The original text is from Liu Ji's Yu Ion. Among them:

1. The word "Yan" marked with a red line

The word "Yan" used at the end of the sentence "Then it is still a cover" is a decisive word. Because "Yan" has only referential function in narrative sentences, the word "Yan" here refers to its former subject "Zheng Zhiren", which can be translated as: he. The original text "then it is still a cover" can be understood as: then it is still a cover.

For example:

Original text: The Analects of Confucius: Long stagnation, stubbornness, coupling and ploughing, Confucius crossed it, making Zi Lu interested.

Translation: Chang Ju and Jie Drowning were working side by side. Confucius passed by them and sent Zi Lu to ask them about the ferry.

Comments: This example is a combined sentence with the surface, and each clause is a narrative sentence. The decisive word "Yan" used at the end of the sentence refers to

the long stagnation and obsession in the previous clause, and it is the object of Zilu's inquiry behavior. The original text "Make Zilu pay attention to what's going on" can be understood as "Make Zilu pay attention to what's going on"

Second, the word "Nai" marked with a red line

The word "Nai" used in the original text "Its year is a drought" is an adverb that focuses on the identification of the table and can be translated as: unexpectedly.

For example:

Original text: Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: The husband Zhao Qiang is weak and Yan is weak, but the prince is fortunate to the prince of Zhao, so the prince of Yan wants to marry him. Today, the monarch is the death of Zhao, and Yan is afraid of Zhao, so he is bound to dare not keep him, and Shu Jun belongs to Zhao.

Zhao is strong and Yan is weak, and you are favored by Zhao, so Yan wants to make friends with you. Now you have fled from Zhao to Yan, who is afraid of Zhao's prosperity. He will certainly dare not take you in and will seize you and send you back to Zhao.

comment: the adverb "nai" in this example can be translated as: unexpectedly, unexpectedly.

third, the word "and" marked with a red line.

the word "er" used in the original "how to win by apologizing" is a conjunction that expresses succession and can be translated as: er. Here "Er" is connected with a conjunction phrase, and the behavior before "Er" and the behavior after "Er" are the behaviors that happened successively in time and matter, so "Er" is a conjunction indicating succession.

In the complex sentences in classical Chinese, the biggest difference between the "er" in the complex sentence and the "er" in the progressive complex sentence is that the semantics of the clauses connected by the "er" in the complex sentence are connected and coherent. This kind of cohesion and coherence is mainly based on the time, that is, it shows several things that have happened successively; In this kind of time, sometimes there is a logical relationship. There is a layer-by-layer relationship between the clauses connected by the "er" in progressive complex sentences, and when the progressive complex sentences are formed, the "er" is usually used in the former clause and the "situation" is used in the latter clause.

For example:

Original text: Book of Rites University: Yao and Shun lead the world to be benevolent, while the people follow it.

Translation: Yao and Shun lead the world with kindness, and the people all over the world follow it.

Comment: In this case, the clauses before and after are connected by the conjunction "er", which is coherent in semantic cohesion and indicates the logical connection between the two things. "and" can be translated as: just.

Original text: Zhuangzi's Heaven: Heaven and earth are the highest in the world, and there is an order of honor and inferiority, but is the situation humane?

Translation: Heaven and earth are the most sacred and mysterious, and there is still a sequence of ranking and inferiority, let alone the governance of human society! )

Comments: In this case, the first clause is connected with the related word "er", and the last clause is connected with the related word "situation", which constitutes a progressive complex sentence. The sentence of a complex sentence does not use the modal particle "Hu" and constitutes a rhetorical question.

In addition:

Original content:

Zheng Zhi's humble man learned to build a house. After three years of drought, it was useless to build a house, but he abandoned it and learned straw. Another three years of artistic success and heavy rain are useless. Then it is still a cover. Before hundreds of pirates, the people have changed their uniforms, and there are few people who can cover them. If you want to learn to be a soldier, you are old.

the more good farmers there are, the more they cultivate soil and plant rice, and they will be waterlogged for three years. People say that it is appropriate to drain water and plant millet, but it is still old. It was a severe drought, and even when he was three years old, if he counted his gains, he would apologize and win. Therefore, the saying goes, "Drought means boats, while heat means fur. The famous saying of the world is also! "

Original meaning:

A shortsighted man in Zheng learned to make rain gear. After three years, he learned it, but when he was hit by a drought, his rain gear was useless. He gave up rain gear and changed to orange (a tool for drawing water). Three years later, he learned it but was caught in heavy rain, which was useless. So he went back and redone the rain gear. Soon thieves arose, and people all wore military uniforms, and few people used rain gear. He wants to learn to make weapons again, but he is old and can't do it.

There was a man in Vietnam who was good at agriculture. He reclaimed land to grow rice, but he was flooded for three years. Someone told him that he should plant millet after draining water, but he didn't listen, but still did as before. In the second year, there was a great drought, which lasted for two years in succession. He calculated the harvest, made up for the previous poor harvest and still had a surplus. Therefore, we said, "We should prepare boats in dry weather and furs in hot weather. It's really a famous saying in the world. " 2. the progressive type of progressive complex sentence

① general progressive: both clauses of the complex sentence express affirmation.

