This is an era of heroes. This is a confusing history, and this is a topic that is relished. Official Records, Legends of unofficial history, Novel Romance, Drama Arrangement. There are different comments in different periods, and different works have different descriptions. There are different opinions about right and wrong, and there are many doubts about success or failure. What should the Three Kingdoms look like?

Hello, audience friends! Starting today, we will talk about the Three Kingdoms.

The so-called "Three Kingdoms" usually refers to the 90-year history from the first year of Chu Ping of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (A.D. 190) to the first year of Taikang of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (A.D. 280). There are some problems in naming this history "Three Kingdoms". Because in 220 AD, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor; In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor; In 222 AD, the sun rose. At this time, Wei, Shu and Wu were seriously established. It stands to reason that the history of the Three Kingdoms should start from this time. It was not until the th ree clans returned to Jin that the "Three Kingdoms" were justified. However, throughout the ages, there are almost no. So, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Zhou Yu, Lu Su and so on. You can't even play The story of cooking wine in childhood, caring about the thatched cottage and the downfall of Maicheng is endless. Is it okay for everyone to say?

In fact, no matter whether it is official history (such as The Three Kingdoms or novels, such as The Romance of the Three Kingdoms), it will almost always start from Dong Zhuo's rebellion, or even earlier. This is actually the attitude of history. Because Cao, Liu and Sun, the three major forces or groups, developed and grew up in the warlord melee in the late Eastern Han Dynasty; The tripartite confrontation between Wei, Shu and Wu was basically formed long before the founding of the People's Republic of China. If you want to look at history, you must look at it historically. No reason, no result. Just looking at "name" instead of "reality" and choosing words is not called "rigor", but "getting into a dead end"

So, what is the world like in these 90 years?

Just two words: troubled times. In terms of expansion, it is war, hunger is everywhere, wars are frequent, and people's livelihood is worrying. Or to borrow a sentence from Mr. Lu Xun, that is, "in the dream, my mother is in tears, and the city head is changed to the king's flag." However, heroes are born in troubled times. The more the sea flows, the more you can show your true colors. Therefore, this is another heroic era, an era full of masculinity, heroism and romantic feelings. I don't know how many romantic figures are here to give directions and inspire words, and I don't know how many heroes in the world are here to show their talents and criticize the current situation. The so-called "picturesque mountains and rivers, how many heroes at a time."

It will be a long list to list these familiar names. Talented Cao Cao, brave Zhuge Liang, brave Zhou Yu and indomitable Liu Bei are all heroes of this era and our nation, because they all want to turn division into unity, turn troubled times into governance and seek social harmony and world peace. Of course, they all believe that this historical mission should be undertaken by themselves, or by their group, and will never be handed over to others. So there are contradictions, conflicts, frictions, wars and even life-and-death militancy between them. The result is "one will succeed, ten thousand bones will wither", which is really amazing, sad and happy!

Probably nothing could be done at that time; And history can only advance in the tragic antinomy. On the one hand, war can only be ended through war; On the other hand, in order to end the war, the people must first suffer from it. Therefore, when we praise and appreciate those heroes in troubled times, we should not forget the suffering of the people at that time.

The result of competing for the Central Plains is that one is dominant, while the result of enter the dragon is that the whole world is unified. This is the Western Jin Dynasty. In fact, the situation in the Western Jin Dynasty was even worse. Let's not talk about it here. Let's talk about the Three Kingdoms. One of the characteristics of the three countries is the short time. The existence of Wei, Shu and Wu is only half a century, plus the period of the "former Three Kingdoms", it is only 90 years. Such a short time, in the history of our nation, is really just a "flick of a finger". People don't even have time to seriously reflect and savor, and the old hen turns into a duck in a blink of an eye. History is often written by winners, and it is inevitable that people will have different views or be biased. Therefore, once Wei, Shu and Wu perished, there were different opinions on the records of historical books, and scholars also had different opinions. For example, when Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain, there were two sayings: "three visits to the cottage" and "recommendation at home"; There are also records of the Chibi fire, in which Huang Gai falsely surrendered and set fire, and Cao Cao retired after burning the boat. The Three Kingdoms is a glorious and dazzling history.

