Einstein is a typical example from a "stupid melon" to a scientific giant. Einstein was a famous "weak child" when he was a child, and he couldn't speak at the age of 3! He is a boring student and doesn't like to play while studying. When I was 6 years old, I was called by my teacher and paused, which led to a contemptuous laugh: "Bad stupid melon". At that time, the teacher gave him a comment: "mentally retarded, illegible, no talent." When he was in middle school, the dean gave him a conclusion: "Everything is the same, but nothing can be achieved." When I was in college, I failed Chinese and biology, and I had to make up for one year. It seems that Einstein will become a wizard of science in the future, not by his early wisdom, but by a heart that is studious, brave in independent thinking and constantly exploring!
The person who gave Einstein this "heart" was obviously not a school teacher, but his mother. The parents of this "stupid melon" have been with him since childhood. Pauline, the mother, is not ashamed of her son's stupidity. She always tries her best to find something in her children that ordinary people can't see. As long as her parents are free, she will take "Little Stupid Melon" for an outing to develop his mind. Her father often gives him small gifts. On his eighth birthday, her father gave him a compass, and "Little Stupid Melon" actually put forward two points from the compass and pointer. It is parents who make a generation of great men.
newton
Newton liked to make mechanical models and other things, such as windmills, waterwheels, sundials and so on. His elaborate water clock has won people's praise for its accurate timing. Sometimes, the way he plays ball is also very strange. One day, he made a lantern and hung it on the tail of a kite. When night falls, the lighted lanterns rise into the air with the help of the rising power of kites. Luminous lanterns flow in the air, and people are frightened and think there is a comet. Nevertheless, he is often discriminated against because of his poor academic performance. At that time, the hierarchy of British feudal society was very serious. Students who study well in primary and secondary schools may discriminate against those who study poorly. There was a game between classes. When everyone was in high spirits, a good student kicked Newton and called him an idiot. Newton's mind was stimulated to extreme anger. He thought, we are all students. Why should I be bullied by him? I must pass him! From then on, Newton made up his mind to study hard. He gets up early and goes to bed late. Every minute counts. He studies hard and thinks hard.
After studying hard, Newton's academic performance improved continuously, and he soon surpassed the classmate who bullied him and was among the best in his class.
Mendeleev and the periodic table of elements
What is the universe made of? The ancient Greeks believed that it was the four elements of water, earth, fire and air, and China believed in the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth in ancient times. In modern times, people gradually realize that there are many elements, not just four or five. In the18th century, scientists have explored more than 30 elements, such as gold, silver, iron, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. By the19th century, 54 elements had been discovered.
People will naturally ask, how many elements have not been discovered? Do these elements exist separately or are they interrelated?
Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of elements and solved the mystery.
It turns out that the molecules are not a mob, but like a well-trained army, arranged in an orderly manner according to strict orders. How to arrange them? Mendeleev found that elements with equal or similar atomic weights have similar properties; Moreover, the nature and atomic weight of elements change periodically.
Mendeleev was very excited. He arranged more than 60 elements discovered at that time into a table according to atomic weight and properties, and found that every eight counts from any element were similar to the properties of the first element. He called this law "octave".
How did Mendeleev discover the periodic law of elements?
Marie Curie and Madame Curie
Pierre curie was born in a doctor's family in May 1859. In childhood and adolescence, I was thoughtful, hard to change my mind, taciturn and slow to respond, unable to adapt to the perfusion knowledge training in ordinary schools and unable to keep up with classes. People say he is mentally retarded, so he has never been to primary and secondary schools since he was a child. His father often took him to the countryside to collect samples of animals, plants and minerals, which cultivated his keen interest in nature and learned how to observe things and explain them. When Madame Curie 14 years old, his parents hired a math and science teacher for him. He has made rapid progress in mathematics and science. 16 years old, after entering the University of Paris for two years, she obtained a bachelor of science degree and a master's degree in physics. 1880, when he was 2 1 year old, he studied the characteristics of crystals with his brother Jacques Curie and found the piezoelectric effect of crystals. 189 1 year, he studied the relationship between magnetism and temperature, and established Curie's law: paramagnetic material's magnetization coefficient is inversely proportional to absolute temperature. In his scientific research, he also created and improved many new instruments, such as piezoelectric crystal scale, Curie balance and Curie electrometer. 1895 On July 25th, pierre curie married Marie Curie.
Marie Curie (1867165438+1October 7) was born in Warsaw under the rule of Russia, and her father was a middle school teacher. 16 years old, she graduated from Warsaw Middle School with a gold medal. She had to be a tutor for six years because her family couldn't afford to continue her studies. Later, with my own savings and the help of my sister, 189 1 went to Paris to study. At the University of Paris, she studied diligently under extremely difficult conditions. Four years later, she got two master's degrees in physics and mathematics.
In the second year after the Curie couple got married, that is, 1896, Bacquerel discovered the radioactive phenomenon of uranium salt, which aroused great interest of the young couple. Madame Curie was determined to study the nature of this unusual phenomenon. She first examined all the chemical elements known at that time and found that thorium and thorium compounds were also radioactive. She further examined the radioactivity of various complex minerals and unexpectedly found that the radioactivity of pitchblende was more than four times higher than that of pure uranium oxide. She concluded that uranium ore obviously contains a more radioactive element besides uranium.
Based on his experience as a physicist, Curie immediately realized the importance of this research achievement, put down his crystal research and joined Madame Curie in searching for new elements. Soon after, they determined that uranium ore contained not one element, but two undiscovered elements. 1in July, 898, they named polonium for the first time to commemorate Madame Curie's native Poland. Not long after, 1898 65438+ February, they named another element radium. They worked hard to obtain pure polonium and radium. I worked day and night in a broken shed for four years. I stirred the boiling pitchblende slag in the pot with an iron bar, and my eyes and throat endured the stimulation of smoke from the pot. After repeated refining, I got one tenth of radium from several tons of pitchblende slag. Because of the discovery of radioactivity, the Curies and Bacquerel jointly won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics.
1906, pierre curie died in a car accident at the age of 47. After pierre curie's death, Madame Curie endured great grief and succeeded her husband as a professor of physics at the University of Paris, becoming the first female professor at the university. She continued her research work on radioactivity. 19 10, she and French chemist Debel Nuo analyzed the pure radium element, and determined the atomic weight and position of radium in the periodic table. She also measured the half-lives of radon and other radioactive elements and sorted out the systematic relationship of radioactive element decay. Because of these great achievements, he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry at 19 1 1, becoming the only scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in history.
The Curies personally experienced the physiological effects of radium, and they were burned by laser rays more than once. Together with doctors, they studied the application of radium in cancer treatment and started radiotherapy. During the First World War, she participated in the battlefield health service for the motherland Poland and the second motherland France, organized X-ray cars and X-ray studios to serve the wounded soldiers, and treated the wounded soldiers with radium, which played a great role.