A brief introduction to the life of the poet Qu Yuan
Qu Yuan was the first great patriotic poet in the history of Chinese literature. Zi Yuan, usually called Qu Yuan, also named Zhengze from Yun, Zi Lingjun, Han nationality, a native of Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei) of the Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period, a descendant of Qu Xia, the son of Xiong Tong, King Wu of Chu. The following is a summary of the life of the poet Qu Yuan that I compiled.
A brief introduction to the life of the poet Qu Yuan 1
Although Qu Yuan was loyal to King Huai of Chu, he was repeatedly ostracized. After King Huai's death, he was exiled because King Qingxiang believed the slander. He threw himself into the Miluo River and died. Qu Yuan is one of China's greatest romantic poets, the earliest known poet in my country, and a world cultural celebrity. He founded the literary style of "Chu Ci" and also created the tradition of "Vanilla Beauty". There are 25 of his works, including: Jiu Ge, Zhaohun, Tianwen, Li Sao, Jiuzhang, Buju and Fisherman. Representative works include "Li Sao" and "Nine Songs".
Qu Yuan is one of China's greatest patriotic poets and the earliest known famous poet and great politician in China. He founded the literary style of "Chu Ci" (that is, he created the literary style of "Ci Fu") and also created the tradition of "vanilla beauty". "Li Sao", "Nine Chapters", "Nine Songs" and "Tianwen" are Qu Yuan's most important masterpieces. "Li Sao" is the longest lyric poem in China. Qu Yuan's works seen in later generations all come from "Chu Ci" compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty. This book is mainly the work of Qu Yuan, including one chapter of "Li Sao" and eleven chapters of "Nine Songs" ("Taiyi of the Eastern Emperor", "Yun Zhongjun", "Xiangjun", "Mrs. Xiang", "Da Siming", "Shao "Si Ming", "Dong Jun", "He Bo", "Mountain Ghost", "National Memorial", "Ritual Soul"), nine chapters of "Nine Chapters" ("Cherishing", "Sorrowing", "Thinking", "Huaisha", "Thinking of Beauty") "Cherish the Past", "Ode to Orange", "Sorrowful Return of the Wind"), an article from "Tianwen" and so on. In his early years, Qu Yuan was trusted by King Huai of Chu and served as Zuotu and Sanlu. He often discussed state affairs with King Huai, participated in the formulation of laws, advocated clear regulations, promoted talents, reformed politics, and united Qi to fight against Qin. At the same time, he presides over foreign affairs. He advocated that Chu and Qi should unite and fight against Qin together. With Qu Yuan's efforts, Chu's national strength increased. However, due to his own upright character and the slander and exclusion of others, Qu Yuan was gradually alienated by King Huai of Chu. In 305 BC, Qu Yuan objected to King Chu Huai's signing of the Yellow Thorn Alliance with Qin, but Chu still completely fell into the arms of Qin. As a result, Qu Yuan was also expelled from Yingdu by King Huai of Chu and lived in northern Han Dynasty. Qu Yuan was expelled from Yingdu. During his exile, Qu Yuan felt depressed and began to create literature. His works were filled with his attachment to Chu Land and Chu Feng and his enthusiasm for serving the people and the country. His works have gorgeous words, strange imagination, novel metaphors and profound connotations, and have become one of the origins of Chinese literature. In 278 BC, Qin general Bai Qi sent his troops south and captured the capital of Ying. Qu Yuan, out of despair and grief, threw himself into the Miluo River with a large stone in his arms and died. In 1953, the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death, the World Peace Council passed a resolution identifying Qu Yuan as one of the four cultural celebrities in the world commemorated that year.
There is only one biography in "Historical Records" that is relatively reliable about Qu Yuan's life. There seems to be confusion in this biography, and some parts are difficult to understand. Now, adding Qu Yuan's autobiography in his works and the more popular opinions among researchers, we can give a rough outline of his life.
