Shakespeare (W. William Shakespeare；; 1564 ~ 1616)
Born in Stratford, England on April 23rd, 1564-May 3rd, 1616 (julian calendar on April 23rd), he is a famous British playwright and poet, whose main works include Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.
Life
william shakespeare, a great English playwright and poet, was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Wavyk, central England in 1564. His father, Jone Shakespeare, was a grocer engaged in wool, leather manufacturing and grain business. He served as the town civil administrator in 1565 and was elected as the mayor three years later. Shakespeare studied in the local grammar school when he was young. Although he received a good basic education, he didn't go to college. In 1582, 18-year-old Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, a 26-year-old peasant girl from a neighboring village, and had three children before she was 21.
from 1585 to 1592, his situation was unknown, which was called "the lost year" by critics. After 1585, he left Stratford and went to London to make a living. Around 159, he joined a troupe and became an actor and playwright, starting his stage and creative career. He stood at the age of 3 and became famous in the theatre. Four years later, he has become a leading figure in the British theatre. In 1592, the theater manager P. Henslow first mentioned the first part of Shakespeare's Henry VI. In the same year, before his death, playwright R. Green alluded to Shakespeare's surname in A Thousand Regrets Makes a Wisdom, and quoted the next line of Henry VI, calling Shakespeare "an upstart crow", which shows that he was already quite famous at that time. In 1593 ~ 1594, he wrote and published two long poems, Venus and adonis and the Disgrace of Lucretius, which were dedicated to the young noble Count Southampton. He also wrote some miscellaneous poems and 154 sonnets published in 169. Since 1594, his troupe has been sheltered by the minister of chamberlain and called the "Palace Minister's Troupe". Around 1598, as a shareholder of the troupe, he co-founded the Globe Theatre with others, and his later plays were mainly performed here (later, the "Black Friar Theatre" was added in about 169). He also performed in the palace with the group, and occasionally went to universities and law schools to act; In summer or when the plague is prevalent, when the London Theatre stops performing, it will perform in other provinces. In 1598, F. Mills, a great scholar, listed Shakespeare's plays before the age of 35 in his Treasure House of Wisdom, praising his comedies and tragedies as "unparalleled" and being able to rank with the first-rate drama poets in ancient times. But he never published his own plays before his death. In 1596, he applied for the title of "gentleman" and the right to own the coat of arms in the name of his father, and bought considerable real estate three times. In 163, James I succeeded to the throne, and his troupe was renamed "The King's Sacrifice Troupe", and he and the actors in the troupe were appointed as the imperial attendants. Around 1612, he bid farewell to London and returned to his hometown to settle down. He died on April 23, 1616 and was buried in Trinity Church in the town. Leave a will before death. His two portraits, which are said to be reliable, are the bust in the church and the portrait of Droeshout, and his handwriting has six signatures and a three-page manuscript of Sir Thomas More. In 1623, actors J. Hamming and H. Candel printed his plays in folio, and collected 36 plays (2 of which were first printed), known as "first folio". Since 1772, people have been asking questions about the author of Shakespeare's plays and trying to prove that the author is Bacon, C. Marlowe, Earl of Letland, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Derby, etc., but there is no evidence.
Shakespeare lived in London for more than twenty years, while his wife stayed in Stratford all the time. He retired and returned to his hometown of Stratford (around 1612) when he was close to his destiny. In 1616, Shakespeare died around his fifty-second birthday and was buried in Trinity Church. Leave a will before death. His two portraits, which are said to be reliable, are the bust in the church and the portrait of Droeshout, and his handwriting has six signatures and a three-page manuscript of Sir Thomas More. In 1623, actors J. Hamming and H. Candel printed his plays in folio, and collected 36 plays (2 of which were first printed), known as "first folio". Since 1772, people have been asking questions about the author of Shakespeare's plays and trying to prove that the author is Bacon, C. Marlowe, Earl of Letland, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Derby, etc., but there is no evidence.
