1. Learn famous works from ancient and modern Chinese and foreign countries, understand the diversity and richness of culture, especially understand and inherit the excellent cultural traditions of the Chinese nation, cultivate noble ideological quality and moral sentiment, and improve humanistic quality.
2. Be able to read and understand modern and contemporary works accurately, read classical Chinese with moderate difficulty, and explain common words and language phenomena.
3. Be able to accurately analyze the ideological content and writing techniques of the article, and have a certain level of literary appreciation and comprehensive analysis ability.
4. Master the common knowledge of stylistic writing and have high writing ability.
Review the exam contents
1. Basic knowledge of Chinese
"Requirements"
1. Identify words with different meanings in ancient and modern times; Understand the polysemy of words in classical Chinese; Pay attention to mastering the classical Chinese words still used in modern Chinese. Identify interchangeable words and ancient and modern words and understand their meanings.
2. master the usage of "Zhi", "Zhe", "Suo", "Zhu", "Yan", "Er", "Yu", "Yi", "Qi" and "Nai", and identify the different meanings of the same function word in different language environments.
3. Understand the grammatical phenomena and sentence patterns in classical Chinese that are different from modern Chinese, such as causative usage, intentional usage, nouns as adverbials, nouns as verbs, prepositional object, judgmental sentences, passive sentences, etc., and translate them into modern Chinese correctly.
4. Understand the figures of speech such as metaphor, analogy, duality, parallelism, exaggeration, repetition, rhetorical question and rhetorical question in ancient and modern works.
Second, the knowledge of writers' works
"Requirements"
Master the names, countries and times of Chinese and foreign writers, and the genre and source of selected texts. Understand his main ideological tendency, literary ideas, achievements, representative works and contributions in the history of literature.
3. Stylistic knowledge
"Requirements"
1. Argumentative writing
Argumentative writing refers to an article that focuses on argument and reasoning, including three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. Argument is the author's opinion or proposition; Arguments are the basis for proving arguments, which can be divided into factual arguments and theoretical arguments; Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments, which is generally divided into two types: argument and refutation. The methods of argumentation include inductive argumentation (example argumentation), deductive argumentation, comparative argumentation (analogy argumentation, comparative argumentation) and figurative argumentation. The methods of refutation include refutation point, refutation basis, refutation argument and so on.
2. Narrative
Narrative refers to articles that remember people, narrate, write scenes and objects. It is mainly narrative, and often uses various techniques such as description, lyricism and discussion.
3. Poetry, Ci, Qu and Fu
Poetry, Ci and Qu all belong to the category of poetry. Poetry reflects life with rich emotions; Make a highly concentrated summary of life; The language is concise and vivid; Rich in rhythm and rhythmic beauty. China's ancient poems can be divided into ancient poems and modern poems.
Words have epigrams, and writing words must be limited by the tone of words. The sentence patterns are mainly long and short sentences, and the rhymes are flexible.
Qu can be divided into Sanqu and Dramatic Qu. Sanqu can be divided into a poem and a set of songs. Every sentence of Sanqu rhymes to the end.
Fu is a special style formed in the Han Dynasty, which pays attention to narration, literary talent, antithesis and rhythm, and generally adopts the structural mode of asking and answering questions between the subject and the object, restraining the guest and extending the subject.
4. Fiction
Fiction generally has three elements: character, plot and environment. Novels should create typical characters in typical environments. The plot of a novel generally includes the beginning, development, climax and ending. The environment of the novel includes natural environment, social environment and the specific environment of the characters' activities.
Fourth, writing knowledge
"Requirements"
1. Theme and theme
Theme is the ideological point of view of the article, which requires correctness, profundity, distinctiveness and concentration. The theme is the material used for writing, which requires truthfulness, typicality and novelty.
2. Structure
Structure is the internal organizational structure of the article, including levels, paragraphs, transitions, references, beginning and ending, etc. The structure of the article requires completeness, clarity and preciseness.
3. Expression
(1) Narrative
Narrative methods include direct narration, flashback, interpolation, plain narration and supplementary narration. The narrative should have clear clues, appropriate details, changes and waves.
(2) Description
Description can be roughly divided into two categories: character description and environmental description. Character description includes portrait description, behavior description, language description, psychological description and detail description. Environmental description includes natural scenery description and social environment description. Description should be targeted, highlight characteristics and be full of emotion.
(3) Lyricism
Lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. Indirect lyricism can be expressed by borrowing scenery, expressing feelings, and expressing feelings in reason. Lyrics should be natural and sincere.