Qu Yuan (about 340 BC - about 277 BC), named Ping and courtesy name Yuan, was a nobleman of the same surname in Chu State. The ancestor was granted the title of Qu, so he took Qu as his surname. When Qu Yuan was young, he was highly trusted by King Huai of Chu, and his official position was Zuo Tu. "When he entered, he discussed state affairs with the king and issued orders; when he went out, he received guests and dealt with the princes" (the original biography of "Historical Records"), which was the internal affairs of Chu. A central figure in diplomacy. It is estimated that he was only in his twenties at the time, and he was a young man who achieved success. Later, a Shangguan official slandered Qu Yuan in front of King Huai, saying that Qu Yuan attributed all the decrees he made for King Huai to his own merits, so King Huai "was angry and alienated Qu Ping" (ibid.). After Qu Yuan was dismissed from the post of Zuo Tu, he was transferred to Sanlu Dafu, in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of the royal family, Zhao, Qu and Jing, and was responsible for the sacrifices in the ancestral temple and the education of the aristocratic children.
After this, a series of problems occurred in Chu State’s domestic and foreign affairs.
Generally speaking, most modern researchers believe that "The Soul Calling" should still follow the "Historical Records" and be regarded as the work of Qu Yuan; "Yuanyou", "Divination" and "The Fisherman" are more likely to be forgeries. A brief introduction to the life of the poet Qu Yuan 2
Personal life
Early life experience
In the twenty-ninth year of King Xian of Zhou (340 BC), there is a story about King Xian of Zhou In the thirtieth year (339 BC), on the seventh day of the first lunar month, Qu was born in Danyang, Chu State. The next year, he lived in Lepingli.
In the thirty-ninth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty (330 BC), Qu Yuan lived in Lepingli. Qu Yuan had been addicted to books since he was a child, and he read a lot and miscellaneously. "Reading in the Stone Cave" and "Teaching the Scriptures by Bashan Ye Lao" should be during this year.
In the 40th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty (329 BC), he lived in Lepingli. Although Qu Yuan was born into a noble family, he had lived among the people since childhood and had good influence from his family, so he sympathized with the poor people very much. From then on, he did many good deeds to show sympathy for the people at a young age, and won unanimous praise from everyone. .
Initial talent
In the forty-eighth year of King Zhou Xian (321 BC), the Qin army invaded the country. Qu Yuan organized the young people in Lepingli to fight hard. On the one hand, he treated the young people condescendingly. They carry out ideological education. On the one hand, they skillfully use various tactics to deal a heavy blow to the enemy with wit and courage, showing off their extraordinary talents.
In the first year of King Shenliang of Zhou Dynasty (320 BC), in February and March, Qu Yuan was summoned by King Huai to go to the capital. In this year, he became the county magistrate in Ezhu.
In the second year of King Shenliang of Zhou Dynasty (319 BC), he was promoted to the left disciple of King Huai of Chu. In the late autumn of this year, Qu Yuan made his first visit to Qi.
In the third year of King Zhou Shenliang's reign (318 BC), he was busy with the internal affairs and diplomacy of Chu. The five kingdoms allied forces to attack Qin, and Qu Yuan followed the army.
Served in a high position
Qu Yuan, the official of Sanlu, "Historical Records: Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng": Qu Yuan's name was Ping, who had the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu. He is knowledgeable and knowledgeable (zhi, four tones), knows how to manage chaos, and is skillful in rhetoric. When you enter, you will discuss state affairs with the king and issue orders; when you leave, you will receive guests and deal with the princes. Wang Shi Renzhi. Shangguan officials are in the same category. They compete for favors but their intentions are harmful to their abilities. King Huai sent Qu Yuan to write a constitution, but Qu Ping's draft has not yet been finalized.
Regarding Qu Yuan’s position as Zuo Tuo of King Huai of Chu, ancient and modern scholars have many explanations, and here we choose the most important ones:
1. Zhang Shoujie said: Zuo Tu is the left and right scavenger. Such officials. Zhang Shoujie of the Tang Dynasty said in "Historical Records of Zhengyi Biography of Qu Yuan": "Zuotu has collected relics from left and right today." However, according to the research of modern scholars Chu Binjie, Zhao Kuifu and others, they believe that the relics of later generations are actually officials who can write letters to express their opinions. Without real power, the official rank of the relic collectors in the Tang Dynasty was only "from the eighth grade", which was not commensurate with the political activities of Qu Yuan as described in "Historical Records". Lu Kanru's "Qu Yuan's Commentary" said: "Zuo Tu is an official like a left and right collector, second only to Ling Yin."