Works
Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays (thirty-eight, if you add Two Noble Relatives co-written with Fletcher), two long poems and one hundred and fifty-four sonnets in more than 2 years from 159 to 1612. His plays are mostly based on historical records, novels, folklore and old plays, which reflect the historical reality of the transition from feudal society to capitalist society and promote the humanitarian thought and human nature view of the emerging bourgeoisie. On the one hand, he borrowed extensively from ancient dramas, English medieval dramas and the emerging culture and art in Europe, on the other hand, he deeply observed life, understood society and grasped the pulse of the times, so that Shakespeare was able to create many vivid characters and paint a broad and colorful picture of social life, and made it famous for its characteristics of blending sadness and joy, poetic and imaginative, unity in contradictions and changes, philosophy of life and critical spirit.
Generally speaking, Shakespeare's drama creation can be divided into the following three periods:
The first period (159 ~ 16) was mainly about writing historical dramas and comedies, including 9 historical dramas, 1 comedies and 2 tragedies.
Of the nine historical plays, except King John, which is about British history in the early 13th century, the other eight are two four-part series: the first, middle and second parts of Henry VI and Richard III; Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V. These historical dramas have summarized the turmoil in British history for more than a hundred years, shaped a series of positive and negative monarchies, and reflected Shakespeare's humanistic political and moral ideals of opposing feudal separatism, supporting centralization, condemning tyrants and tyranny, and demanding enlightened monarchies to carry out top-down reforms and establish harmonious social relations.
Most of the 1 comedies, The Wrong Comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Two Gentlemen of Verona, The futility of love, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much ado about nothing, All Happy and Twelfth Night, are based on love, friendship and marriage. Praise the new style of progress and beauty, but also gently expose and ridicule the decay and ugliness of old things, such as the false correction of asceticism, the hypocrisy of Puritans and the greed of usurers. The basic mood of Shakespeare's drama creation in this period is optimistic and clear, full of confidence in solving social contradictions with humanistic ideals, so that the tragedy Romeo and Juliet written in this period is also full of comedy atmosphere. Although the hero died of double suicide, the ideal of love overcame death and got the reconciliation of feudal feud. However, The Merchant of Venice, a mature comedy later in this period, contains melancholy and tragic factors. While advocating kindness, friendship and sincere love, it reflects the class oppression and racial discrimination of the law of the jungle in Christian society, indicating that the author has gradually realized that there is an intractable contradiction between ideal and reality.
The second period (161 ~ 167) was dominated by tragedies, with three Roman plays, five tragedies and three "dark comedies" or "problem plays".
The Roman dramas Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Cory Ollanu are historical dramas based on Plutarch's Biography of Greek and Roman Heroes.
The four tragedies Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and the tragedy Timon of Athens mark the author's in-depth thinking about the times and life, and strive to shape some tragic heroes in the new era: they woke up from the imprisonment and ignorance of the Middle Ages, and under the dawn of modern times, they were ambitious to develop or improve themselves, but they could not overcome the limitations of the times and themselves, and finally they were in the same place. Hamlet found that "the whole era was out of tenon" in order to avenge his father, and decided to take on the responsibility of "reorganizing Gankun". As a result, he was too ambitious to return to heaven. Othello was honest and simple, believed in people and hated evil. He killed his wife and killed himself at the mercy of traitors, and was rewarded with evil for pursuing perfection. King Lear lost his nature and reason in the honor, pride and self-confidence brought by power, and fantasized that he could be as great as an ordinary person by dividing power into different countries to prove that he was not a king, so he suffered a painful ordeal. Macbeth is a meritorious hero, with goodness and beauty in his character. Driven by the temptation and ambition of the throne, he is reduced to a sinner who is "from bloody to bloody" and regrets common people. The tragedies of these characters profoundly reveal all kinds of social evils and bourgeois egoism that began to appear in primitive accumulation of capital's period, and show the irreconcilable contradiction between humanistic ideal and cruel reality, which is of high generalization significance.
Due to the enhancement of ideological depth and realism depth of plays in this period, comedies such as troilus and Cresida, All shall be well that ends well, and tit for tat also show a dark side, and are shrouded in the evil shadow of treachery and intrigue, so they are called "problem dramas" or "dark comedies".
tragicomedy or legendary drama in the third period (168 ~ 1613) tended to compromise and fantasy.
The main works are four tragicomedy or legendary dramas, Prince Ricci of Tyre, cymbeline, Winter Story and The Tempest. Most of these works are about separation, reunion, framing and revenge. Although we still adhere to the humanistic ideal and expose the dark reality, the solution of contradictions mainly depends on magic, fantasy, coincidence and accidental events, and ends with preaching forgiveness, tolerance, compromise and reconciliation.