The drama of The Three Kingdoms makes it a favorite object of literary artists. In the folk, it is also a topic that people talk about. There must be more people who know Liu Bei than Liu Xiu. People who know Cao Cao will definitely surpass th ose who know Wang Mang. This cannot but be attributed to the influence of literary and artistic works, especially the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Literary works are more appealing than historical works, and literary works need imagination and fiction. Literary and artistic works full of imagination and fiction, with historical background, clues and themes, falsehood and truth, half truth and half falsehood, add a lot of fuzziness to this confusing history.

Just say Zhou Yu.

The story of "Sanyu" is often the first thing that people think of when they mention this famous soldier in Jiangdong. It is "He Shengliang, born with Yu", "Clever plan to secure the world, lose his wife and lose his soldiers" and so on. Unfortunately, it's a novel, not history. Zhuge Liang in history has never been angry with Zhou Yu. Even if I am angry, I'm afraid I won't die. Why? Because Zhou Yu's generosity is great. The History of the Three Kingdoms rated him as "broad-minded", that is, cheerful and generous. His contemporaries also spoke highly of him. Liu Bei said he was "very talented" and Jiang Gan said he was "magnanimous". By th e way, Jiang Gan was wronged again. He has been to Zhou Ying, but it was in Battle of Red Cliffs two years later. Of course, he has not been cheated or stolen any books. Jiang Gan has no white nose on his face, but he is a handsome boy. "Biography of Jiang Biao" said, "It seems to be a beautiful picture of both talent and appearance to be handsome and to be alone between Jianghuai."

Zhou Yu is also a very beautiful hero. His "handsome" was a household name at that time. The reflection says he is "fit" and Wuzhong says Zhou Lang. La ng is a young man. To call someone lang is to praise them. Therefore, ""is "handsome week". Sun Ce, also known as "Sun Lang", is a "handsome grandson". Of course, a person's "handsome" is not only appearance, but also inner temperament. Zhou Yu is just a noble and generous person. He has a good personality and high cultivation. He can fight, understand art, and especially be proficient in music. Even after three rounds of drinking, I can still hear whether the band's performance is accurate. If not, he will go back and have a look. At that time, it was said that "the song was wrong and Zhou Lang dealt with it". So I even doubt whether he can command the army like a band, turn war into art and play beautifully, just like a work of art.

Zhou Yu's fighting is really beautiful. Battle of Red Cliffs, commander-in-chief of Sun Liu's allied forces at the front. Su Dongpo's "Red Cliff Nostalgia" said: "Looking back on Gong Jin, Xiao Qiao was magnificent when he first married. Feather fan nylon towel, joking, the wall is like smoke. " A feather fan is a fan made of feathers. Jin Lun is a headscarf made of green silk. Feather fans were elegant at that time. Nobles and officials were supposed to wear crowns. Gaoguan, take off your coat and Emei are the so-called "Han clothes". But at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wearing scarves instead of crowns became the fashion of celebrities. If you are a general and wear a ribbon scarf, you are a Confucian general. Therefore, it is not difficult for us to imagine the scene at that time: Cao Cao's army was arrayed in the Yangtze River, warships were connected, military flags were hunting, and the people in Jiangdong were terrified. However, Zhou Yu was unhurried and unhurried. He wore a ribbon, shook a feather fan, planned and commanded, and finally defeated the enemy, winning more with less. How thrilling it is! At this time, Zhou Yu is really a young hero, full of energy and radiant!