2. Lin Geng said: Zuo Tu is an official like a Tai Tu. In the article "Four Notes: Talking about Zuo Tu" attached to "The Biography of National Poet Qu Yuan" by Lin Geng, he quoted the account in "Historical Records" about Chun Shenjun being a close confidant of Chu, who appointed Zuo Tu and was promoted to Ling Yin, and said: "Zuo Tu Therefore, he is said to be a confidant of the court. Because he is a confidant, he follows the prince. The situation is similar to that of Jia Yi, who is called the "Fu of the Prince of Changsha". Therefore, Qin also calls Huang Xie the "Fu of the Prince."
3 , You Guoen said: Zuotu is Ling Yin's deputy. You Guoen said in the book "Qu Yuan" that according to "Historical Records: The Family of Chu": "King Kaolie made Zuo Tu his commander, granted him the title of Wu, and named him Chunshenjun." Therefore, it is believed that Zuo Tu's position seems to be second only to his status. The highest Ling Yin may be Ling Yin's deputy.
4. Zhao Kuifu said: Zuo Tu is a pedestrian. In "Qu Yuan and His Era", Zhao Kuifu wrote an article titled "Zuo Tu·Zheng Yin·Xingren·Ci Fu". In this article, he conducted research based on unearthed cultural relics and related materials and believed that the words "Tu" and "Yin" were double-sounding. It also cites "Li Sao" "Ji Yuan and Xiang march to the south", "Nine Songs" "rides a flying dragon to march north", and also quotes "Er Ya Shi Zhe": "Zheng means marching." Explain the meaning of "Zheng Yin" , the same as the so-called "pedestrian" in the Central Plains countries, refers to officials in charge of diplomacy.
5. Tang Bingzheng said: Zuo disciples are Zuo Deng disciples.
Tang Bingzheng believes in his article "New Exploration of Qu Fu: Zuo Tu and Deng Tu" that the official positions recorded on the bamboo slips unearthed from Zeng Hou Yi's tomb are "Zuo Deng Tu" and "You Deng Tu", which are the "promotion" in ancient classics. The ancient pronunciation of "Sheng" is exactly the same as that of "Deng", and they are interchangeable with each other. Therefore, "Zuotu" is the provincial name of "Zuo Dengtu", which belongs to the rank of a senior official in the court of Chu State. At the same time, Tang Bingzheng also explained the responsibilities of the "Zuo Tu". He believed that although the "Zuo Tu" were also in charge of internal affairs and diplomacy, judging from the records in "The Biography of Qu Yuan", especially the "Biography of Chun Shenjun", their main tasks were The activities are all on the diplomatic side. For example, Qu Yuan's several envoys to Qi and his struggle with Zhang Yi can be confirmed.
6. Nie Shiqiao said: Zuo Tu is an official second only to the prime minister. Nie Shiqiao's "Manuscript of Qu Yuan" said: "Ling Yin is the prime minister, which shows that Zuo Tu is an official second only to the prime minister." Zhan Antai believes in "Qu Yuan": "Based on the later Chun Shenjun and Huang Xie, Zuo Tu It can be seen that Zuo Tu was a high-ranking official second only to Ling Yin (prime minister) at that time." He also said: "Zuo Tu can become Ling Yin if he is promoted."
7. Yao Xiaoou said: Zuo Tu is an official like a servant. In the article "Re-understanding of the "First Road" in "Li Sao" and Qu Yuan's Early Experience", Yao Xiaoou verified that the "road" in "Lai Wu Daofu first road" in "Li Sao" is "炂", which is the chariot of the King of Chu, and is related to the following text "Fear of the emperor's defeat" coincides with this. Then he researched the duties of "Zuo Tu" and believed that "Zuo Tu" was an official position equivalent to "Tai Pu" in later generations. The "Tai Pu" mentioned by Yao Xiaoou is recorded in "Zhou Li·Tai Pu": "The Tai Pu is in charge of the king's obedience to the throne, and the king's orders. He is also responsible for the rebellion of the princes." For this reason, Yao Xiaoou said: "" In "The Rites of Zhou", the position of "Tai Pu" is that of a lower official. His title is not high, but his duties are very important. "He also believes that "the position of Zuo Tu is equivalent to that of the 'Tai Pu' in "The Rites of Zhou".
8. Wang Yijun said: Zuo Tu is Zuo Situ, King Huai of Chu. Wang Yijun pointed out in "An Examination of Qu Yuan's Zuo Tu, Zuo Situ" (Modern Chinese, Issue 8, 2010) that Qu Yuan in Sima Qian's "Historical Records" is the abbreviation of Zuo Tu, King Huai of Chu, who is Zuo Situ. According to relevant records in "The Biography of Qu Ping", Qu Yuan's duties, namely drafting constitutions, receiving guests, and dealing with princes, are similar to the duties of Situ and Situ stipulated in the "Official Book of Zhou". The people of Chu were on the right, so the right Situ was the chief and the left Situ was the deputy. Therefore, the Chu king replaced the names of the big and small Situ in the "Book of Zhou Officials" with the left and right Situ.
