As the earliest place to drink and produce coffee in the world, Arab coffee culture is as old as its coffee history. In the Arab region, people still have an ancient and long-standing tradition, paying attention to coffee drinking, no matter from the quality, drinking mode, drinking environment or mood of coffee.
In Arab countries, if a person is invited to someone's house for coffee, it is the most sincere respect for the host, and the invited guests should express their heartfelt thanks and responses. When guests come to the host's house, they should be polite. When tasting coffee, they should not only praise the mellow taste of coffee, but also remember not to drink water even if the mouth is full of coffee grounds, because that means that the guests are not satisfied with the host's coffee, which will greatly hurt the host's self-esteem and hospitality.
Arabs are very solemn when drinking coffee, and they also pay attention to the etiquette and procedures of drinking coffee. They have a traditional way of drinking coffee, much like the tea ceremony in China and Japan. Burn incense before drinking coffee, and sprinkle spices where you taste coffee. Then, the host and guests will appreciate the quality of coffee together, carefully study the color and aroma, and then take out exquisite and expensive coffee utensils for appreciation before cooking the fragrant coffee.
Coffee culture in Europe
In Europe, coffee culture can be said to be a very mature cultural form. From the entry of coffee into this continent to the appearance of the first coffee shop in Europe, coffee culture has developed at an extremely fast speed, showing great vitality.
In Vienna, Austria, coffee, music and waltz are also called "the three treasures of Vienna", which shows the far-reaching significance of coffee culture.
There is a famous Italian saying: "Men should be as strong and enthusiastic as good coffee!" How unusual it is to equate men with coffee.
Italians have a soft spot for coffee, and coffee has become the most basic and important factor in their lives. After getting up, the first thing Italians should do is to make a cup of coffee immediately. Men and women never leave their coffee cups from morning till night.
In France, if there is no coffee, it is as incredible as no wine. It can be said that the end of the world has arrived. It is said that at some time in history, the shortage of coffee in France caused many French people to be listless all day, which greatly affected the normal life of this country. 199 1 When the Gulf War broke out in, French people worried that the war would affect their daily lives and rushed to supermarkets to snap up goods. When the TV reporter aimed the camera at the people who snapped up the goods, the camera showed that the customers had a lot of coffee and sugar cubes, which became a joke for a while.
What the French pay attention to is not the quality and taste of coffee itself, but the environment and mood of drinking coffee, showing elegant taste, romantic style and poetic realm, just like those exquisite and moving works of art in the Louvre.
From the day coffee was introduced to France, the influence and shadow of coffee can be seen from time to time in French culture and art. Since the 7th century, many cultural and art salons have appeared in France, especially in the upper class of France, all of which were formed by drinking coffee. In these salons, inspired by coffee, writers, artists and philosophers spread their imagination and created countless literary masterpieces, leaving a batch of magnificent cultural treasures for the world.
Coffee culture in America
The United States is a young and dynamic country, and any cultural form in this country is just like itself, without imprisonment, without sticking to the old model and acting spontaneously, and the coffee culture in the United States is no exception.
Americans drink coffee as they please, without scruples, without European sentiment or Arab attention. They drink freely, comfortably, self-sufficient and aloof.
The United States is the country with the largest coffee consumption in the world. Americans drink coffee almost everywhere. Whether at home, school, office, public places or anywhere else, the aroma of coffee can be heard everywhere. It is said that the Apollo 13 spacecraft, which manned the moon for the first time, broke down on its way back. The ground commander in "Do or die" comforted the astronauts on the spaceship and said, "Don't be discouraged, delicious hot coffee is waiting for you!"
Coffee culture in the office
In some western companies, most companies will provide free coffee for employees and customers. In exquisite companies, several sets of high-grade coffee utensils should be placed, such as exquisite Italian coffee pots and exquisite English bone China coffee cups, which reflect the connotation of a corporate culture.