Of course, war is not an art, it can't be so chic, so elegant, so charming, let alone laughing and laughing, and the arrogant "strong" will be "eliminated". At this time, Zhou Yu has been married to Xiao Qiao for ten years, not "Xiao Qiao's first marriage." Su Dongpo said that only by focusing on portraying Zhou Yu's heroic image. Literary works are not history, but Zhou Yu's bravery and elegance in history are generally good. At the age of twenty-four, Zhou Yu was appointed as "Jianwei corps commander" by Sun Ce, who galloped on the battlefield and repeatedly made outstanding achievements. It was in this year that Sun Ce and Zhou Yu married the daughters of Gon g Qiao, Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao respectively. This is what Su Dongpo called "Xiao Qiao's first marriage". It can be seen that Zhou Yu is a man of officialdom, battlefield, love and pride. For men, is there anything more enviable? How can such a prosperous person be jealous of others, and how can he be angry because of jealousy? We are more jealous of him.

Yes, Zhou Yu and Liu Bei Group had internal strife, and once suggested that Sun Quan put Liu Bei under house arrest and split up. We will talk about this later. But that's because the political interest s of its group have nothing to do with mind and tolerance. Moreover, Zhou Yu is afraid of Liu, Guan and Zhang, not Zhuge Liang. To tell the truth, Zhou Yu really didn't regard Zhuge Liang as the number one enemy at that time. How could he plot against him? On the contrary, Zhuge Liang, who was originally upright and upright, was written as a "treacherous villain" (Mr. Hu Shi's words) because of the fabricated "three in". Think about this!

So we found that history is so far away from us, sometimes so far away!

In fact, many historical events and figures have three faces and three images. One is the face recorded in the official history, which we call "historical images". This is advocated by historians. What needs to be explained here is that "historical image" is not equal to "historical truth". Is there a "truth" in history? Yes Can you find it? Difficult. At least, it is difficult to find out the historical truth of the Three Kingdoms. Because we can't find the original files at that time, and we can't remember the ancient people underground, we have to ask ourselves. Even if they can ask, they may not be willing to tell the truth. This can only be recorded in historical books, and it is mainly "official history". But even the "official history" has its own unreliable places and unreliable times. Lv Simian, a great historian, has mentioned many times that the records in the History of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty may not be reliable. In addition, Liu Bei's Shu Han has no formal history books. The relevant records in the History of the Three Kingdoms are actually "hearing and seeing" plus "hears ay". In this way, we can only hope for the research of historians. However, historians have different views. For example, the statement that the Shu-Han regime "has no history, no record and no official" was regarded as false slander by Liu Zhiji, a historian in the Tang Dynasty, and was called "thick slander on Zhuge". This is becoming more and more unclear. Therefore, we can only define "historical image" as the image recorded in historical books or the image advocated by historians. Moreover, it must be clear that even this image is not only one, but also controversial.

Second, faces in literary and artistic works, including faces in novels and plays, are called "literary images". This is what writers and artists advocate, such as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and various "Three Kingdoms Plays".

There is also a kind of appearance advocated by ordinary people, which is the face in the hearts of ordinary people. We call it "folk image", such as all kinds of folklore, folk customs and folk beliefs, including the image of each of us. In fact, each of us has a historical figure in our minds. Therefore, when shooting a historical drama, there is always a question of whether it is like it or not. In fact, no one has ever seen these historical figures, but they can talk about "images", which means that everyone has an "account" in his heart.

The formation of literary image and folk image also has a historical process. Generally speaking, the more offspring there are, the more unreliable they are, and the more subjective assumptions and personal likes and dislikes there are. Of course, with a scientific view of history, it is another matter. But as we said before, the appeal of literary and artistic works exceeds that of historical works. The word of mouth in the streets is equally strong. Folk people are not hi storians, they don't need "rigorous scholarship" and they don't have to be responsible to anyone. Naturally, they "want to sing". This is nothing at all. However, as Mr. Lu Xun said: "There is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road. " Similarly, if more people talk about an image, it may change from "virtual image" to "truth".