Reforms
In the fourth year of King Zhou Shenliang's reign (317 BC), he was busy with reforms and formulated and promulgated various laws.
In the fifth year of King Zhou Shenliang's reign (316 BC), he continued to carry out reforms and fought against the old aristocracy and all stubborn forces.
In the sixth year of King Zhou Shenliang's reign (315 BC), he carried out in-depth reforms and the people's hearts were boiling; the situation in Chu changed drastically, and the old aristocracy faced the fate of destruction.
In the second year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (313 BC), Qu Yuan was exiled to the northern Han Dynasty for the first time (today's Xixia, Xichuan, and Neixiang areas in Henan). In order to break the alliance between Chu and Qi, Qin sent Zhang Yi to bribe the powerful and favored ministers of Chu, and deceived the king of Chu: "If Chu can break off diplomatic relations with Qi, Qin is willing to donate more than 600 miles of land to Shang." Qu Yuan tried his best to dissuade him, but the King of Chu refused to listen. King Huai of Chu believed in Zhang Yi, so he granted the prime minister's seal and went to Qin with Zhang Yi to receive the land. After Zhang Yi returned to Qin, he pretended to be ill and did not see Chu envoys for three months. King Huai thought Zhang Yi blamed him for not being firm enough in severing ties with Qi, so he sent someone to insult King Qi. The King of Qi was furious and severed his alliance with Chu, and instead united with Qin. At this time, Zhang Yi came forward and said to the Chu envoy: "Why don't you accept the land? From a certain place to a certain place, it is vast for six miles." The six hundred miles became six miles. The Chu envoy was very angry and came back to report to King Huai of Chu. King Huai was so angry that he launched two armies to attack Qin in Danyang, the ancient capital of Chu in the north of Han Dynasty (today's Xixia and Xichuan areas in Henan Province). However, he was defeated by Qin both times and lost 80,000 troops. General Qu Gai, General Pi, Feng Hou Chou, etc. More than 70 people were captured by the Qin army, and Hanzhong County fell, which is known as the "Battle of Danyang" in history.
Subsequently, Qin sent troops to capture 600 miles of Hanzhong (today's Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province) in Chu territory and established Hanzhong County.
In the third year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (312 BC), the State of Chu sent troops to counterattack and was defeated in Lantian (today's Lantian area of ??Shaanxi Province). Han and Wei took the opportunity to sneak attack Chu to Deng (now Dengzhou, Henan). The Chu army was afraid and returned from Qin. King Xuan of Han died and reigned for twenty-one years. King Zixiang was established in cangang. Meng Ke agreed to leave Qi in the third year of King Nan of Zhou. Meng Ke advocated "good nature", advised King Xuan of Qi to practice benevolent government, and advised Duke Wen of Teng to practice "well fields". However, they were not adopted by the two countries because they were too circuitous and difficult to implement. King Huai re-enabled Qu Yuan and sent him as envoy to Qi, with the purpose of establishing a new alliance between Qi and Chu.
In the fourth year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (311 BC), King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty captured Chu Zhaoling in the fourteenth year of Gengyuan. King Huiwen was willing to give half of Hanzhong to Chu and form an alliance with Chu. King Huai of Chu wanted Zhang Yi more than the land of Hanzhong. Zhang Yi came to the State of Chu, bribed Jin Shang with a large sum of money, and received advice from King Huai of Chu's favorite concubine Zheng Xiu, so he was released and returned to the State of Qin. King Qin Huiwen died and reigned for twenty-seven years. King Ziwu stood up. Qu Yuan went to Qi as an envoy. When he returned to Chu, Zhang Yi had already left. He advised King Huai, "Why don't you kill Zhang Yi?" King Huai regretted it and sent people to chase Zhang Yi but failed to catch him.
The fifth year of King Nan of Zhou (310 BC), the first year of King Wu of Qin. Because Zhang Yi was not satisfied with King Wu, he left Qin and rushed to Wei. Qu Yuan still served King Huai as the official of Sanlu. King Huai realized that he had been deceived by Zhang Yi and appointed Qu Yuan as an envoy to Qi out of temporary expediency. When Qu Yuan returned from Qi, he was immediately alienated by King Huai of Chu.