Providing free coffee to employees of the company is actually a humanistic concern of business owners, showing an affinity. But "there is no such thing as a free lunch", there is a saying in the west that the better the welfare and the stricter the management, the greater the workload of employees. Under the intense work pressure, it is undoubtedly a relief and enjoyment to have a cup of coffee and stretch in the rest area of the company, which bosses who know how to motivate employees have long thought of. Free coffee can be described as "doing great things with little money", which maximizes the physical and mental potential of employees and creates more benefits for the company and the boss. At the same time, it contacts the feelings of employers and employees, and also promotes the team concept of employees and achieves the purpose of mutual cooperation.
Coffee has become a symbol of corporate culture and the highlight of the office.
The legend of the origin of coffee
There are many versions of the legend about the origin of coffee, but there are only two popular ones, namely, the shepherd discovery theory and the Muslim discovery theory.
Shepherd's Discovery It is said that in Ethiopia in the 6th century A.D., a shepherd named Caldi found that his sheep were still full of energy and had no tiredness at night. Under the observation of the temple academician entrusted by the shepherd, it turned out that the sheep had eaten the red fruits in the bushes, so he took these fruits and distributed them to the monks in the temple. As a result, the monks were full of energy and didn't doze off at night, thus discovering coffee.
Islamists found that Homer, the chief exiled by his clan for crimes, wandered to Walumba in the Arab region in A.D. 1258. At this point, he was too hungry to walk. But God won't close one door, he will open another. Just as he was resting on the root of a tree, he found a bird sitting on a branch and singing happily. After careful observation, he found that the bird sang such a beautiful song only after eating the fruit on the branch. So he immediately picked all the fruits and cooked a pot of soup. Although I can't fly to the branches and sing like a bird after drinking, it also eliminates the feeling of physical and mental fatigue. The final outcome is naturally happy-the repentant and reformed chief finally got the forgiveness of his people, returned to his hometown and was honored as a saint.
But almost all historians agree that coffee originated in Kaffa, Ethiopia.
Classification of coffee
Coffee is called coffea in the biological genus. This genus is a member of Rubiaceae, with more than 500 species and more than 6000 species, most of which are tropical trees and shrubs.
From the consumer's point of view, coffee trees can be roughly divided into five types, among which Arabica and Robusta are more common.
Arabica species account for more than 70% of the world's total output, generally planted on hillsides above 900 meters above sea level, and mostly produced in tropical high-altitude areas such as Central and South America, East Africa, Southeast Asia and Hawaii. Corresponding to its pleasant aroma and rich taste, this tree species needs more artificial care and requires higher stability of temperature and humidity in the climate, so the price is naturally more expensive. Arabica is divided into many varieties under the original species, including ancient bourbon, and other excellent varieties such as Catuna, Catois, Taipika, etc. Planting countries generally adopt the above varieties, of course, it may also be purebred, hybrid or mixed-that is to say, planting different varieties in one manor. But there are some exceptions. Sumatra is unique to Sumatra, and an ancient planting country like Ethiopia has its own unique traditional varieties.
Robusta, who has strong adaptability to the environment, tastes ordinary and bitter. More importantly, the content of caffeine is 2-3 times that of Arabica. It generally grows on slopes with an altitude of 200 ~ 600 meters. It has low requirements for manual care and low price, and is mostly used for canned and instant coffee.
Main varieties and characteristics of coffee
Blue mountain coffee: produced in Jamaica, with strong aroma and lasting fruit flavor.
Colombian coffee: rich in nutrition, highly balanced and sometimes nutty.
Brazilian coffee: There are many kinds and tastes, but most of them are low acidity coffee with smooth taste.
Mantening coffee: produced in Sumatra, Indonesia, it is full of granules and contains syrup and chocolate flavor.
Mocha coffee: produced in Yemen, it is slightly fragrant, spicy and unique.
Java coffee: produced in Java, Indonesia, with full grains, spicy taste and moderate acidity.
Costa Rica Coffee: Excellent flavor, smoothness, strong acidity, high grade and attractive fragrance.
