Original text:
Ancient scholars must have teachers. Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. People are not born knowing, who can have no doubt? If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will be confused and you will never understand. Before I was born, I studied Tao before I was born, so I learned from Tao. After I was born, I studied Taoism first, so I studied Taoism. I am a teacher, and I don't know that years were born in me. Therefore, there is no nobility, no inferiority, no length, no shortage, and the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers.
Ha ha! It's been a long time since the teacher passed on the Tao! It's hard to be confused! The ancient sages are far away, and they are still in the teacher's question; Today's people are far from saints, and they are ashamed to learn from their teachers. So saints are good for saints, and fools are good for fools. What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Love his son, choose a teacher and teach him; If you are in your body, you will feel ashamed and confused. The boy's teacher, the sentence of teaching and learning books, is not the person I am talking about telling his story and solving his confusion. I don't know, I don't understand, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know. Witch doctors and musicians are skilled workers, and they are not ashamed to learn from each other. The families of the scholar-officials called their teacher disciple Yun, and they got together and talked and laughed. When asked, he said, "He is almost the same as that year, and in the same way. His humble position is full of shame, and his official position is close to admiration. " Oh! Obviously, the teacher's path has gone. Witch doctors are highly skilled musicians, and gentlemen disdain them. Today, his wisdom is out of reach, strange and embarrassing!
Saint impermanence teacher. Confucius studied under Tan Zi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. Scorpions' disciples are not as clever as Confucius. Confucius said: If there are three people, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. They have a good understanding of Taoism and specialize in their skills. That's all.
Seventeen-year-old Li is good at ancient prose and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu. Yu Jiaqi can follow the ancient road and write Shi Shuo to make it last forever.
Translation:
People who studied in ancient times must have teachers. Teachers can be relied on to impart truth, teach research and answer difficult questions. People are not born to understand reason, who can have no doubts? With doubts and not learning from teachers, those who become difficult problems will not understand in the end. Born in front of me, he understood the truth earlier than me, so I will follow him and regard him as a teacher; Born behind me, if he knew the truth before me, I should follow him and regard him as a teacher. I am learning from him. Who cares if he was born earlier or later than me? Therefore, regardless of status and age, the place where truth exists is the place where teachers exist.
Alas, the ancient fashion of learning from teachers has been circulating for a long time, and it is difficult to make people doubt it! Ancient saints, far more than ordinary people, followed teachers and asked for advice; Nowadays, ordinary people are far less clever than saints, but they are ashamed to learn from teachers. Therefore, saints are wiser and fools are more stupid. The reason why saints can become saints and fools can become fools is probably because of this. People love their children and choose teachers to teach them, but it is shameful for him to learn from them. What a fool! Those children's teachers teach them to read and help them learn to break sentences. It is not what I say that can teach those truths and answer those difficult questions. On the one hand, I am unfamiliar with reading sentences, on the other hand, I can't solve puzzles. Ask the teacher if you are unfamiliar with the sentence, and ask the teacher if you are confused. Want to learn from small aspects, but give up learning from big aspects. I don't see that kind of person is wise. Witch doctors, musicians and craftsmen are not ashamed to learn from each other. When people like scholar-officials heard that "teachers" were called "disciples", they gathered in droves to laugh at others. Asked why they were laughing, they said, "He is about his age and has similar moral knowledge. He feels that it is shameful to take a low-ranking teacher as a teacher, and it is almost flattering to take a high-ranking teacher as a teacher. " Alas! It can be understood from these words that the ancient fashion of learning from teachers cannot be restored. Witch doctors, musicians and craftsmen are all people that gentlemen despise, but now their knowledge can't keep up with them. What a surprise!
A saint has no fixed teacher. Confucius studied under Zanzi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. These people are not as talented as Confucius. Confucius said, "When several people walk together, one of them can be my teacher." Therefore, students are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers are not necessarily more talented than students. They have heard about it early and heard about it late, and their knowledge and skills have their own specialties. That's all.