Just say Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang, at least since the Jin Dynasty, has been the object of many people's pursuit. He is charming and full of fans. At that time, there was a Mr. Guo Chong, probably a diehard fan of Zhuge Liang. He felt that everyone's worship of Zhuge Liang was not enough, so "five things are hidden in the world" and the third thing is an empty plan. These five things were all rejected by Pei Songzhi when he made annotat ions to the Three Kingdoms. The evidence to refute the empty city plan is that when Zhuge Liang sent troops to Yangping, Sima Yi lived in Jingzhou and was stationed in Wanjie City, so it was impossible to appear in Yangping battlefield. Where did he get the empty city plan?

However, this story is so beautiful. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is very detailed, and the Three Kingdoms Opera is also a special performance. The so-called "Lost Street Pavilion, Empty City Plan, Chopping Ma Su" has always been an enduring opera. But this story is not true and illogical. First, Sima Yi did not dare to attack for fear of an ambush in the city. Then, send a pair of scouts in to have a look, okay? Second, Sima Yi's "Seeing Kong Ming sitting on the rostrum, smiling" should not be too far away. Then, send an archer to shoot Zhuge Liang down the tower and come to him to "catch the thief first and win the king", okay? Third, according to Guo Chong, Sima Yi had an army of 200,000 at that time, while Zhuge Liang had only 1 10, 000. According to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Sima Yi had an army of 150,000, while Zhuge Liang had only 2,500 men. In short, we are outnumbered. So, surround him for three days, but don't fight, okay? Why don't you turn around and leave? So Pei Songzhi took notes and concluded that what Guo Chong said was not true. Pei Songzhi said, "As it is said, (Sima Yi) raised 200, 000 people by himself, which shows that Liang serenade is weak. If he suspects an ambush, he can defend himself. Why did he leave? "

Therefore, the empty city plan is not reliable. Others, such as burning Xintian and borrowing arrows from grass boats, are also out of thin air. There is hope of fire; But the fire was set by Liu Beifang (the late Lord set an ambush and chased it as soon as it burned, but it was broken by the ambush). I haven't heard anything about Zhuge Liang. There is also the burning of Chibi, but it was the idea and contribution of Huang Gai by Zhou Yu, and Zhuge Liang did nothing. Borrowing from the East is even more ridiculous. Zhuge Liang's "bathing and fasting, wearing a Taoist robe and offering his feet" and going to the altar to worship the wind is simply a trick, so Mr. Lu Xun said that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms "looks like Zhuge Liang is wise and close to the devil." The "demon" mentioned here is not a demon, nor a demon, but a "demon", that is, a wizard or a man of God.

Zhuge Liang is certainly not a "demon". Not only not a "demon", but also a "handsome guy". Chen Shou's On the Watch says that he is "eight feet long and has a great appearance". Eight feet in the Han dynasty is equ ivalent to five feet and five inches now, which is one meter and eighty-four. Zhuge Liang was twenty-six when he came out of the mountain. Twenty-six years old, 1.84 meters tall, "very good-looking", you can think about what image it is. At least, it can't be a face with a robe and a beard. It's probably true that feather fans are heavy, because that was the fashion at that time, and it wasn't Zhuge Liang's patent. The so-called "feather fan is more important than talking and laughing, and it will be destroyed by smoke" refers to Zhou Yu, not Zhuge Liang. Even if there is such a thing as "borrowing from the east wind", it should be Zhou Yu's "borrowing" (folklore says that Zhou Yu borrowed from the east wind). Otherwise, how did Du Mu say, "If the east wind doesn't follow, the bronze sparrow terrace locks Er Qiao"?

In fact, Zhuge Liang's main achievement in Battle of Red Cliffs was the alliance between Sun and Liu. His main contribution to Liu Bei Group was to establish t he political strategy of uniting Wu against Cao and dividing the world into three parts and put it into practice. In fact, Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician and diplomat, not necessarily an outstanding strategist. His military achievements are controversial, and his military talents are not as mysterious as later legends. Historian Miao Yue once pointed out in the preface of Selected Notes on the Three Kin gdoms: "At that time, Zhuge Liang's southward expedition was inevitably exaggerated. For example, Meng Huo's seven escapes and seven verticals are unreasonable, and the so-called' southerners never look back' is also untrue. " Zhuge Liang is not as risky as literary works and folklore say. Guo Jia is adventuro us. Zhuge Liang's characteristics, whether historians' comments or his self-comments, are "cautious" Chen Shou said that he was "managing glory for a long time, strategizing in a short time, and managing people's work is better than being a general", which should be said to be a realistic evaluation. In other words, Zhuge Liang is Xiao He, not Sean and Han Xin.