In the sixth year of King Nan of Zhou (309 B.C.) and the second year of King Wu of Qin, King Xuan of Qi wanted to be the leader, but hated Chu for joining Qin. He sent an envoy to leave a letter from King Chu, but King Huai was hesitant. , Zhao Sui remonstrated hard, so he did not unite with Qin but united with Qi to benefit South Korea. Qu Yuan could not participate in the government affairs, and it was most likely that he would join forces with King Dunhuai through Zhao Sui and other ministers.
In the seventh year of King Nan of Zhou (308 BC) and the third year of King Wu of Qin, Gan Mao captured Han Yiyang. Qu Yuan lived in Yingdu and set up an altar to teach.
In the seventeenth year of King Hao of Zhou Dynasty (298 BC), King Zhao of Qin sent troops out of Wuguan to attack Chu, beheaded 50,000 people, and took away the city of Xichuan (now Xichuan, Henan) and 15 cities on the left and right.
First Exile
In the eleventh year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (304 BC), Qu Yuan wandered north (above the Han River, in the Xixia and Xichuan areas of Nanyang, Henan Province today). The reunification of Qin and Chu was contrary to Qu Yuan's plan, and the traitor would definitely have slanderous words to harm him. He should have had no choice but to avoid the north of Han Dynasty, so "Taosi" means that he wants to return but cannot return.
Exile background: During the Warring States Period, the seven dominant kingdoms of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin competed for cities and territories, killed each other, and continued to fight for years. At that time, Qu Yuan, the great poet of Chu State, was a young man and the left apprentice of King Huai of Chu. He was very sad to see the people suffering from the disaster of war. Qu Yuan was determined to serve the country and the people, and persuaded King Huai to appoint talents and care for the people. He was trusted by King Huai.
In "Ode in Tribute to Qu Yuan", Jia Yi described the social conditions of Qu Yuan's era like this: Alas, it's an ominous time! Luan and phoenix are flying, and owl and owl are soaring. The velvet appears, and the flattery succeeds. The sage is dragging his head backwards, and the square is planted upside down. In the world, it is said that Sui and Yi are Mixi, and Zhi is said to be Lian. Moxie is blunt, and a lead knife is sharp. If Zhou Ding is abandoned by good offices, the precious health will be gone. The oxen is driven away, and the donkey is galloping. Ji's ears are drooped, and he wears salt carts. Zhang Fu's recommendation gradually cannot last long. Mr. Suffering, I am free from this fault!
In Jia Yi’s writings, everything in the era in which Qu Yuan lived was reversed: owls were flying in the sky, but phoenixes were hiding deeply; villains were able to show their ambitions, while sages were unable to use them; upright and honest people were slandered, The tyrannical and cruel people were praised; the sword was dismissed as blunt, but the lead knife was said to be sharp; the Zhou Ding, the most important treasure of the country, was abandoned, and the empty earthen pots were regarded as treasures; the tired ox, the lame donkey drove the carriage, but the thousand-mile horse pulled it The heavy salt truck; the hat should be on the head, but it is placed under the feet, soaked with sweat. This is the current situation in Chu State.
At that time, the Qin State in the west was the most powerful and often attacked the six countries.
The famous scholar Gongsun Yan proposed an alliance, that is, uniting the six countries to fight against Qin. Qu Yuan actively participated in this matter, and together with Gongsun Yan, he helped the kings of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han, and Wei gather in the capital of Chu State, Ying, to form an alliance. And he made King Huai the leader of the alliance, so he was reused by King Huai. Many domestic and foreign affairs were decided by Qu Yuan.
Therefore, a group of nobles in Chu State, headed by Prince Zilan, were very jealous and jealous of Qu Yuan, and often spoke ill of Qu Yuan in front of King Huai. He said that he had seized exclusive power and did not take King Huai seriously at all. There were more instigators, and King Huai gradually alienated Qu Yuan. Because Qi and Chu were allied, Qin did not dare to take action. Upon hearing the news, King Qin hurriedly summoned Prime Minister Zhang Yi into the palace to discuss. Zhang Yi believes that among the six countries, Qi and Chu are the most powerful. As long as these two countries are separated, the alliance will be broken up. He was willing to take advantage of the internal discord in Chu State to personally break up the Six Nations Alliance.
