Confucius was the earliest and greatest writer, historian, philosopher, educator and politician in ancient China, and was universally recognized as a world historical and cultural celebrity.

Confucius is the founder of Confucian school.

1. Philosophical contribution

Yi is the source of road and China's philosophy.

Hanshu records the origin of the Book of Changes, saying that "people are more sacred and history is more ancient." .

Fuxi's initiation of gossip is the first stage;

Zhou Wenwang's transformation from eight diagrams to sixty-four hexagrams is the second stage;

Confucius' Yi Zhuan is the third stage.

The basic feature of Yi Zhuan is to bypass divination and explain Yi Li.

Some basic categories, propositions, ways of thinking and philosophical thoughts used and expounded in Yi Zhuan,

Such as: "Yin and Yang", "Poverty will change, change will pass, and the general rules will last for a long time", "Heaven is healthy, and gentlemen are constantly striving for self-improvement; The vast terrain, the gentleman's idea of "harmony" with morality, and so on, have discovered the universal laws in the fields of nature, society and thinking, that is, the law of unity of opposites, quantitative change and qualitative change, and negation of negation.

He founded the principles of "a gentleman should be appropriate at the right time", "going too far is not enough", "changing" and "the doctrine of the mean becomes the Tao", which embodies the dialectical thought of universal connection, development and change, and movement process.

From the course of Li's development, we can see the track of his correction and regression.

2. Contribution to education

In the era of Confucius, education and learning were monopolized by the government. The government put forward the banner of "no class for all", recruited disciples to give lectures in a private capacity, and founded the first private school in the history of China.

Six textbooks, Poetry, Book, Rite, Music, Yijing and Chunqiu, have been compiled. The content is divided into four subjects: morality, speech, politics and literature for education.

Based on his rich teaching practice, Confucius put forward a set of educational theories and teaching methods.

The goal of education is to cultivate gentlemen and benevolent people.

The object of education is "teaching without class";

The teaching principle is to teach students in accordance with their aptitude,

The teaching method adopts the heuristic method of "following the classics and inducing", which requires disciples to combine learning with thinking, draw inferences from others, learn from time to time, and learn new things by reviewing old ones;

Attach importance to moral education, take benevolence as the center, and combine wisdom, benevolence and courage;

Advocate teachers to set an example and teachers and students learn from each other; Correct the learning attitude of seeking truth from facts, "knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also."

Be conscientious to the teacher.

Disciples are required to learn to become talents and apply what they have learned.

Confucius "never tires of learning and never tires of teaching" all his life, and is honored as "the teacher of all ages".

His educational theory and teaching methods have guided China's traditional education for more than 2,000 years, and today, it is still consistent with the eastern and western and modern educational concepts.

3, literary contribution

Confucius revised poetry and corrected music. China's first literary work, The Book of Songs, was compiled into a book by Confucius.

Jing Yue is lost.

According to the records of the historian Confucius family, there were more than 3,000 poems in ancient times. Confucius deleted their repetition and chose those that can be applied to etiquette and righteousness, thus forming 305 books of songs.

Confucius also explained the theme, function and several chapters of The Book of Songs.

There are many records in The Analects of Confucius, such as: "There are 300 poems. In a word, it is said that thinking is innocent." "If you don't learn poetry, you won't say anything." "You can teach them politics by reciting three hundred poems, but you can't achieve it; Let it surround, but not specifically. Although it is a lot, I still find it very funny. "

Confucius Poetics, a bamboo book of the Warring States Period collected in Shanghai Museum, is a newly discovered document of Confucius poetics.

Confucius' interpretation of The Book of Songs involves literature, politics, ethics, education and other aspects. Some important ideas and concepts have played an important guiding role in the literary creation of later generations and produced extremely extensive and profound influence.

The Book of Songs and On Confucius' Poetry compiled by Confucius are the "living water" of China's literature and literary theory for more than 2,500 years.

Confucius spent most of his life in the educational work of preaching, teaching and solving doubts. He created effective teaching methods; Summarized and advocated a set of correct learning principles; Formed a relatively complete teaching content system; Put forward a series of far-reaching educational thoughts; Set a good example of teachers' morality.