Pan, the Li family's child, is seventeen years old and likes classical Chinese. He has generally studied the six classics and is not bound by customs, so he learns from me. I praised him for following the ancient way of learning from the teacher and writing this "Shi Shuo" as a gift to him.
To annotate ...
Scholar: One who studies.
Therefore, teachers are taught by profession. A teacher is a person who teaches truth, studies and explains difficult problems. Therefore, for ... Tao refers to the Confucian Tao. Accept, pass the "grant" and teach. Industry generally refers to ancient classics, history, the study of philosophers, and ancient writing. Confusion, puzzle
People are not born knowing: people are not born knowing the truth. Meaning refers to knowledge and truth. "The Analects of Confucius Jishi": "Those who are born with knowledge are also on the top; Those who learn and know, second; Learn from difficulties, secondly; If you are sleepy and don't learn, the next one is the people. "
Yes, I understand.
This is also a mystery: his doubts.
Born before me: born before me. Hu: It is equivalent to "Yu", which is the same as "Hu" in "I'll go first" below.
Wen: Listening means knowing and understanding.
So as to learn from him: follow (him) and worship him as a teacher. Take ... as a teacher. Learn from the teacher, learn from the teacher.
My teacher Ye Tao: I learn from him. Teacher: Study.
Fu Yong knows that his years were born in me: where do you think he is older or younger than me? Yong, send word, don't. Know, understand, know. It, for example, is independent.
Yes, therefore, therefore.
Where the Tao is, the teacher is there: it means where the Tao is, the teacher is there.
The tradition of learning from teachers. That is to say, "ancient scholars must have teachers."
M: Beyond the average person.
Everyone: ordinary people.
Next: Being famous is better.
Shame on learning from teachers: Shame on learning from teachers. be ashamed of ...
Therefore, saints are good for saints, and fools are good for fools: therefore, saints are more saint and wiser, and fools are more foolish. Benefit more and more.
For himself: for himself. Body, self, self.
Confused: (really) confused!
A boy's teacher: those teachers who teach children.
Teach (dà u) to learn sentences: teach him books and (help him) learn sentences. , refers to a boy. Learning, making ... learning. Refers to the book. Sentence reading, also called sentence teasing, refers to the pause and pause of ancient words. The meaning of the word is all sentences, and the place with incomplete meaning is reading (teasing). There are no punctuation marks in ancient books, and teachers should teach children to read sentences (funny) when reading.
I don't know what to read: I don't know how to break sentences. It is the same as the "confusing" structure below. Yes, the tippin sign.
Whether you are a teacher or not, some (such as "I don't know the sentence") follow the teacher, and some (such as "I don't understand") don't. No, say no.
Primary school and great legacy: I learned the small one (meaning "I don't know the sentence") but lost the big one (meaning "I don't understand"). remain; stay
Give up
Witch doctor: There was no distinction between witch doctors in ancient times. Witch doctors refer to people whose occupation is to see a doctor and pray for God.
Baigong: all kinds of handicrafts.
Physiognomy: Learn from others.
Family: class.
Mentoring: When you say mentoring.
Similar age: similar age.
Humility is shameful, and being an official is close to flattery: it is shameful to (take) people with low status as teachers, and it is almost flattering to (take) people with high status as teachers. Feet, but that's enough. Sheng, tall. Flatter, flatter
Answer: resume.
Gentleman: that is, the "literati family" mentioned above.
Disdain: Disdain the same column, that is, despise it. Still "contempt."
Yes: I didn't expect it, I didn't expect it.
Very strange: is it strange? Its, don't, rhetorical question. Modal words, expressing exclamation.
Immortal teacher: saints have no fixed teacher. Often, fixed.
Tan (Tan) Zi: the monarch of Tan State (now Tancheng County, Shandong Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is said that Confucius once asked him for an official position.
Chang Hong: A doctor in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. It is said that Confucius once asked him questions about ancient music.
Shi Xiang: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the official name of Lu was Xiang. According to legend, Confucius once learned piano from him.