The commonly used related words in general progression are "and, and, even, more, also, not only/not only/not only/not only ... but also/also/again/more, not only/not only". On the contrary, she has a strong desire to apologize to him, and she also wants to say something comforting to him, telling him not to be too hard on himself.

When some people reach this age, they become unlovable and even make people around them feel more and more annoying. The young man can not only do wonderful carpentry, but also be a well-known dutiful son.

This is not only a necessary care in life, but also a spiritual support she needs. (2) set off the progressive preceding clause to express negation, which is the set off of the following clause, and the meaning of the latter clause goes further.

To set off the progressive relationship, we often use "even, let alone, on the contrary, even … let alone … even/just". For example, adults can't stand such hot weather, let alone children. Usually the attendance rate is very high, let alone during the Spring Festival. If you can't buy it in the city, where can he find it in the country? Don't say there are no weekends, that is, you have to work overtime after work every day, and you have to be busy until late at night to go home. 3. What are the types of complex sentences in classical Chinese?

Most of the classical Chinese sentences used in the college entrance examination are complex sentences. If they cannot be translated according to the grammatical characteristics of complex sentences in classical Chinese, they will often be inaccurate or even wrong.

For example, the classical Chinese translation topic: Brother said, "No matter if my brother can't firewood, he can do it, and it's still a shame." So I quickly returned.

Wrong translation: The elder brother said, "No matter whether the younger brother can chop wood or not, he can't do it." So let Mr. Zhang go home quickly.

The elder brother said, "Not to mention that my younger brother can't cut wood. Even if he can, he can't do it." So let Mr. Zhang go home quickly.

The wrong translation regards "regardless" as the modern Chinese word "regardless", so it regards the complex sentence in quotation marks as a conditional relation. In fact, "regardless" is regarded as "not to mention" here, which is a progressive relational conjunction. When translating classical Chinese, two points should be paid special attention to: first, there are great differences between ancient and modern related words, which cannot be confused; Second, there are many complex sentences with legal meaning, so it is necessary to distinguish the relationship between clauses in order to clarify the meaning of sentences.

the following are elaborated respectively. First, the types of complex sentences in classical Chinese are roughly the same as those in modern Chinese, but the related words are often different. Below I systematically summarize the related words and the expressed relationship of complex sentences in classical Chinese.

1. coordinate relationship, using "also" and "and" connection. Such as: (1) Qin did not give Zhao the city, and Zhao did not agree with Qin Bi.

(Biography of Lian Lin in Historical Records) [Translation: The State of Qin did not give the city to the State of Zhao, and the State of Zhao never gave the jade to the State of Qin. ](2) Either die or move; And I live alone by catching snakes.

(The Snake Catcher said) [Translation: Either I died or I moved away, and only I stayed by catching snakes. ]2. To inherit the relationship, we should use related words such as "then", "then", "nai", "because" and "si".

such as: (1) the king of Qin, though fasting, never broke his promise not to taste the city, but made his followers wear brown clothes, cherish their treasures, and die from the path. (Biography of Lian Lin in Historical Records) [Translation: For example, considering that although the king of Qin fasted, he would definitely break the agreement and would not compensate the city of Zhao, so he let his followers wear rags and carry jade, and escape from the alley.

[(2) Yu Fang wanted to return, but made a loud noise on the water (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) [Translation: I was scared to go back when a loud noise came from the water. ]3. Choose relationships, often using related words such as "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

For example, (1) Duke Hong, the martyred superintendent of Songshan Mountain, died, but he did not die (Plum Blossom Ridge) [Translation: Is Duke Hong, the martyred superintendent of Songshan Mountain, really dead or not? ](2) It really doesn't have a horse, and it really doesn't know a horse (Ma Shuo) [Translation: Is there really no horse? Still don't know horses? ]4. Progressive relationship, using related words such as "Shang (and, Jude) ……………………………………………………". Such as: (1) If you are alone in Zhao, do you have a vassal? ("The Warring States Policy Zhao Ce Si") [Translation: Not only Zhao, but also the descendants of the vassal States are still in office? ) 5. Turning relationship, the former clause uses "although" (only) and "vertical", and the latter clause uses "ran", "gu" and "suppression".

such as: (1) green, taken from blue, and green is bluer than blue ("Encourage Learning") [Translation:] Indigo, obtained from blue grass, but bluer than blue grass. 6. Causality, using related words such as "to", "therefore", "is therefore" and "is to".