But in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang joined forces with Xiao He, Sean and Han Xin, not only strategizing and winning thousands of miles, but also predicting the future. Anyone who acts according to his "trick up his sleeve" will be invincible. The generals of Liu Bei Group, such as Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao, are like marionettes in his hand, who know how to carry out and don't know how to carry out. This is certainly not true, but there is a reason. What is the reason? We'll talk later.

In fact, there is a "sleeve" story, which only happened to Cao Cao. There are records in the reflection? In the Biography of Zhang Liao, the time is in the twentieth year of Jian 'an (AD 2 15), which we will talk about later. There are some stories about "empty city plan", which Cao Cao, Wen Pin and Zhao Yun may have told. But this matter is controversial, and I have to say it later. However, even if there is no dispute, people will not talk about it because people don't like Cao Cao.

People also pay attention to the Three Kingdoms, and their enthusiasm is no less than that of historians. As we know, among China's four classical masterpieces, A Dream of Red Mansions occupies the highest position in the history of literature, and there is a saying that "it is useless to talk about a Dream of Red Mansions without reading the whole poem". However, as Mr. Lu Xun said, "Xi Min still loves the Three Kingdoms and the Water Margin." In other words, ordinary people still like the Three Kingdoms and the Water Margin. For example, the slaughter industry regards Zhang Fei as the granddaddy, the weaving industry regards Liu Bei as the granddaddy, the robber regards Song Jiang as the granddaddy, and the thief will move the granddaddy then. I have never heard of any industry that regards Jia Baoyu, Wang Xifeng and other characters in the dream of a red chamber as grandfathers. Therefore, the folk images of the characters in the Three Kingdoms are also worth studying.

Just say Guan Yu.

Guan Yu really has something admirable, that is, he attaches great importance to friendship. After being captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao treated him with courtesy, and Guan Yu himself said, "I know very well that Cao Gong has always been very kind to me", but he still refused to betray Liu Bei. The final choice is to "make an effect to repay Tsao Gong's going". Therefore, Cao Cao respected him more (Cao Gongyi) and even sent him back to the enemy camp (running ahead of Yuan Jun). From here, we can also see that Guan Yu was once the United States, and Cao Cao was also a knight-errant, at least he respected the knight-errant. Unfortunately, people only remember Guan Yu's "feelings" and forget Cao Cao's "righteousness", which is unfair.

Although the folk worship of Guan Yu is reasonable, some beliefs and customs are also very strange. For example, it is unthinkable for a barber to regard Guan Yu as his grandfather. Guan Yu has never been a barber! Besides, I didn't shave my head in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Think about it, they all have knives in their hands. But the knife in Master Guan's hand is beheading, not shaving. In the Qing dynasty, a couplet hung in front of a barber shop: "Ask how many heads there are in the world and see what the old man can do", which is very Guan Yu's tone.

Another strange thing is that Guan Yu is regarded as the god of wealth. Guan Yu is a battle-hardened general. It makes sense to be a god of war. How can he be the god of wealth? This certainly makes sense, and we'll talk about it later. However, I think one day, Guan Yu will become a god of love and dedicate himself to the marriage agency, because his pursuit of love is very persistent. According to the reflection? Guan Yu's biography of Pei Songzhi and Huayang National Records. Guan Yu once fell in love with a woman and told Cao Cao many times to marry her. Havin g said that, Cao Cao "suspected that it had a different color and welcomed it in advance." At first glance, it was really beautiful. As a result, Guan Yu was depressed because he kept it for himself. If this is true, Cao Cao is too authentic.