Kenyan coffee: aromatic, mellow, fruity and perfect in taste.
Coffee art and taste
The image of China tea is quiet and indifferent, and it is called a product; The image of American cola is enthusiastic and unrestrained, called drinking; On the other hand, coffee is tasted and drunk.
In leisure time, a cup of coffee can taste all kinds of life; When you are busy, a cup of coffee can drink the rhythm and mood of modern people.
French people's evaluation of coffee is: black as the devil, hot as hell, pure as an angel, sweet as love.
Americans live fast and drink coffee carelessly. Although they drink the highest amount of coffee in the world, they don't pay attention to the process of cooking or drinking. American coffee has a mild taste.
Most of the coffee made by Allah is packed in small and exquisite copper cups, and at the same time there are incense to add fun, which is the life interest of people in the desert.
Japan, which is famous for its tea ceremony, has a soft spot for coffee, but its coffee culture tends to develop into a set of well-behaved art like flower arrangement and tea ceremony.
Italians like a cup of high-strength coffee without sugar and milk. As soon as the locals entered the store, they put their money on the bar and a cup of Italian coffee was delivered immediately. They had a drink and added, "Very good, I like it." And then quietly left.
Coffee taste
The taste of coffee generally includes smell, taste and taste.
There are as many as 18 kinds of smells: animal, gray, burnt, chemical, chocolate, caramel, roasted sweet potatoes, mud, floral, fruit, grass, almond, sour, rubber, spicy, tobacco, alcohol and wood.
The most basic tastes are sour, bitter and sweet. Sour taste is a basic taste of coffee, which is caused by organic acids such as citric acid and malic acid. Secondly, the bitterness in coffee taste caused by caffeine, quinine and this alkaloid is another basic taste of coffee. Good coffee has a certain degree of bitterness. The sucrose and fructose contained in coffee produce the flavor of coffee, which is also an aspect of describing the flavor of coffee.
The third aspect of commenting on coffee is based on the taste. The first is a strong feeling. After drinking coffee, some are very strong, and the whole mouth feels full, which will disappear for a long time. This is an excellent coffee. Some coffee tastes like a glass of clear water, which is faint, without any feeling, and loses the rich aroma of coffee. Another taste of coffee is astringency, which is a particularly dry aftertaste that people don't like.
The era of coffee fashion and unrestrained expression
Tina, who is engaged in interior design, has lived in Guangzhou for several years and often goes to some elegant and personalized coffee shops around Tianhe East and North to taste pure coffee. Tina recently found a coffee utensil shop, and the owner will teach you how to brew Sweet Caffe and how to choose fashionable and practical coffee utensils. Such words and deeds can't help but make people completely fall in love with coffee. At present, coffee fashion has turned around in Guangzhou, a noisy city, and is freely revealed.
Have a cup of coffee "afternoon tea"
For office workers, it is difficult to have enough time to enjoy traditional afternoon tea, so the habit of drinking a short and comfortable "Western-style afternoon tea" is gradually spreading among office workers. At present, there are many chain-operated coffee houses where office buildings gather. Self-help and fast service and comfortable street space are favored. The coffee in these shops is simple and traditional, but there are no fewer than 20 varieties, plus more than a dozen western-style snacks, which is enough for you to match all kinds of "afternoon tea" packages. According to Adam, the business manager of Starbucks coffee shop, for normal people, they drink no more than 6 cups of coffee every day. When drinking coffee, adding food not only enriches the color of coffee, increases the fun of drinking coffee, but also tastes the coffee itself-each coffee has its own unique taste, and the proper combination of food will make the taste of coffee more intense. There is a basic principle in the collocation of coffee and food, that is, choose food with similar taste to set off the fragrance of coffee. In chain cafes, coffee is divided into two categories: single coffee and mixed coffee. The former tastes special, or fresh and soft, or mellow and smooth. Made from a single coffee bean from different origins, the cost is higher. The latter is a mixture of different coffee beans, such as cappuccino and caramel macchiato.
Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou cafes have sprung up like mushrooms after rain.
According to historical records, 1884 coffee was successfully planted in Taiwan Province province for the first time, which opened the prelude to the development of coffee in China. The earliest coffee cultivation in Chinese mainland began in Yunnan. At the beginning of the 20th century, a French missionary brought the first batch of coffee seedlings to Binchuan County, Yunnan Province. In the next hundred years, coffee cultivation in China, a vast country, was only "bit by bit". However, in recent years, the development of coffee cultivation and consumption in China has attracted more and more attention from the world. Maxwell, Nestle, Colombian and other international coffee companies have set up branches or factories in China to provide products with better varieties and more favorable prices for the China market. As a part of western lifestyle, coffee has officially entered the family and life of China people. With the growth of coffee culture, cafes in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other big cities have mushroomed, becoming a new consumption fashion for young people and decorating the urban customs.
Italian coffee has risen rapidly.
Materialists who love coffee, as soon as they enter a coffee shop, like to pay attention to coffee utensils with individuality and special forms. In York Coffee, which sells coffee and coffee utensils, they occupy a whole wall and several tables. They are a little arrogant and independent, standing in the leading role and watching the passers-by coming and going in the cafe. There is a strange harmony with the fate of coffee, and you will realize that you are a bit like coffee, and your temperament is as gentle as the liquid in the cup. While enjoying cups from Italy and Britain, bean mills from Taiwan Province Province, and coffee pots with various styles and characteristics, you can enjoy the strong coffee fragrance ... To run a coffee shop, the delicious and stable quality of coffee is very important. At present, the coffee provided by coffee houses is mainly Japanese and Italian. Japanese coffee emphasizes brewing a cup of original coffee by hand filtration, and adding condiments such as sugar and creamer according to personal preference, so that people who like coffee can really taste its fragrance and sweetness. Italian coffee has risen rapidly in recent years, and the most popular products are latte and cappuccino. In a cafe, you consume not only coffee, but also a mood and an amplified emotion. Coffee is a very personalized thing, and everyone's coffee is different.
Coffee music
Turn on the stereo when drinking coffee.
Let the music surround the smoked coffee.
Pure crisp feeling, but it feels more than that?
Jazz girl.
Chinese Name: Selected Jazz Actresses
English Name: Lady Jazz
Resource type: MP3!
Issue date: July 8, 2003
Album singer: various artists
Region: Other
Language: English, French
Cafe del Mar Ibiza, Volumes 5-8
Chinese name: cafe del Maribiza Vol.5-Vol.8
Resource type: MP3!
Album singer: various artists
Introduction:
1980 In early 1980, Del Mar Cafe was built on the coast of Ibiza, and its distinctive decorative buildings and charming sunsets immediately attracted many tourists. The music culture produced with beautiful scenery covers jazz, blues, classicism, electronics and so on. Since then, sunset and music have become a part of Delmar Cafe. At the end of 1980, a set of music collections published on tape began to be sold. 1994, the British electronic music brand React officially released its first CD with the theme of Delmar music in the cafe, which included the works of famous electronic music artists such as A Man named Adam in the underworld. With the success of this series, Cafe Del Mar Vol.2 and Vol.3 were launched in the summer of 1995 and 1996. Commercial success led British Polaroid Company to re-launch cafes in 1997 and 1998 respectively.
Del Mar Vol.4 and Vol.5, and the sales volume of these five series * * * is about 1.2 million copies. Today, Delmar Cafe is not only a representative of Ibiza, but also a synonym for a beautiful sunset. Now it has become a synonym for music and even a fashionable topic.
Planting and distribution of coffee trees in the world
Planting conditions of coffee trees
However, not all the land located in this area can cultivate excellent coffee trees. The ideal planting conditions of coffee trees are: the temperature is between 15-25℃, the annual rainfall must reach 1500-2000 mm, and the rainfall time should match the flowering cycle of coffee trees. Of course, in addition to the coordination of seasons and rainfall, there must be fertile soil. The most suitable soil for growing coffee is fertile soil with good drainage and volcanic ash.