For example, (1) I don't want to compensate Zhao Wangbi, so I took the jade again (Lian) [Translation: I don't think your majesty has any intention to compensate Zhao Wangcheng, so I got the jade again. The "reason" in classical Chinese sometimes just connects the context, which does not mean causality, so it can be flexibly mastered in translation.

for example, "mountains are piled up with soil, and storms flourish; Little drops of water make an ocean, the dragon is born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, while the gods are complacent and the sacred heart is prepared. Therefore, if you don't accumulate steps, you won't be able to travel thousands of miles; If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become rivers and seas. "

The "reason" in this sentence only indicates cohesion and cannot be translated into "therefore". 7. Hypothetical relationships, such as "if", "if", "make", "sincere", "that is", "then" and so on.

such as: (1) Zhao Chengfa made the king of Qin Zhao the emperor, and Qin Bixi went on strike. (Zhao Ce San, Warring States Policy) (Translation: If Zhao really sends envoys to honor King Zhao of Qin as emperor, Qin will certainly like it and withdraw his troops and leave.

]8。 Conditional relations are often associated with words such as "Nai", "Ze" and "Nothing".

If there are three people, there must be my teacher (Teacher's Talk) [Translation: If there are three people walking together, there must be my teacher. ](2) Therefore, nothing is expensive, nothing is cheap, and nothing is long.

the existence of the Tao is also the existence of the teacher. Therefore, regardless of status or age, where the Tao is, the teacher is.

Second, there are many contraction complex sentences in classical Chinese, and the main related words are "er" and "ze". These two function words are flexible in usage and must be translated appropriately according to the context. Such as: (1) Therefore, the wood is straight when it is tied with rope, and the gold is sharp and beneficial.

("Encourage Learning") [Translation: Therefore, wood will be straightened after being measured with ink lines and processed with an axe saw; Metal swords, etc. will be sharpened when they are taken to the grindstone for grinding. ] This is a compact complex sentence expressing conditional relations.

(2) There is a long way to go. (The Analects of Confucius Taber) [Translation: The burden is heavy and the journey is long.

] This is a compact complex sentence that expresses the progressive relationship. (3) please follow the war.

(The Cao Gui Debate) [Translation: As long as there is a war, please allow me to go with it] This is a compact compound sentence expressing a hypothetical relationship. (4) haste makes waste.

(The Analects of Confucius) [Translation: If you want to be quick, you can't achieve your goal. ] This is a contraction complex sentence with a turning point.

Third, many complex sentences in classical Chinese don't use related words, but are connected by parataxis. Without careful analysis in translation, it will lead to misunderstanding; Sometimes, it is necessary to add necessary related words, otherwise the meaning of the sentence will be obscure. For example: (1) The accumulation of soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain flourish ... ("Xunzi's exhortation to learn") [Translation 1: When the soil accumulates into mountains, the wind and rain will rise from here ...] [Translation 2: When the soil accumulates into mountains, the wind and rain will rise ...] [Translation 2] Lack of related words makes it seem out of line; [Translation 1] Use "JIU" to relate, which can be understood as a conditional relationship or a hypothetical relationship.

In short, when translating, we must accurately understand the relationship between clauses and add appropriate related words. 4. The common words in the classical Chinese "Longzhongdui" are polysemy ~ different meanings in ancient and modern times ~ flexible use of parts of speech ~ classical Chinese sentence

1. Polysemy means that it is believed that it has been changed to faithfulness. It is said that the first Sunday has stopped, but the ambition has not yet passed. It has been three years since Dong Zhuo came. It is true that faithfulness and faithfulness are "extended" in all corners of the world. I want to believe in the righteousness of the world, but I have not used it yet, so I use it. I use the sages to use it. I use this country of martial arts. 2. Ancient and modern meanings Gu Guyi visited the general and should take care of the present meaning of the general. * * * Where I go to the present, I am ordinary and lonely. The ancient princes claimed to be lonely and incompetent, and today's righteousness was isolated and ancient. This is probably a perilous day, so the general's righteousness is dangerous, and the ancient righteousness is close to the bright day by day. The sun is today's righteousness. 3. The part of speech is flexible, and the people dare not eat the kettle pulp to meet the generals. 4. The word "extension" is used to extend the righteousness to the world. Tong "Yi" has come from Dong Zhuo. 5. Sentence 1) Judgment sentence. Zhu Gekongming, Wolong also (2) Ellipsis sentence. (3) Inverted sentence. (4) Progressive complex sentence is not only a matter of time, but also a matter of time. Jun is born with ellipsis sentence. 5. Who can give some examples of coordinate complex sentences and progressive complex sentences?

Coordinate complex sentences are often composed of clauses directly. Commonly used are "Ye", "You", "Both …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

For example,

1. Cunning people despise learning, fools envy learning, and only smart people are good at using learning.

2. Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people fall behind.

3. Everything in his mind is not fantasy, and his actions can be improved continuously.

4. I want to go for a leisurely walk in the fields while letting the rain get my hair wet.

5. The experimental process is not a passive observation, but an active and planned detection.

A progressive complex sentence consists of two clauses with progressive relationship, and the meaning of the latter clause is one level higher than that of the previous clause, such as deeper degree, larger quantity and wider scope. Progressive complex sentences are generally connected by related words, and the commonly used related words are "Geng"