Shakespeare also collaborated with Fletcher to write the historical drama Henry VIII and the legendary drama Two Noble Relatives, the latter of which has been included in the existing Shakespeare drama collections in recent years.
Shakespeare's works include:
Tragedy: Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, Titus Antelo Knicks, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Coe Leoline Nast, The Besieged City of Troell, Timon in Athens, etc.
Comedy: All shall be well that ends well, a midsummer night's dream, much ado about nothing, tit for tat, the storm, The Taming of the Shrew, the twelfth night, the merchant of Venice, the merry wives of Windsor, the futility of love, the two gentlemen of Verona, Prince Pelikles of Tyre, cymbeline, the story of winter, etc.
Historical plays: Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, King John, Richard II and Richard III.
Sonnets: the complaint of a lover, the loss of virginity of Lucretius, Venus and adonis, passionate pilgrims, phoenix and turtledove, etc.
achievements and influences
most of Shakespeare's plays are based on old scripts, novels, chronicles or folklore, but they are rewritten with their own ideas, giving new, rich and profound contents to the old themes. In artistic expression, he inherited and developed the three traditions of ancient Greek and Roman drama, medieval England and Renaissance European drama, and made creative innovations from content to form. His plays are not bound by the three laws, break through the boundaries between tragedy and comedy, strive to reflect the true nature of life, and deeply explore the inner mysteries of characters, so as to create many typical characters with complex and diverse personalities and vivid images, paint a broad and colorful picture of social life, and are famous for their broadness, profundity, poetry and philosophy.
Shakespeare's plays are popular plays written for the British stage and audience at that time. Therefore, its characteristics, such as the combination of sadness and joy, the appreciation of elegance and vulgarity, the freedom of time and space, and trying to mobilize the audience's imagination to make up for the simplicity of the stage, were criticized by the classicists represented by Voltaire in the 18th century and arbitrarily deleted during the performance. The real value of Shakespeare's plays was not known until the early 19th century, when critics such as Coleridge and Khazri elaborated on it. However, Shakespeare's performances at that time were still often included in the mode of five-act structured drama. At the end of 19th century, W. Boer and H. Granville-Barker strongly opposed the spectacular tradition of Shakespeare's performance at that time, and advocated performing in the Elizabethan theater without setting to restore its inherent characteristics.
since the 17th century, Shakespeare's plays have been introduced to Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Northern Europe, and then gradually spread to the United States and even the rest of the world, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of drama in various countries and has become an important link and source of inspiration for the development and exchange of world culture. China began to introduce and translate Shakespeare's plays at the beginning of this century, and in 1978, he published eleven volumes of The Complete Works of Shakespeare, which were completely revised and supplemented on the basis of Zhu Shenghao's translation. In 192, students of St. John's College in Shanghai first performed The Merchant of Venice in English. According to incomplete statistics, there are 65 professional and amateur performance groups in China successively, in five languages of English, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian and Cantonese, and in six forms of civilized drama, modern drama, traditional opera, radio drama, ballet and puppet drama, and * * * performed 21 Shakespeare plays, including most of his important works. Shakespeare's plays have become the teaching materials of middle schools, universities, especially drama colleges in China. The important role of Shakespeare's plays has opened up a vast world for the cultivation and improvement of China actors.
The classic lines are:
1. Fragile, your name is woman!
2. To be or not to be，that's a question。 To be or not to be, that is a question. )
3. People who give up time will be given up by time.
4. A successful liar doesn't have to lie for a living, because the cheated person has become his supporter, and it's no use saying anything.
5. People can control their own destiny. If we are controlled by others, it's not fate, but ourselves.
6 A happy love relaxes the fighter's tense mood.
7 Perfect love is sad and harmful. As a Jianghu child, I don't have the leisure time.
8 jealous brothers are lies!
9 God is fair, and those who master fate will always stand at both ends of the scale. Those who are controlled by fate only understand that God has given him fate!
1 A proud person always destroys himself in pride.
11 love is a sweet pain, and sincere love is never a smooth road.
12 Because she is beautiful, she is sought after by men. Because she is a woman, she was captured by men.