In the thirteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (302 BC), the allied forces of Qi, Wei, and Han attacked Chu. King Huai of Chu sent the prince Heng to Qin as a hostage and asked Qin to send troops to rescue him. The King of Qin ordered Ke Qingtong to lead his troops to rescue Chu and repelled the Allied Forces of the Three Kingdoms. The following year, a senior official of Qin State and Prince Heng were killed because of a private dispute. Prince Heng was afraid that King Qin Zhao would blame him, so he fled back to Chu State privately. This incident worsened the relationship between Qin and Chu, which led to Qin's frequent attacks on Chu. "Qu Yuan hated King Huai of Chu for listening to the villain's slander and letting untrue language obscure the correct language. These rumors would harm the interests of the Chu State and were intolerable to the Founder people. Therefore, Qu Yuan wrote "Li Sao" in sorrow and meditation. "
In the sixteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (299 BC), Qu Yuan had returned from his exile in northern Han Dynasty. Together with Zhaoju and others, he urged King Huai not to attend the meeting, saying: "Qin is a country of tigers and wolves. If you cannot trust it, it is better to do nothing." But King Huai's youngest son, Zilan, was afraid of losing the favor of King Qin, so he tried his best to encourage King Huai to go. As a result, as soon as King Huai entered Wuguan, he was detained by the Qin army and taken to Xianyang, forcing him to cede Wu County and Qianzhong County. King Huai of Chu was kidnapped and taken to Xianyang. The prince of Chu was welcomed back by Qi and he was established as the king of Qingxiang. The prince Zilan was appointed as the commander. However, he refused to cede the land to Qin. Qin sent troops to attack Chu again, defeated the Chu army and beheaded 50,000 people. Take sixteen cities.
Second Exile
In the nineteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (296 BC), King Huai died in the State of Qin, and the State of Qin sent his body back to the State of Chu for burial. The princes thought that Qin was unjust. Qin and Chu broke off diplomatic relations. In the 19th year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty, Qu Yuan was dismissed from the post of Sanlu official and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. He set out from Yingdu, first to Ezhu, and then to Dongting.
In the 20th year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (295 BC), Qu Yuan arrived in Changsha. He looked over the mountains and rivers at the place where the first king of Chu was enfeoffed, and he felt deeply attached to his country.
In the 22nd year of King Hao of Zhou (293 BC) and the sixth year of King Qingxiang, the State of Qin sent Bai Qi to Yique to attack South Korea and achieved a major victory, beheading 240,000 people. The State of Qin then sent a letter to the King of Chu saying: "The State of Chu has betrayed the State of Qin, and the State of Qin is preparing to lead the princes to attack the State of Chu to decide the outcome. I hope you can rectify your troops and fight happily." King Qingxiang of Chu did not forget his desires. He also pointed out that King Huai ended up dying in a foreign country because "the so-called loyal people are not loyal, and the so-called virtuous people are not virtuous."
King Nan of Zhou 21 In the thirty-sixth year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (294 BC to 279 BC), Qu Yuan was exiled to a remote area in the south for the second time. According to the analysis of "Ai Ying", Qu Yuan's route of exile was from the capital of Ying. (Jianling County, Hubei Province), first go southeast and go down the river, pass Xia Shou (southeast of Shashi, Hubei Province), look into Longmen (east gate of Yingdu), enter the Yangtze River via Dongting Lake, then leave Xiapu (Hankou, Hubei Province), and finally It took 16 years to arrive in Lingyang (said to be the south of Qingyang County in present-day Anhui), during which time he wrote a large number of excellent literary works, such as "Nine Chapters: Sad Return to the Wind"
Surrender to Miluo
Qin was not satisfied with King Chu's compromise.
In the 19th year of King Qingxiang of Chu (280 BC), Qin general Sima Cuo attacked Chu, and Chu ceded Shangyong and northern Han Dynasty. In the second year, Qin Bai attacked Chu and captured Xie, Deng, and Xiling; In the eleventh year (278 BC), Bai Qi further captured Yingdu, and King Qingxiang had no choice but to flee in embarrassment together with the ruling nobles, "protecting themselves in Chencheng (now Huaiyang County, Henan)." In a state of extreme depression and complete despair, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. This year was probably the 21st year of King Qingxiang (278 BC). Qu Yuan was about 62 years old at that time. ;