Lao Dan (dān): Laozi, surnamed Li Minger, was a Chu native, thinker and founder of Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once studied the Rites of Zhou from him. Wok is Lao Zi's word.
Li's son Pan: Li's child's name is Pan. Li Pan, a disciple of Han Yu, was a scholar in the 19th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (803).
Understanding the Biography of Six Arts: A General Study of the Biography of Six Arts. Six arts refer to the six classics, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn Six Classics. "Music" has been lost, which is an old saying. Classic, Han Dynasty and its previous articles. Biography in ancient times was called a biography of a work that explained scripture. Pass, universal.
Regardless of time: it means that it is not bound by the bad atmosphere of being ashamed of teachers at that time. When, when vulgar, refers to the bad atmosphere that the scholar-officials were ashamed to follow the teacher at that time. Yu, yes.
Yu Jiaqi can follow the ancient road: praise him for following the fashion and learning from the ancients. Jia: praise, praise.
Give away, give away.
Make an appreciative comment
Shi Shuo is a famous work by Han Yu. According to Fang Chengxuan's Chronology of Mr. Changli's Poems, this article was written in the 18th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (802). This year, Han Yu was 35 years old and was appointed as a doctor of imperial academy No.4 University. He is a scholar with a very low status, but he has gained fame in the literary world, and the "ancient prose movement" he advocated has also been launched. This is him. This article is written against the bad atmosphere of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" under the influence of family concept. The concept of family origin originated from the nine-product system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since Cao Pi, the Emperor of Wei Wen, implemented the nine-grade system, a gate valve system represented by the gentry has been formed, emphasizing the distinction between family status and strictness. The children of gentry can be prominent officials. They don't need to study and look down on their teachers. They respect "family law" and despise teachers. By the Tang Dynasty, the Zheng Zhi system of Jiupin had been abolished, and the level of official rank was used as the standard to distinguish family status. This also has a great influence on the choice of teachers. At that time, there was a general psychology of learning from teachers, that is, "being humble is shame, and being in a high position is close to flattery." Han Yu opposed this erroneous idea and put forward that Tao is a teacher and fast, which is of progressive significance. Liu Zongyuan, a contemporary of Han Yu, said in Answering Wei Zhongli's Book of Teacher's Way: "In this world, I don't know the teacher's way, but I think I'm crazy. Han Yu, alone, regardless of customs, laughed and abused. When he was called, he learned that he had written Teacher's Notes. The more I became a teacher because of resistance, the more famous I became. I lived in Chang 'an, couldn't cook well, slapped the east, and so on. "It can be seen from this that the writing background of Shi Shuo and the fighting spirit of the author.
For the shame of learning from teachers, the article uses three comparisons in succession. First, comparing ancient and modern times, it is clear that shame on teachers is contrary to the way of saints, and the consequence can only be more ignorance. Second, the same person realized the necessity of choosing teachers and teaching children, but he didn't realize the necessity of learning from himself. By comparing these two completely contradictory practices, we can attack the shield with the spear of the child and reveal that those people are really confused and unreasonable. Thirdly, the comparison between witch doctors, musicians, skilled workers and the families of literati further reveals the wrong psychology of literati, and points out the contrast between their status and intelligence, which is even more sobering.
Creation background
Shi Shuo was written by Zhen Yuan when he was a doctor in imperial academy No.4 School in 17-18 years (80 1-802). In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), the author who was dismissed from Xuzhou and lived in Luoyang to preach and teach, was twice transferred to Beijing as a candidate, and was awarded the position of imperial academy's fourth doctor in October of that year. At this time, the author is determined to use imperial academy as a platform to revive Confucianism and reform the literary world, so as to realize his ambition of serving the country. However, when I came to imperial academy to take office, I found that the imperial examination hall was dark, the government was corrupt, and the bureaucracy was full of drawbacks, which led many students to lose confidence in the imperial examination and relax their studies. At that time, the upper class looked down on teachers. In the scholar-bureaucrat class, there is a concept of "being ashamed to be a teacher", which directly affects the teaching and management in imperial academy. The author is saddened by this and clarifies people's vague understanding of "seeking a teacher" and "being a teacher" by answering Li Pan's question.