(4) Discussion
The argument should be correct and clear, the argument is true and typical, and the argument is rigorous and sufficient.
4. Language
Language is the first element of the article. The language of the article should be accurate, vivid and concise.
V. Reading analysis of works
"Requirements"
Understand the main idea of the text, grasp the structural characteristics, master the expression techniques, appreciate the aesthetic taste and ideological sentiment of the works, and improve the humanistic quality and language expression ability.
reading items:
argumentative paper
1.* Ji's family will cut down the grain, The Analects of Confucius
2.* My country is my own, Mencius
3.* Autumn Water (excerpt) and Zhuangzi
4. Ouyang xiu
8. Answering Sima's suggestion. Wang Anshi
9. On Perseverance. Liang Qichao
1.* Random Writing under the Lamp. Lu Xun
11. On Integrity. Zhu Ziqing
12. On Happiness. Qian Zhongshu. Zheng Boke was in Yan, Zuo Zhuan
17. Feng Xuan Visited Meng Changjun, Warring States Policy
18.* Biography of General Li (selected books), Historical Records
19.* Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, Han Yu
2.* Liu Zongyuan
21. Liu Yi Zhangshu Zongchen
22. Ma Ling Zhuan Hou Fangyu
23. The Past (-14) Bing Xin
24. Wild vegetables in my hometown Zhou Zuoren
25. Fu
29.* Meng, The Book of Songs
3. Mourning for the Nation, Qu Yuan
31.* Mo Shang Sang, Han Yuefu
32.* Short Songs (Part I), Cao Cao
33.* Drinking (Part V) Shu Xiang Du Fu
38. a Song of White Snow in Farewell to Field-Clerk Wu Going Home Cen Can
39. Du Lingcuo Bai Juyi
4. Untitled (time was long before I met her, but is longer since we parted) Li Shangyin
41. (Bo Qinhuai) Du Mu
42.* Guan Shanyue Ai Qing in the North
46. Threshold Turgenev
47.* Yumi Beauty (When is the Spring Flower and Autumn Moon) Li Yu
48. Bashengganzhou (raining on the rainy evening) Liu Yong
49.* Shuidiao Tou (see the bright moon) Qiu Si, Ma Zhiyuan
53. Farewell to the Long Pavilion, Wang Shifu
54.* Former Red Cliff Ode, Su Shi
Novel
55.* Baoyu Beaten, Cao Xueqin
56.* Storm, Lu Xun
57.* Broken Soul Gun. Henry
(the items marked with * in the above items are intensive reading items)
VI. Essentials of text knowledge
1.* "Ji's Clash"
This article is selected from The Analects of Confucius. Ji's. The Analects of Confucius is a collection of recorded prose that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.
Explain the reasons why Confucius opposed Ji Kangzi's attack on ZhuanXu; Understand Confucius' political ideas about governing the country with courtesy and governing with morality embodied in this paper.
Understand the refutation nature of this article, and master the way in which this article launches refutation by way of dialogue, breaking through the middle and making a point.
Identify three kinds of arguments used in this paper: historical materials, real cases and famous sayings, and understand the diversity of arguments used in this paper.
Understand the double metaphorical function and its meaning in the key figurative sentence "The tiger comes out of the stilt, and the turtle and jade are destroyed in the rafter".
understand the rhetorical sentences in this article and explain their functions in expression.
(1) is it too much to ask for nothing?
(2) why is it cut?
(3) What's the use of that phase?
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Those who have a country and a country do not suffer from inequality because of widowhood, and they do not suffer from poverty but suffer from anxiety.
(2) If you are far away from people, you should cultivate morality. Take things as they come.
(3) I'm afraid internal misery is not in the corner, but within the Xiao wall.
Explain the words added in the following sentences:
(1) Ran You and Ji Lu are seen in Confucius.
(2) The former king thought that the East was the master.
(3) He is a minister of the country.
(4) Is it too much to be innocent?
(5) Who is at fault?
(6) A gentleman will say "what he wants" when he is ill.
2.* "I am to the country"
This article is selected from Mencius. Liang Hui Wang Shang. Mencius and Confucius, collectively known as Confucius and Mencius, belong to the Confucian school.
master the center of this article: discuss why "the people don't increase more" and how to make "the people increase more", focusing on the thought of Wang Dao's benevolent government.
Understand and master the chain reasoning sentences used in the two paragraphs from "not violating the farming season" to "the beginning of the king's way" and "a five-acre house" to "not having it": based on the previous conclusions, draw new conclusions; Then, based on the new conclusion, an updated conclusion is introduced. This way of reasoning is advanced layer by layer, interlocking, closely followed and full of momentum.
understand and master the function of the parallelism sentence in this article in strengthening the momentum of the article.
understand the meaning of the famous metaphor "pot calling the kettle black" in this article.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Fill in the drum, the weapon is connected, and the armor is abandoned.