Now we know that there are actually three images in the history of the Three Kingdoms: historical image, literary image and folk image. So, what should we think?

First of all, we should understand the "historical image", that is, read the official history, such as the History of the Three Kingdoms. The author of the Three Kingdoms is Chen Shou. Chen Shou, a native of Nanchong, Sichuan, completed The History of the Three Kingdoms in the fifth year of the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 285). The time interval is not long, and the academic attitude is rigorous and reliable. However, it is precisely because of Chen Shou's rigorous academic attitude that many materials at that time were abandoned and the history of the Three Kingdom s was relatively brief. Then Pei Songzhi's notes. Pei Songzhi, a native of wenxi county, Shanxi Province, lived in the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. When he took notes, it was about 1 30 years since Chen Shou finished writing The History of the Three Kingdoms. Pei's note is characterized by supplementing a large number of materials, including what Chen Shou abandoned and what Chen Shou did not see, and analyzing them. What cannot be verified and distinguished exists anyway. It can be seen that Pei Songzhi's academic attitude is also very rigorous , so Pei's note is more reliable. The so-called "truth" is based on these two: Chen Shou's "ambition" and Pei Songzhi's "note". Other history books, of course, can also refer to, but if there is a conflict, or "preconceived", based on Shouzhi Zhu Pei.

However, "literary image" and "folk image" are not meaningless or unreasonable. In fact, many people regard the Three Kingdoms, especially the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, as textbooks. As Mr. Sun Li said, "The counselor regards it as a brain trust, and the commander-in-chief regards it as a strategy", and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty also gave the Romance of the Three Kingdoms as an "internal reference" to their relatives. Mr. Qian Zhongshu's "Con e in a Tube" also talks about several facts that later generations learned about the "empty city plan", and even thinks that "empty city plan" is a typical example of "not deceiving sales". Mr. Qian said: "Don't show people unprepared, don't be bullied." To show people the truth and make them disbelieve is to bully others. "Mao Zonggang and his son's comment on writing (Mao Pi for sh ort) is also very reasonable:" Only be careful that people don't do bold things, only be careful that people can do bold things. ..... If Kong Ming is not careful at ordinary times, he dare not be bold. Zhong Da does not doubt his boldness for the time being, but he is very careful about his ears. " However, Wei's statement is more interesting: "If you meet a mountain thief today, go straight into the city gate and catch Kong Ming. "Visible, even the folk image, literary image, even those arrogant, substitute stealthily, out of thin air image, also can give a lesson. Because an image can be formed and spread, it naturally has its reasons. Our job is to tell the truth.

There are three things left to do. One is "reduction", which is to tell everyone what history is. The second is "comparison", that is, to see what is the difference between these three images. The third is "analysis", that is, to find out why historical images have become literary images and folk images. We hope that through this work, we can understand the Three Kingdoms for everyone.

It's certainly not easy.

In fact, just as there are three images of history, there are three ways to read history. One is to look at history from the standpoint of the ancients, which is what Mr. Qian Mu called "historical view"; One is to look at history from today's standpoint, which is what Mr. Qian Mu called "the view of the times"; There is also a way to look at history from one's own standpoint, that is, "personal opinions." It is impossible for anyone to talk about history without involving these three opinions. After all, "the river of no return, the waves wash away the romantic figures of the ages." No matter how brilliant the events and people are, they may only leave some vague impressions for people to comment on. In Zhang Sheng's words, he said, "How many things were promoted or abolished in the Six Dynasties all benefited fishermen and gossiped." In fact, those who "gossip about fishermen and firewood" don't know that it's "the Six Dynasties"? That can cover all the history. As the saying goes, "A pot of turbid wine is happy to meet, and how many things are laughed at in ancient and modern times."

In future programs, we will laugh at three points and read the Three Kingdoms. So, where do we start? I think, let's start with the person with the most complicated, divergent and controversial historical image, literary image and folk image, and let him lead us into that complicated and magnificent history!