"Prison matters are more important than the big opening (death penalty), the big opening is more important than the first love, and the first love is more important than the inspection". This is the opening words in the preface of "Collection of Remembering Injustice". The author shouted loudly and warned all judicial personnel to take their profession seriously. Because the forensic examination determines a person's life and death, we must "review and review, and dare not be slow and easy." This author is Song Ci, the protagonist of a large-scale costume drama "Da Song Xing Guan" which is being broadcast on CCTV in prime time.

I was born in Song Ci, whose name is Huiwen. I was born in Jianyang, Fujian. I was born in Chunxi 13th year of Xiaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1186), and my father, Song Gong, went to Guangzhou to spend our time. Song Ci worshipped Wu Zhi, a disciple of Zhu Xi, as a teacher when he was young, and was deeply influenced by Zhu Xi's neo-Confucianism. He also interacted with local celebrities and scholars, such as Yang Fang and Huang Gan, consulted classics, read extensively, and achieved mastery through a comprehensive study. When he entered the Imperial College in his youth, historical records called him "good at rhetoric, writing according to the case, and always saying a thousand words." He liked Zhuge Liang's works on weekdays and often praised himself for "governing the world with great virtue, not small benefits."

Song Ci, a 31-year-old scholar, officially started his official life. At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty had gone from bad to worse, with Mongolian troops invading south for years, and treacherous court officials such as Jia Sidao in power. There is a saying in officialdom that "it is easier to be an official than to be an official". It's easy to be an official because he is authoritarian, and he doesn't have to use it unless he is close to him, and he doesn't take it unless he is rich. Being an official should be careful everywhere. Once a crime is committed, it will be a slap in the face, and the property will be decapitated. At that time, peasant uprisings took place in Nan 'an, Jiangxi, Tingzhou, Shaowu and other places. Song Ci was loyal to the interests of the feudal ruling class and led the officers and men to suppress it. Because of the meritorious service of the Pingyi Army, he was appointed as Changting County Magistrate.

at the age of 49 (ad 1235), Song Ci was appointed as the administrative officer of Nanjian prefecture, and he was shrewd and kind, and won the hearts of the people. When there was a famine in the west of Zhejiang, he went deep into the people to investigate the disaster situation and learned about the local strongmen and giants. Not only did he evade taxes, but he also took advantage of natural disasters to hoard and get to the point of "millions of dollars". He wrote to Li Zongmian, the prime minister, asking for the implementation of the law of "helping the poor". According to the severity of the disaster, "the analysis of households is five grades, the upper one is half-hearted, the second one is not good, the second one is free, the second one is increased, and the lower one is all given, and the rice is given by the official." The Chaoqian adopted his suggestion, issued a decree, opened the granary of the rich, distributed it to the extremely poor farmers, and reduced the rent and tax, so that the people successfully passed the famine.

Four times as a senior criminal officer

Jiaxi was three years old (in 1239), and Song Ci, 53, was appointed as the official in charge of criminal law prison proceedings in Guangdong. Before that, the officials there did nothing and left a large number of prison cases. As soon as he arrived, he began to deal with a large number of unsolved cases, investigate the scene and verify the materials. History says that he "signed a treaty, set up a schedule, read August, and decided to open more than 2 yuan." Song Ci handled the case seriously, enforced the law like a mountain, and was not afraid of the powerful and decisive. After eight months' inspection, he executed a number of prisoners and cleared up a number of cases of unjust murder under duress. A large number of doubtful cases and accumulated cases have been solved, and some grass-roots law enforcement warders who have taken bribes and perverted the law have been ruthlessly punished. His deeds of "revenge and banning violence" won a good reputation among the people, and the masses praised it as "honest official."

Soon, Song Ci was appointed as Jiangxi Tidian prison and Ganzhou. Every slack season, there are salt dealers armed to sell salt here, harassing counties along the way in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Song Ci severely punished, making roads smooth, order stable, and popular support. This situation was reported to the imperial court, and it was taken seriously. Song Ci's actions were approved and issued to various counties in western Zhejiang, all of which followed suit.

Since then, Song Ci has been widely punished (inspecting the prison work in Guangxi), spared no pains, avoided filth, and personally went deep into various places to inspect the scene, never daring to neglect it. "In the circulation department, wherever you go, you are forbidden to be violent. Although you are evil and weak, you will find traces." Once, a corpse appeared on the roadside, and it was cut by a sickle in more than ten places. At first, I thought it was killed by a robber, and then I checked all my clothes, so I was suspicious of the case. After being summoned, the wife of the deceased learned that the deceased had an argument with a borrower before his death. He quickly sent someone to separately order the residents near the borrower, "All the sickles of each family will be in the end of the future, and only now they will be tested. If there is something hidden, it must be a murderer. " All of a sudden, the residents handed in seventy or eighty sickles, all of which were displayed on the ground. "When it is hot, there is a sickle inside, and flies fly." That is, I found out that this sickle was made by the borrower, so I tackled the interrogation and refused to accept it. The judge was awe-inspiring and pointed at the knife and said, "Everyone has no flies in their sickles, but now the bloody smell of your murder is still there, and the flies are gathering. Can you hide it? " The residents present lost their voices in admiration, and the murderer finally prostrated himself and pleaded guilty.