(2) straight is not a hundred paces, even if you walk.
(3) However, if you are not a king, you will have nothing.
(4) Wang is innocent, and the people of the world are very important.
Explain the words added in the following sentences:
(1) If Hanoi is fierce, it will move its people to the east of the river.
(2) There are no fewer people in neighboring countries.
(3) abandon the armor and leave.
(4) The grain can't beat the food.
(5) An axe can make a difference in time.
(6) A five-acre house is a mulberry tree.
(7) teaching in order.
(8) The application is in the sense of filial piety.
(9) Wang is innocent, and the people of the world are very important.
(1) Dogs eat human food but don't know it, and they don't know their hair when they are painted with Russian enamel.
3.* Autumn Water (excerpt)
This document is selected from Zhuangzi. Autumn water. Zhuangzi and Laozi, collectively known as Laozi and Zhuangzi, belong to the Taoist school.
Master the purpose of this paragraph: In the infinite universe, the individual's understanding and role are very limited; Understanding this passage objectively enlightens people today: there is no end to learning and no end to understanding, so we can't be satisfied, so we should work hard and make progress.
master the writing technique of this article to clarify the views in the form of fables; Master the argumentation method of explaining abstract truth with a large number of metaphors in this paper.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Look east.
(2) I call it "also" if I have heard a hundred things and think that I have done nothing.
(3) I am in danger unless I am at the door of my son.
(4) Isn't it like rice in a big warehouse?
Explain the words added in the following sentences:
(1) Look at the ocean and sigh.
(2) and I have tasted the smell of Zhongni less than the meaning of Boyi.
(3) and I have never been so arrogant.
(4) take the beauty of the world as your own.
(5) My parents laugh at generous families.
(6) being confined to deficiency.
4.* book of remonstrance and expulsion
this article is selected from historical records. Biography of Reese is a memorial written by Reese.
master the central point of this article; Master the reasoning method of this paper, which is always positive and negative, and the interests are opposite; Master the rhetorical devices such as parallelism and antithesis in this paper and the characteristics of word selection and sentence refinement.
Understand and translate the following key paragraphs: from "I know a lot about the land, but there are many millet" to "I'm here to steal food by fighting soldiers".
Explain the words added in the following sentences:
(1) Lai Pibao and Gong Sunzhi were in Jin.
(2) then scattered from the six countries, to the west of Qin.
(3) strong public office, private door.
(4) It is a long way to go.
(5) Therefore, those who decorate the harem, fill in the past, entertain the mind and tell the eyes and ears must come from the Qin Dynasty.
(6) this is not the skill of crossing the sea and controlling princes.
(7) The so-called people who steal food by fighting soldiers are also.
5. Chen Qingbiao
This article was written by Shi Mi to Emperor Wu in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Understand that the author's personal reason for not being called to be an official is to serve her grandmother who has lived alone since childhood and is now old and sick; Appreciate the positive connotation of this "disobedience" action under the social and historical conditions at that time.
master the argument of "spear of the child, shield of the attack" in this paper.
Understand the narration and discussion in this article to move people's artistic characteristics with emotion.
understand the stylistic features of the combination of parallelism and prose in this article.
master idioms and short sentences that have been used to this day, and understand their meanings.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Give birth to a child in June, and a loving father will never see you again.
(2) There is no close relative outside, and there is no child who answers the door. Standing alone, hanging like peas and carrots.
(3) The mother and the grandson are more close to each other, so we can't waste the distance.
Explain the following words with added points:
(1) I am lonely and miserable, but as for the establishment.
(2) the door is weak and thin, and there is a child's rest at night.
(3) Liu Suying's illness often occurs in bed cups.
(4) allegations are humble and serve the East Palace.
(5) But Liu Ri is dying.
6. Answering Li Xushu
Han Yu, an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty, was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. This article is an epistolary argumentative essay.
understand the relationship between writer's moral character, knowledge accomplishment and article writing proposed in this paper.
master the meaning of the following two figurative sentences:
(1) those who have a strong root actually achieve it;
(2) The cream flourishes.
understand Han Yu's writing idea of "only doing what he says".
To understand Han Yu's writing proposition that "the speech is short and the voice is high".
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) If you don't know your ambition to live, do you want to win over others? As for the ancient speaker?
(2) nourish its roots and add its paste as soon as it is realized.