[1] Maxim Gorky, a famous writer, poet, critic, political commentator and scholar, was an apprentice at the age of 11. He is a Russian from Nizhny Novgorod in the former Soviet Union. Born on March 16th, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod, a carpenter's family. He is the founder of socialist realistic literature, the greatest representative of proletarian art, the mentor of proletarian revolutionary literature and one of the founders of Soviet literature. In 1892, he published his first short story Macard Chudra under the pseudonym Maxim Gorky, and devoted himself to writing. He died in Moscow on June 18th, 1936. The world is sorry and sad.

people's story: once, Gorky was absorbed in reading when he was boiling water. He didn't realize that the water had already boiled, and as a result, the teapot was burnt out. This is a disaster. The fierce hostess grabbed a pine stick and called Gorky. She scolded Gorky and beat him black and blue, so she had to call a doctor. Gorky's body was black and blue, and blood was oozing out in some places, and wooden thorns were stuck in the meat. The doctor pulled out twelve wooden thorns from his back and encouraged Gorky to report it with great indignation.

The hostess was afraid at this moment. She was afraid that Gorky would sue her for abuse. Immediately, he changed his poor face and said, "Son! As long as you don't report me, I will agree to whatever conditions you ask. "

"Do you keep your word?"

"yes." The hostess said helplessly.

"I won't tell on you as long as you allow me to study after I finish my work."

the hostess reluctantly agreed. In this way, Gorky every cloud has a silver lining, at the cost of suffering, got the right to spare time to study.

Ernest Miller Hemingway

ernest miller hemingway (July 21, 1899-July 2, 1961), an American writer and journalist, is regarded as one of the most famous novelists in the 2th century. Born in the suburb of Chicago, Illinois, USA, Oak Park committed suicide at his home in ketchum, Idaho in his later years. Hemingway's feelings in his life are complicated, and he has been married four times. [1] He is a representative figure among the "Lost Generation" writers in the United States, and his works show confusion and hesitation about life, the world and society. [2]

Hemingway won many awards in his life. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Courage during World War I; [3] In 1953, he won the Pulitzer Prize for his book The Old Man and the Sea [4]; In 1954, The Old Man and the Sea won the Nobel Prize in Literature for Hemingway. [5] In 21, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms were listed in the "1 Best English Novels in the 2th Century" by the American Modern Library. [6]

Hemingway has always been known as a tough guy in the literary world, and he is a spiritual monument of the American nation. Hemingway's works mark the formation of his unique creative style and occupy an important position in the history of American literature and even the history of world literature. [4]

Story of people:

In p>1918, after the outbreak of World War I, Hemingway resigned as a reporter despite his father's opposition and tried to join the US military to observe the fighting situation in World War I. Hemingway failed the physical examination because of his vision defect, and was only transferred to the Red Cross Rescue Team as an ambulance driver. On his way to the Italian front, he stopped in Paris under the bombardment of German artillery. Instead of staying in a safe hotel, he tried to get close to the battlefield. Hemingway witnessed the cruelty of war on the Italian front: an ammunition depot exploded near Milan, and there were more female bodies than male bodies in a temporary morgue, which shocked Hemingway extremely. On July 8, 1918, Hemingway was injured while transporting supplies, and dragged the wounded Italian soldiers to safety. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Courage by the Italian government. Later, Hemingway worked in an American Red Cross hospital in Milan. His early novel A Farewell to Arms was inspired by this. Hemingway regarded himself as the protagonist in the novel and created his true colors. [8]

In 192, Hemingway moved to Toronto, Ontario, and lived in an apartment. During his residence, Hemingway found a job in Toronto Star. He became a freelance writer, journalist and overseas correspondent, and made friends with Star reporter Morley Callaghan. [9]

From 192 to 1921, Hemingway, who lived near the north of Chicago, worked for a small newspaper. In 1921, Hemingway married his first wife, Hadley Richardson, and moved to a three-story apartment in the north of Chicago in September. By December, Hemingway's family had moved out of the country and never returned to live there. Hemingway, who settled in Paris, interviewed the Star newspaper about the Greek-Turkish War (1919-1922). After returning to Paris, Anderson led Hemingway to participate in the "Paris Modernism Movement". [1]

In 1923, Hemingway's first novel Three Stories and Ten Poems was published in Paris. After the birth of Hemingway's first son, Hemingway resigned from the Toronto Star newspaper to support the expenses of the whole family. In 1925, the short story series In Our Time was published, showing a concise writing style. In 1926, Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises was published. In 1927, Hemingway divorced Hadley Richardson and married a second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer. And published "Men Without Women". [11]

In 1928, Hemingway left Paris and lived in Florida and Cuba in the United States, leading a quiet pastoral life. He often goes hunting, fishing and watching bullfights. In successive years, Hemingway's second son and third son were born. [12]

Hemingway (Spain) (5)

In p>1931, Hemingway moved to key west (the house where he lived is now a museum) and accumulated materials for Death in the Afternoon and Winner Got Nothing. In 1932, Death in the Afternoon was published. Respecting the famous saying of American architect Rodwig, "The less, the more", makes the works tend to be refined, shortens the distance between the works and readers, and puts forward the "iceberg principle", which only represents one-eighth of things, making the works full, implicit and intriguing. [13]

In the autumn of 1933, Hemingway went to Africa with a hunting caravan. [13] Based on his experiences and impressions in Africa, he published the Castle Peak of Africa, the Snow of Kilimanjaro and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber in 1935. [14]

