy, clouds across the Qinling Mountains, and the road around the Shushan Mountains. This is the so-called "mountain climbing and facing the water to see the general return home". Once these objects are incorporated into the poem with the author's emotions of separation and become "humanized nature", they form a desolate and desolate, empty and profound aesthetic form. "Jingwu and Jingwu are connected by the water and form a hometown. When you go to the Chunjiang River, it is a blur. Where can you anchor at dusk? The sight of the horizon is heartbreaking." (Meng Haoran's "Farewell to Du Shishi Jiangnan") Jingwu and Wu are connected by a river. The Chunjiang River is blurry and the realm is vast. The desolation contains the author's boundless emotions of separation. The last two sentences develop the artistic conception in association, deepen the emotion in the solemn and sincere "looking at the end of the world", and make the whole poem and scene become one. It is like "the mountains end with the plains, and the river flows into the wilderness" (Li Bai's "Farewell at the Jingmen Gate"), "the Yangtze River is sailing far away, and the setting sun is spring in the five lakes" (Liu Changqing's "Farewell to the King on the Eleventh South Tour"), "the distant fragrance invades the ancient road" , clear green connects to the desolate city" (Bai Juyi's "Farewell to the Ancient Grass"), it's all like this. These farewell poems are mostly described from a large, distant and dynamic point of view, which not only makes people feel a sense of loss due to the infinite expansion and extension of their space, but also gives people the feeling of "the orchid boat urges the hair", "the osmanthus" The feeling of restlessness and anxiety of "the wind does not stop", from which I can experience the melancholy and sadness of parting.
The coexistence of reality and fiction is another characteristic of the creation of farewell poems. Farewell poems often reflect forward on the basis of the author's touching scenes and emotions. They are generally imagining the specific environment or things that the other party will encounter on the way after separation. When experiencing the loneliness and melancholy of parting. For example, Wang Changling's "Farewell to Wei Er":
Intoxicated farewell to the fragrance of oranges and pomelos in Jianglou, the river breeze brings rain into the cool boat. I recall you far away in the Xiaoxiang month, and worry about listening to the ape's dreams.
The last two sentences are conjectures. After the virtual separation, the friend disembarked from the boat and docked in Xiaoxiang, "worrying about listening to the ape". Even in the dream, he felt uneasy due to the loneliness of traveling at night, so as to double the expression. The author's melancholy of parting and his deep concern for his friends.
The forward thinking of the farewell poem constitutes the continuation of the situation at hand in time and space, is the outward extension of the author's cherished friendship emotions, and embodies the dialectical unity of virtuality and reality.
2. Farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty
There are many farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty. Representative works of the Tang Dynasty farewell poems include Wang Bo's "Farewell to Du Shaofu in Shuchuan", Wang Wei's "Weicheng Song", Gao Shi "Farewell to Dong Da", Wang Changling's "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower", Li Bai's "To Wang Lun", "Yellow Crane Tower to Meng Haoran in Guangling", Cen Shen's "Bai Xuege Farewell to Judge Wu Returning to the Capital" and other excellent works.
Parting is sad, but the parting and sadness written by poets in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty are the parting of young people, the sadness of young people. In addition to sentimentality, it is also full of the youthful and high-spirited atmosphere of young people. , positive and optimistic emotions, full of dreams and hopes, and full of vigorous life vitality. These are the unique spiritual features of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This free and unrestrained language complements the spirit of freedom and liberation, and embodies the atmosphere of the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The seven unique farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty have the following characteristics:
(1) The emotions expressed contain high-spirited optimism and positive and enterprising emotions in the sorrow of separation;
( 2) The language is easy to understand and natural. Representative works include Wang Bo's "Sending Du Shaofu to Shuchuan", Wang Wei's "Sending Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi", Gao Shi's "Farewell to Dong Da", Wang Changling's "Sending Firewood to Serve the Emperor", "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower", Li Bai's "Sending to the King". "Lun", "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran at Guangling", Cen Shen's "Baixuege Farewell to Magistrate Wu Returning to the Capital"
After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the country's power declined, and the feelings of confusion and sadness in farewell poems gradually increased.
3. Analysis of Farewell Poems of the Tang Dynasty
(1) Wang Bo's "Farewell Du Shaofu's Appointment in Shuchuan"
This poem is a masterpiece of farewell in the Tang Dynasty. It was written by Wang Bo when he was sending friends to Sichuan in Chang'an. The first couplet belongs to the "place name pair" among the "work pairs", which is extremely magnificent and neat. The second couplet is inherited by San Tiao, and the literary style is ups and downs. The third couplet is pushed forward with a step, and strange peaks protrude. From the perspective of conception, it may have been inspired by Cao Zhi's "Giving the White Horse to Wang Biao" "A husband's ambitions are all over the world, and he is still close to his neighbors thousands of miles away; his love is not lost, and he is close even though we are far apart", but it is highly summarized and self-made and has become an eternal poem. Famous quotes. The last couplet follows the first three couplets and ends with comforting Du Shaofu. The whole poem is unique and expresses the feeling of farewell in a cheerful and high-spirited style. It is magnificent and expresses the concept of career-oriented among friends and is full of enterprising spirit.
