sense of worth/values
Values refer to an individual's overall evaluation of objective things (including people, things and events) and the significance, function, effect and importance of the results of his own actions. It is a general view of what is good and what should be, a principle and standard to promote and guide a person to make decisions and actions, and one of the core factors of personality psychological structure. It makes people's behavior have a stable tendency. Values are the psychological tendency system that people use to distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong and their importance. It reflects people's evaluation of the right and wrong and importance of objective things. People are different from animals, and animals can only passively adapt to the environment. People can not only know what the world is, how and why, but also know what to do and choose, discover the meaning of things to themselves, design themselves, and determine and achieve their goals.
Definition of values
Values? , often also refers to? Values? . In academic theory, values refer to the theory, knowledge and theoretical system about value, just like material view, time-space view and historical view. Values refer to people's positions, orientations and attitudes towards basic values. The difference between these two concepts is equivalent to the relationship between religion and religious belief, ethics and personal morality: the former is mainly a topic studied by scholars, while the latter is related to everyone's pursuit and choice of life. Although this difference is of strict significance in science and law, people are used to not distinguishing the two in life.
What's that? Values? Or? Values? And then what? The shortest answer is: it refers to people's beliefs, beliefs and ideal systems about basic values. This sentence summarizes the general ideological content and ideological form unique to values.
In content, values are concepts about values. So what is value? If we use very simple everyday language, value is actually what we usually say? Good or bad? Meaning, including good and evil, beauty and ugliness, pros and cons, gains and losses, fortunes, honor and disgrace, pros and cons, high and low, useful and useless, cute and hateful, inappropriate, unworthy, should it be, important and unimportant, priorities and so on. , can be expressed by good or bad; What can be used in the world? Good or bad? The object that is described and contains the meaning of choice is value; What needs to be done well and done badly? Judge what is a value problem. ? Good or bad? The word "two" is the most commonly used, frequent and natural, which can represent the values and the universality of values. When people say anything. Okay？ Say? Not good? You must know something, right? Good or bad? Some beliefs, standards and expectations, so as to have a certain basic attitude towards the quality of things, what is this called? Values? Unique ideological content. So what? Values? Is it a person? Good or bad? That is, the sum of people's ideas, thoughts and attitudes about what is good, what is bad, how to do it well and how to do it badly, and what they yearn for, pursue, give up, support and oppose.
Formally, the unique thoughts, concepts and spiritual forms that constitute values mainly refer to the beliefs, beliefs and ideal systems in people's minds. Values are different from knowledge, theory and scientific system. They mainly show that people? Know what, know what and do what? But it shows that people really? What do you believe, want, pursue and achieve? , is the internal positioning and guiding system for people to make value choices on the basis of knowledge. Generally speaking,? Know what? Doesn't it mean? What do you want? Therefore, knowledge and science can never replace values. Especially where knowledge and experience can't reach (the development of human knowledge is infinite, and its existing knowledge is always limited), beliefs, beliefs and ideals play a more important role. By observing the phenomenon of belief in society, we can easily find its special existence and function.
From the source and foundation, no one's values are produced and changed out of thin air. In the final analysis, they reflect people's social existence, that is, their lifestyle, living conditions and practical experience. The deep foundation of values is the fundamental position, needs, interests and abilities of the subject, and it is the reflection and accumulation of people's value life in their minds. So values are always related to people's reality. People with different status, different conditions and different experiences have different values, and among people with diverse realistic foundations such as class and nationality, their values are also diverse.
Functionally, the most important function of values is to become the evaluation standard system in people's minds. In other words, once people's beliefs, beliefs and ideals about any value are formed, they will be used to evaluate the weight of things and weigh the gains and losses? Balance? And then what? Ruler? . People use such scales and rulers to measure and judge all people and things, so as to get their own attitudes and choices.
In a word, values are deep, relatively stable and leading components in the spiritual and cultural system of people and society, and are the central system of people's spiritual and psychological activities. Values will apply to everyone and everywhere; Not only individuals, but also collectives, classes, nationalities, countries and society; Not only in the immediate concrete things, but also in the major decisions of life, career and social development. In fact, the values of a country and a society are the core content of its ideological, cultural and ideological system, which is systematic in the national society? Software? 、? Software? Software? ; For a person, values are the most important spiritual pursuit, spiritual sustenance, spiritual pillar and spiritual motivation in his life and career.
Characteristics of values
Characteristics of values
Values are relatively stable and lasting. Under certain time, place and conditions, people's values are always relatively stable and lasting. For example, there is always a view and evaluation of the quality of something, and this view will not change under the same conditions. However, with the change of people's economic status and outlook on life and world, this kind of values will also change. In other words, values are also changing. Values are some values formed by people, which have the characteristics of persistence and stability and will always dominate people's daily behaviors and activities.
Three views interact with each other
Values, outlook on life and world outlook are the basic components of philosophy, and they are interdependent and influence each other. In a natural or spontaneous state, the outlook on life and world plays a decisive role in the formation of values, and the values cultivated through conscious learning and cultivation can also be alienated and changed. A person's values are gradually formed from birth under the influence of family and society. A person's social production mode and economic status have a decisive influence on the formation of his values. Of course, the opinions promoted by newspapers, TV and radio, as well as the opinions and behaviors of parents, teachers, friends and public celebrities, also have obvious influence on a person's values. [ 1]
Values are divided into universal values and specific values. People's pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty is a universal value. The overall evaluation and view of the significance and importance of the surrounding objective things (including people, things and things) is the specific values.
Type of value
People's life and educational experience are different, so their values are also diverse. In order to classify complex values, behavioral scientist Graves made a lot of investigations on all kinds of people in enterprise organizations, analyzed their values and lifestyles, and finally summarized the following seven levels:
The first level, reactive: this type of people don't realize that they and the people around them are acting as.
Humans exist. They respond according to their basic physiological needs, regardless of any other conditions. This kind of person is rare, in fact, it is equal to a baby.
The second level, tribal type: this kind of people rely on nature and obey traditional habits and powers.
The third level is self-centered: such people believe in cold individualism, selfishness and provocation, and are mainly subordinate to power.
The fourth level, opinionated type: such people can't tolerate ambiguous opinions, find it difficult to accept different values, and hope others will accept their own values.
The fifth level, playing politics: such people achieve their personal goals by playing with others and tampering with facts, which is very realistic and actively strives for status and social influence.
The sixth level, social center type: this kind of people regard being loved and being kind to others as more important than their own development, and are rejected by realism, authoritarianism and opinionated people.
Seventh, existentialism: such people can tolerate vague opinions and different views, dare to speak out about the rigidity of systems and policies and the compulsory use of vacant positions and powers.
After this hierarchical classification was published, management scientist Myers and others made a comparative study of the current situation of American enterprises in 1974. They believe that the values of ordinary enterprise personnel are distributed between the second and seventh floors. As far as managers are concerned, most of them used to belong to grade four or five, but now the situation is changing, and people at these two levels are gradually replaced by people at grade six or seven.
The role of values
Values play a very important role in guiding and regulating people's own behavior. Values determine people's self-knowledge, and directly affect and determine the nature of one's ideals and beliefs, life goals and pursuit direction. The role of values is roughly reflected in the following two aspects:
1. Values play a guiding role in motivation. The motivation of people's behavior is dominated and restricted by values, which have an important influence on the motivation model. Under the same objective conditions, people with different values have different motivation patterns and different behaviors. The purpose and direction of motivation are dominated by values. Only what is considered desirable after value judgment can be transformed into behavioral motivation and guide people's behavior with this as the goal.