chun? During the years (around 1245 AD), Song Ci was appointed as a prisoner in Hunan. During his tenure, he listened to the court clearly, made a decisive decision, bestowed favor on the people, and granted authority to the powerful, so that people in poor rural areas and remote mountains and valleys knew the name of Song's sentence, so local officials and powerful gentry dared not commit evil wherever they went. He was able to take a serious attitude towards prison affairs, being realistic and putting people's lives first, which was rare among feudal judges.

Compiling Collection of Injustice

Song Ci has made great achievements in forensic medicine. He collected relevant records from previous works such as Neishulu and Zhegaoguijian, and absorbed local folk medical knowledge with his own practical experience. In 1247, he edited a five-volume book Collection of Injustice (now in the rare book room of Peking University Library). Song Ci's Collection of Injustice can be called the earliest existing systematic forensic monograph in China.

Song Ci pays special attention to forensic examination, and pays attention to some important issues, such as violent death and non-violent death; Suicide and homicide; Injury before death and injury after death have been touched and discussed to varying degrees, most of which are valuable, and many of them are in line with the principles of modern forensic medicine. If there is a scientific distinction between drowning before death and pushing a corpse into the water after death. Anyone who drowned before his death, had sand and mud sewn on his hands, feet and claws, or was bruised, "The body was slightly red, with muddy water in his mouth and nose, water in his belly, and his belly was slightly swollen." "If you are beaten and killed, push it in the ditch ... your belly won't swell, your mouth, eyes, ears, nose and water will drain out, there is no sand and mud in your fingers, your hands won't shrink, your feet won't wrinkle white, but your feet will swell. The body is harmful to the disease, and its mark is black. "

The Collection of Grievances also gives an excellent exposition on hanging, strangulation, and strangulation by foreign objects (all mechanical asphyxia). For example, he said: the dead man's eyes were bulging with foreign objects, his nose and mouth were bleeding, his face was red and black with blood stasis, and his stool was incontinent. The Collection of Remembering Injustice also clearly records the identification of the blade before and after death, and the identification of dream death and dream corpse. Song Ci wrote: "The living were killed by the blade, and their flesh was tightened by the blade, and there was blood on all sides"; If the person is dismembered after death, "the flesh is as old as before, the blood is not filled with blood stasis, the cut skin is not tight, there is no blood flow everywhere, and its color is white."

In addition, Collection of Injustice has made many contributions to toxicology. The book records the symptoms of various poisons and the methods of testing poisons. It also records the identification of whether it is a direct relative by the method of blood drop: "If a certain person is a father or a mother, there are bones, and a certain person will recognize the biological male or female, how can it be tested?" Try to make a certain person stab one or two points of blood on his body and drop it on the bones. If it is his own, the blood will seep into the bones, otherwise it will not enter. " This method contains the bud of serum test, which undoubtedly provides experience for later serum test.

dedication has a far-reaching influence

during his official career of more than 2 years, Song Ci has been an honest official, living a simple life, and has no other hobbies all his life, except for collecting different titles and inscriptions and liking gold and stone carvings. In his later years, he is more modest and prudent, cherishing talents. Although he is a younger generation, he will be promoted and recommended if he has a skill. He is old and sick, and he is careful in all his official duties. He Yu Chun? He died in Guangzhou on March 7, 1249, aged 64. On July 15th of the following year, he was buried in Chongle Lane, Jianyang, Fujian. Zhao Yun, the ruler of the Southern Song Dynasty, appraised him as a "minister who shared his worries at home and abroad" and presented him with a "doctor of the court".

It is good to call Collection of Remembering Injustice a "fantastic book" in the drama "Da Song Tiaoguan", saying that it was written by Song Ciqiong's lifelong experience and painstaking efforts. Since its publication in the 13th century, The Collection of Remembering Injustice has become a necessary reference book for the desks of prison officials in past dynasties. The later works are basically based on this book to be revised, annotated and supplemented. Later, The Collection of Inquisition spread overseas, and in 1779, the French translated the book and published it in the China Journal of History, Art and Science. In 1863, the Dutchman Di Geely translated this book into Dutch and published it in Batavia. In 198, the legal person was translated from Dutch into French and German into German. In addition, The Collection of Grievances has also been translated into Korean, Japanese, English, Russian and other languages. This fully shows that the book Collection of Injustice has won considerable influence and status in the history of forensic medicine in the world. Collection of Injustice is the earliest monograph on forensic medicine in the world, which is 35 years earlier than similar books in the West. Therefore, Song Ci was praised as the first forensic scientist in ancient times and "the founder of world forensic medicine" by later generations.

References:/superhuangs/1764652.html.