(2) Comparison between Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi" and Gao Shi's "Farewell to Dongda"
This is a poem about sending a friend to the northwest frontier. This friend named Yuan went to Anxi on a mission from the imperial court. In the Tang Dynasty, most people going west from Chang'an would see them off in Weicheng. The whole poem first describes the scenery, and then expresses emotions. The scenery written is full of spring, warm and beautiful, while the emotion expressed turns to graceful and lingering, with a slight sentimentality. The last two sentences are poetic, with shallow language and strong meaning. There is sadness in the strong feelings, and concern in the farewell. Although Gao Shi's poem "Farewell to Dong Da" is short, it fully demonstrates the characteristics of Gao Shi's poems of "all words from the heart, with spirit and spirit". Compared with "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi", this poem also describes the scenery first and then expresses emotions. The last two sentences are also poetic, but the scenery written is dark, cold, confused, and desolate, and the tone is sad, melancholy, and negative. The mood expressed turned into cheerful, uplifting and enterprising.
(3) Li Bai's "Gift to Wang Lun"
The first two sentences of this poem are narratives. They first write about the person who is leaving, and then the person who sees them off. It shows the farewell in a concise and clear way. In the picture, "Riding a boat" indicates that it is along a waterway, which makes us seem to see Li Bai saying goodbye to people on a small boat about to leave the shore. The word "suddenly heard" is relatively subtle, creating suspense for what follows. The last two lines of the poem are lyrical and the key point of the whole poem. The third line is a distant connection, which not only further explains that the location of the boat is in Peach Blossom Pond, but also foreshadows the conclusion. The concluding sentence vividly expresses the sincere and pure affection between friends by comparing things with objects. It is ethereal and lingering, natural and sincere, and has become a famous sentence through the ages.
(4) Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell Meng Haoran to Guangling"
This is one of the most popular farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty. It is Li Bai's farewell to his friend Meng Haoran's trip to Yangzhou. And made. The first two sentences of this poem are both narrative and scene description, exaggerating a strong farewell atmosphere. The sentence "an old friend bids farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower in the West" is not only to highlight the topic, but also because the Yellow Crane Tower is a famous place in the world, and it may be that the two poets often gather together. Therefore, mentioning the Yellow Crane Tower brings out all kinds of related poetic content of life. The sentence "Fireworks fall in Yangzhou in March" not only explains the season, but also depicts the beautiful scenery of spring. It also exaggerates the atmosphere of a farewell era. This sentence has a beautiful artistic conception and beautiful words. It was praised by Sun Zhu of the Qing Dynasty as "Eternal Beauty". "The last two lines of the poem describe the poet's farewell to his friends. On the surface, they seem to be describing a scene, but the scene description contains a poetic detail: Li Bai looked at the sail shadow until he saw the sail shadow gradually blurring. Disappearing at the end of the blue sky shows the length of time spent watching and Li Bai's sincerity towards his friends. The shadow of the sail had disappeared, but Li Bai was still staring eagerly, and then he noticed that the spring water of the river was flowing toward the junction of water and sky in the distance. Looking at the whole poem, it can be said that it describes a poetic farewell, showing the image of two romantic and unrestrained poets, with endless aftertaste.
(5) Cen Shen's "Bai Xuege Sends Magistrate Wu Back to the Capital"
The first four sentences of this poem start from the big picture, always describing the strange cold scenery in the border areas, one by one The word "Juan" expresses the fierceness of the north wind, and the word "Zhe" complements its power from the side. The two lines of "Suddenly" are novel metaphors, which can be described as a stroke of genius, adding a lot of strangeness and splendor to the whole poem. At the same time, it also shows that the author maintains an optimistic mood in the face of wind and snow. The heavy snow in the sky has brought a strange cold to the border. The following four sentences of "Scattering" capture the distinctive objects in the military camp, describe the bitter cold in the military camp from different angles through various human feelings, and reflect the hardship of the life of the border soldiers. , but because of the vigorous writing power and bold momentum, people are unaware of it. The two sentences "Hanhai" are exaggerated and majestic, showing a picture of ice and snow in the cold. The whole poem shifts from praising snow to saying farewell, and these two sentences also serve as a transitional link between the previous and the following. The following four sentences of "Zhongjun" describe the scene of the poet hosting a banquet to farewell to Judge Wu at the border, emphasizing the farewell atmosphere. The last four sentences describe the poet's farewell to his friends, which has an endless aftertaste. The writing technique is similar to Li Bai's "Send Off Meng Haoran at Guangling at the Yellow Crane Tower". The whole poem starts with snow and ends with snow, interweaving the praise of snow and farewell, using the snow scene to set off the feeling of farewell, and is full of strong romance and exotic sentiment.