Confucius' educational activities can be roughly divided into three stages:

In the first stage, it took about seven or eight years from the beginning of running a school to seeking an official position in Qi State. At present, his disciples are not many, but he has achieved fruitful results in running schools and gained great reputation in society. During this period, Confucius' students included Yan Lu, the father of Yan Hui, who was only 6 years younger than him, and Luz, who was only 9 years younger than him. Lutz almost accompanied Confucius all his life.

The second stage: I traveled around the world from the age of 37 (in the twenty-seventh year of Lu, 5 15 BC) to the age of 55 (in the thirteenth year of Lu, 497 BC). This period is 18 years. During the period of 18, although Confucius was an official in politics for more than four years, he did not stop serving as a disciple. This stage is the stage of great development of Confucius education. His educational experience is getting richer and richer, his academic qualifications are getting higher and higher, his fame is getting bigger and bigger, and his disciples are getting more and more. His students are not only students from Lu, but also scholars from Qi, Chu, Wei, Jin, Qin, Chen, Wu and Song. Confucius' prestige has been established. Some of his famous disciples, such as Yan Hui, Zi Gong, Ran Qiu and Zhong Gong. Most of them entered Confucius during this period. Some of these disciples later followed him around the world, and some became politicians.

The third stage: from the age of 68 (eleven years in Lu Aigong. In 484 BC), after traveling around the world, he returned to Lu, and it has been ***5 years since his death. At this time, Ji Kangzi welcomed him back to Lu, but neither Ji Kangzi nor Ji Kang finally appointed him. Although he is a doctor, he sometimes expresses some political views, but no one listens to him. He focused on educating and sorting out ancient literature and classics. During this period, he also had many students, and trained outstanding disciples such as Xia Zi, Zi You, Zhang Zi and Zeng Shen. Most of these people later engaged in education. It played an important role in the formation and development of Confucian school and the spread of Confucius thought.

During the fourteen years of traveling around the world, Confucius never stopped his educational activities. He lived in Weiguo and Chen for several years without politics, and his disciples were all around, so it was impossible to have academic discussions without teachers and students. He took his disciples around the world, which broadened the horizons of these students and honed their will. This can be said to be a special educational activity. Confucius devoted his life to education. According to legend, there are 3,000 disciples and 72 disciples of saints, among whom Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong are outstanding in virtue. In terms of language, there are outstanding performances, such as Kill Me and Zi Gong, and You Ran and Luz have strong political handling ability. There are Ziyou and Xia Zi who are familiar with ancient documents. Among Confucius' disciples, many people made certain achievements and played an important role in politics at that time, especially in the spread of Confucius' thoughts and the formation and development of Confucianism.

Throughout Confucius' life, his influence on students is partly through word of mouth, through studying ancient documents, teaching various skills, and more profoundly setting an example. His diligence, his pursuit of truth, ideal and perfect personality, his integrity, kindness, modesty and courtesy, his loyalty to the country and his concern for the people deeply infected his students and future generations. Being strict with yourself and setting an example is not only Confucius' noble morality, but also an educational principle put forward by Confucius. Confucius loved education, students and tirelessly taught and educated people. He can treat students equally, learn from each other, be strict with himself and set an example. Confucius is a master of high morality.

Students have great respect for their teachers. When someone slanders Confucius, he stands up and defends his noble personality. "Uncle Sun Wushu destroyed Zhong Ni. Zi Gong said,' I don't think so! Zhong Ni is indestructible. Others' sages, mountains, can surpass them; Zhong Ni, the sun and the moon, nothing. Although people want to commit suicide, why hurt the sun and the moon? It is more common to see it without knowing the amount. "Some of Confucius' disciples have been with Confucius for almost a lifetime, and their feelings are deeper than those of father and son.

Confucius was buried on the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu after his death. His disciples treated Confucius' father with courtesy and mourned for him for three years. Zigong built a hut in front of Confucius' tomb and kept it for six years. The pioneer who founded private schools in the history of China, the first professional teacher, won the heartfelt respect of his disciples.