From 1937 to 1938, he rushed to the front of the Spanish Civil War as a war correspondent. During World War II, he acted as a reporter with the army and took part in the battle to liberate Paris. [15] During this period, Hemingway's essay "Report" was published in 1969 with "The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War". [16] In 194, Hemingway and Feifu ended their marriage. During this period, health problems followed, which caused great trouble to Hemingway. [17] In the same year, Hemingway published an anti-fascist novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls" with the background of the Spanish Civil War. [18] In 195, with Venice after World War II as the background, Crossing the River into the Forest was published, and Marquez once said: "Without Crossing the River into the Forest, there would be no The Old Man and the Sea." [19]

After the Pacific War broke out at the end of 1941, Hemingway immediately converted his yacht into a patrol boat to spy on the actions of German submarines and provide information for destroying the enemy. [2] In the mid-199s, Alexander Vasiliev, a former KGB officer, was allowed to enter the archives of Soviet intelligence agencies. As a result, he was surprised to find that Hemingway was recruited as a KGB spy in 1941, code name: Argo. Unfortunately, I have no talent and have not obtained any valuable information. [21] In 1944, Hemingway accompanied the US military to Europe for an interview. He was seriously injured in a plane crash, but after he recovered, he went deep into the enemy lines for an interview. After World War II, he won a bronze medal. In 1948, Hemingway divorced Martha, married Mary Welsh Hemingway, a wartime correspondent, and soon returned to Cuba. [22] On July 2, 1961, Hemingway ended his life with a shotgun at the age of 62. [23]

Victor Hugo

victor hugo, a French writer, a representative writer of the active romantic literary movement in the early 19th century, a representative figure of humanitarianism, and an outstanding bourgeois democratic writer in the history of French literature, was called "Shakespeare of France". He has written many poems, novels, plays, various essays, literary criticism and political articles in his life, which has a wide influence in France and the world.

Hugo's creative history is over 6 years, and his works include 26 volumes of poems, 2 volumes of novels, 12 volumes of plays and 21 volumes of philosophical treatises, totaling 79 volumes. His masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.

Character story: Hugo was born in 182 in the city of Shang Song in the south of France. My grandfather was a carpenter, and my father was an officer of the Chinese army. He was awarded the rank of general by Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain, and was a close confidant of the king.

Hugo was talented and began to write poems at the age of 9. "Reading Music" written at the age of 15 was awarded by the French Academy; At the age of 2, King Louis Stanislas Xavier gave him an annuity for publishing Odes and Miscellaneous Poems, a collection of poems.

in p>1827, Hugo published Cromwell and its preface. Although the script was not performed, the preface was regarded by < P > as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It has greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.

In p>183, Hugo's play "Onani" was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature.

"Onani" is a story about a Spanish robber of noble birth who rebelled against the king in the 16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and nobility and showed a strong anti-feudal tendency.

In July p>183, the "July Revolution" took place in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo warmly praised the revolution, praised the revolutionaries and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.

Notre Dame de Paris, published in p>1831, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is bizarre,

intense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.

The story happened in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsy artists performed songs and dances in the square. A gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She was beautiful and graceful in dancing.

At this time, Claude frollo, the vice bishop of Notre Dame, suddenly fell in love with the beautiful Merada, and his heart was burning with the fire of lust, and he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, and the ugly quasimodo snatched Esmeralda. As a result, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow and arrow, saved Esmeralda and captured quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square and flogged him, but the kind gypsy girl gave quasimodo water to drink.

Although the bell ringer is ugly in appearance, his heart is pure and noble. He is very grateful to Esmeralda and falls in love with her. Naive Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, frollo quietly followed. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away. Hermes Rada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo snatched Esmeralda from under the gallows and hid it in Notre Dame. frollo took the opportunity to threaten the gypsy girl to satisfy his lust. After being rejected, he handed her over to the king's army, and the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo angrily pushed frollo off the church and fell

to death. He hugged Esmeralda's body and died.

The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.

After the "July Revolution", France established the "July

Dynasty" ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by the financier Louis Philippe. The July dynasty kept wooing Hugo. In 1841, Hugo was elected to the French bachelor's college. In 1845, Louis Philippe made him a French aristocrat and became a member of the aristocratic college. Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in his creation weakened. In 1843, he wrote a mystical play "Garrison Officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 1 years without writing.

in June p>1848, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the Republic, Hugo became a firm pacifist. In December 1851, louis bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo took part in the anti-coup uprising organized by the Communist Party and the Communist Party. After louis bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established. He pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile.

exile?

Leo Tolstoy

Leo Tolstoy (1828 ~ 191) was a Russian writer. Born on September 9, 1828 in Wenxian County, Crapiz, Tula Province, Jasna Ya Pogliana (now Xiaojin District, Tula Province). Tolstoy's family is a noble family, whose pedigree can be traced back to the 16th century, and the distant ancestor was knighted from Peter I.. Father Count Nikolai ilych participated in the Great Patriotic War in 1812 and retired with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Mother Maria nikolayev is the daughter of Duke Nixie Volkonsky. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half and his father at the age of nine. In 1841, after the death of his guardian aunt, A.I. Osjian-Saken, he was transferred to the guardianship of his aunt, Pi.I. Yushko Wa, who lived in Kazan. So his family moved to Kazan.

Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education since childhood. In 1844, he was admitted to the Oriental Department of Kazan University, studied Turkish and Arabic, and prepared to be a diplomat. I failed the final exam and transferred to the law department the following year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and was obsessed with social life. At the same time, he became interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and read literary works extensively. In college, he has noticed the superiority of classmates from civilian background. In April 1847, he dropped out of school and returned to Jasna, Pogliana. This is his mother's dowry industry, which belonged to him when his brother analyzed the property, and he spent most of his long life here.

Character story:

After he returned to the manor, he tried to improve the life of farmers, but he failed because he could not get the trust of farmers. In April 1849, I went to Petersburg to take the Bachelor of Laws exam, and only took two courses.