(6) Wang Changling's "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower"
Furong Tower was originally called Northwest Tower, and its site is located in the northwest of Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). You can overlook the Yangtze River and the north of the Yangtze River when you climb up. This poem was written approximately after the 29th year of Kaiyuan. Wang Changling was the prime minister of Jiangning (now Nanjing City) at that time, and Xin Jian was his friend. This time he planned to cross the river from Runzhou, pass through Yangzhou, and go north to Luoyang. Wang Changling may have accompanied him from Jiangning to Runzhou and then parted ways here. There are two original titles of this poem. The second one talks about the poet's farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower the night before, and this one talks about the scene of farewell by the river the next morning.
"The cold rain comes into Wu at night", the misty misty rain envelopes the rivers and sky in Wu, weaving into an endless web of sorrow. The night rain adds to the bleak autumn mood and also exaggerates the gloomy atmosphere of parting. The chill not only filled the mist and rain across the river, but also penetrated into the hearts of the two Li people. The characters "lian" and "ru" describe the steady and continuous rain. The movement of the river rain coming quietly can be clearly perceived. It is also conceivable that the poet stayed up all night because of his separation. However, doesn’t this picture of a night rain in Wujiang, where water and sky are connected, vast and confusing, also show an extremely lofty and magnificent realm? Mid-late and late Tang poetry and graceful Song poetry often describe the sound of rain on trivial objects such as sycamores under the windows, iron horses in front of the eaves, and residual lotuses in the pond. However, Wang Changling did not describe the details of how to sense the coming autumn rain. He only described the sounds of hearing and vision. And imagination summarizes it as the rain flowing from the river to Wu, and uses large areas of light ink to dye the paper full of mist and rain, which sets off the broad artistic conception of "seeing off guests in the plains and the lonely people in Chushan" with great vigor.
In the early morning, the sky was already bright, and Xin Jian was about to board the boat and return north. The poet looked at the distant mountains in the north of the Yangtze River and thought that pedestrians would soon disappear outside the Chu Mountain, and the feeling of loneliness arose spontaneously. On the vast river surface, of course, it is not just the isolated Chu Mountain that enters the poet's field of vision. The mighty river water is the most likely to evoke the association of feelings like water, and the Tang Dynasty people got countless famous sentences from this. However, Wang Changling did not place his sorrow on the river that followed his friends away, but focused his separation on the Chu Mountain standing in the vast plains. Because friends can reunite with their relatives and friends when they return to Luoyang, but the poets who stayed in Wu can only stand like this lonely Chu Mountain, standing by the river and watching the water pass by. The word "lone" is like a lead of emotion, which naturally leads to the last two parting words: "Friends and relatives in Luoyang are like asking each other, and a heart of ice is in a jade pot."
As early as the Six Dynasties, Liu and Song Dynasties, The poet Bao Zhao used the phrase "clear as ice in a jade kettle" ("Dai Baitou Yin") to describe a noble and innocent character. Since Kaiyuan Prime Minister Yao Chong wrote "The Curling Commandment", poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty such as Wang Wei, Cui Hao, Li Bai, etc. have used curling to encourage themselves and praise the character of being upright and clear inside and outside. The message Wang Changling asked Xin Jian to send to his relatives and friends in Luoyang was not the usual peace message, but conveyed his belief that he was still pure and pure and upheld his integrity, which was very meaningful. According to "The Biography of Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty" and "Collection of Heroes in Heyue", Wang Changling was demoted to Lingnan for the first time in the 27th year of Kaiyuan because he did not stick to trivial matters and "slanderous discussions boiled over, and the two ran away." After returning from Lingnan, Wang Changling , he was appointed Jiang Ningcheng, and a few years later he was demoted again to Longbiao, which is further away. It can be seen that at that time he was in a harsh environment that was ruined by everyone. The poet here refers to himself as a crystal clear jade pot with a heart of ice, which is based on the true understanding and mutual trust between him and his Luoyang poetry friends and relatives. This is by no means a confession to wash away the slander, but a self-praise of contempt for the slander. Therefore, the poet took out a crystal clear and pure ice heart from the flawless jade pot to comfort his friends. This can express his deep love for his relatives and friends in Luoyang better than any words of lovesickness.
Scenery creates emotions, and emotions are embedded in the scenery. This is the unique characteristic of the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is profound, gentle and soothing. "Thank you for the traces of the furnace hammer" (Hu Yinglin's "Shi Sou") is another unique style of Wang's poetry. The vast river rain and the lonely Chu Mountain in this poem not only highlight the poet's desolate and lonely feeling when bidding farewell, but also show the poet's cheerful mind and strong character. The solitary mountain standing in the river and sky and the image of Bing Xin placed in the jade pot form a kind of intentional or unintentional echo, which naturally reminds people of the poet's lonely, proud, pure and pure image, making the exquisite conception and profound elegance The intention melts into a clear and clear artistic conception, so it is natural and pure, leaving no trace, subtle and subtle, with endless aftertaste.
(Mr. Ge Xiaoyin’s appreciation article is used here)