I. Long-term humiliating diplomacy
1. Establishment of modern diplomatic institutions.
The establishment of the Prime Minister's Office in 1861 was the first central institution in charge of foreign affairs in modern China, which indicated that the Qing government finally gave up its closed-door policy. Later, the Qing government sent diplomatic envoys to Europe, America and other countries one after another, and trained a group of diplomatic talents by creating new schools and sending overseas students. In 191, the "Xin Chou Treaty" changed the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking it above the six ministries.
2. Weak countries have no diplomacy, while poor countries are bullied.
Due to the decadent rule of Qing government, Beiyang warlord government and Kuomintang government, modern China was often in a passive and humiliating position in foreign exchanges. By waging a war of aggression, the powers forced China to sign a series of unequal treaties, and its sovereignty was greatly lost. At the same time, the powers often split China's rights and interests behind China's back. For example, after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia transferred its sphere of influence in the northeast and south of China to Japan; At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain, France, the United States and other countries transferred the pre-war German rights and interests in Shandong, China to Japan. At Yalta Conference, in order to win the Soviet Union's war against Japan, Britain and the United States agreed to the Soviet Union's conditions: maintaining the status quo in Outer Mongolia and restoring the Soviet Union's rights and interests in northeast China.
3. The diplomatic struggle of China government in modern times.
In modern times, the China government has also made some efforts to fight for state power. In the 197s, Russia occupied a large area of land in Xinjiang, and the Qing government sent Ceng Jize to Russia. After arduous negotiations, the Ili Treaty was signed. Although it was not perfect, it recovered Ili after all.