Classical Chinese knowledge
First, interchangeable characters
(1) the teacher, so the answer also.
Receive: teach, teach and teach.
(2) either the teacher or not.
No: pass "no", which means no.
Second, the word polysemy
teacher
Ancient scholars must have teachers: (noun, teacher)
(2) A witch doctor is a musician with various skills: (noun, a person or musician who is good at a certain skill)
(3) I learn from Tao: (nouns as verbs, learning)
(4) The teacher's instruction has been handed down for a long time.
In this way, I can learn from it: (intentional, take ... as a teacher)
The shame of the teacher: (verbs to learn from the teacher)
⑦ a teacher, so he was puzzled by professional teaching: (noun teacher) (teacher also judges sentences)
about
Choose a teacher to teach: (pronoun, referring to a person)
(2) Malnourished people: (pronoun, this)
(3) Ancient scholars: (structural auxiliary words, indicating modification or affiliation, translated as "de")
(4) Where the Tao is, the teacher is there: (Structural auxiliary words, used between attributives and nominal headwords, are equivalent to "de" in modern Chinese. (not "cancel sentence independence". Because the word "zhi" that "cancels sentence independence" is used between the subject and the predicate, that is, the word "zhi" must be followed by a verb; However, these two "existing" are "words" and "words" are nominal. )
I don't know what to read.
⑥ Six Classics are all connected to Xi Zhi: (Pronouns refer to the previous Six Classics, translated into them. This is a prepositional object sentence)
⑦: (These people)
8 Ancient saints: (of)
(9) No more teaching: (It is meaningless to cancel the sentence independence between subject and predicate)
Indications: (pronoun, he)
People are not born to know: (pronoun, truth)
A witch doctor, a musician and a skilled worker: (pronoun, translated as "these")
that
(1) Before he was born in me, his understanding of Tao was solid before me: (personal pronoun, he)
(2) Confusion does not come from the teacher, it is confusion, and finally I don't understand; Readers who are taught, learn their sentences; It's not that I tell the truth to solve its confusion: (demonstrative pronoun, that (some))
(3) Ancient sages are far from human beings: (personal pronouns, they)
(4) Fu Yong knows that his years were born in my place: (personal pronouns, theirs)
The reason why saints are sacred ... is: (modal adverb, meaning guess, probably)
Today's wisdom is out of reach: (personal pronouns, theirs)
⑦ Strange and embarrassed: (modal adverb, indicating speculation)
puzzle
I am a teacher, so my major teaches me to solve puzzles: (noun, puzzle)
(2) On him, he is ashamed of his teacher and confused: (adjective, confused)
way
I am a teacher, so my major teaches me to solve puzzles: (noun, truth)
(2) The teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time: (noun, fashion)
(3) My teacher is also a teacher: (noun, truth)
(4) Similarity of Tao: (noun, moral knowledge)
Is this how they all come out? (Modal particle, indicating speculation, right)
Born before me: (preposition, indicating time, in)
(3) Be solid in front of me: (preposition, table comparison, comparison)
what
Be ashamed to learn from the teacher: (preposition, indicating place, direction, from, to)
(2) Is this all about? (Preposition, indicating place, direction, subordination and presence)
(3) in its body: (preposition, indicating object, right, right)
A teacher need not be superior to his students.
Regardless of time: (preposition, meaning passive, accepting and existing)
get through
(1) Therefore, it is also necessary to preach, teach and dispel doubts: (verbs, impart)
The teacher's instruction has been handed down for a long time.
③ Biography of Six Arts: (noun, biography)
not have
Who can have no doubt: (No)
(2) So, neither expensive nor cheap, neither long nor small: (whatever)
how
(1) Shame on the teacher: (Classical auxiliary words have no practical significance)
(2) Either the teacher is absent-minded or absent-minded.
(3) Still asking questions to the teacher: (pronoun: equivalent to "zhi")