In addition, although sunlight is an indispensable factor for the growth of coffee, too strong sunlight will affect the growth of coffee trees, so various producing areas usually cooperate to plant some shade trees, and generally plant more plants with higher trunks, such as bananas, mangoes and leguminous plants. The ideal altitude is 500-2000 meters. Therefore, Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee grown at an altitude of 800- 1200m has the best quality. It can be seen that the conditions for cultivating high-quality coffee are quite strict: sunshine, rainfall, soil, temperature, and the harvesting method and process of coffee beans will all affect the quality of coffee itself.
White flowers, red fruits
The first flowering period of coffee trees is about three years old. White five-petaled tubular flowers are scattered with faint jasmine fragrance, and the inflorescences are arranged in clusters. Flowers will wither after two or three days of flowering and begin to bear fruit in a few months. The fruit is drupe with a diameter of about 1.5 cm. First it was green, then it gradually turned yellow, and then it turned red when it matured. It is very similar to cherry, so it is called coffee cherry, and it can be picked at this time.
Coffee cherries contain two kinds of seeds, namely coffee beans. Two beans are connected face to face, one side of their plane. Every coffee bean has a common outer membrane called silver skin, and its outer layer is covered with a yellow skin called endocarp. The whole coffee bean is wrapped in viscous slurry to form coffee slurry, which is soft and sweet, and the outermost layer is the shell.
With the increase of time and processing procedures, the life of coffee will be shortened; Proper storage methods can prolong the shelf life of coffee.
Benefits:
1. Coffee contains some nutrients. Nicotinic acid in coffee contains vitamin B, and roasted coffee beans have higher content. But also free fatty acids, caffeine, tannic acid and so on.
2. Coffee is good for the skin. Coffee can promote metabolic function, activate digestive organs and play a great role in constipation. Bathing with coffee powder is a kind of hyperthermia, which has the function of losing weight.
3. Coffee has the function of relieving alcoholism. Drinking coffee after drinking will quickly oxidize acetaldehyde converted by alcohol, decompose it into water and carbon dioxide and excrete it.
4. Coffee can relieve fatigue. To eliminate fatigue, we must supplement nutrition, rest and sleep, and promote metabolic functions, and coffee has these functions.
Three cups of coffee a day can prevent gallstones. For caffeinated coffee, it can stimulate gallbladder contraction and reduce cholesterol which is easy to form gallstones in bile. Recently, researchers at Harvard University found that men who drink two or three cups of coffee a day have a lower risk of gallstones than 40%.
6. Drinking coffee regularly can prevent radiation injury. Radiation hazards, especially electrical radiation, have become the prominent pollution at present. Baba's Indian atomic researchers reached this conclusion in mouse experiments and said it can be applied to humans.
7. The health function of coffee. Coffee has the functions of resisting oxidation, protecting the heart, strengthening bones and muscles, benefiting the waist and knees, stimulating appetite, promoting eating, reducing fat and digestion, inducing resuscitation and removing dampness, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, calming wind and relieving spasm.
8. The influence of coffee on mood. Experiments show that the average person absorbs 300 mg (about 3 cups of brewed coffee) every day, which will have a good influence on a person's alertness and mood.
Disadvantages:
1. Make trouble when you are nervous.
Caffeine helps to improve alertness, sensitivity, memory and attention. But if you drink more coffee than you are used to, you will have the same dose of stimulants, which will cause tension. For people with anxiety tendency, caffeine can aggravate the symptoms of sweating, palpitation and tinnitus.
Aggravate hypertension
Caffeine is often combined with other simple painkillers because of its analgesic effect. However, if you take a lot of caffeine for a long time, if you already have high blood pressure, using a lot of caffeine will only make your situation worse. Because caffeine alone can raise blood pressure, if combined with emotional tension, it will have a dangerous multiplier effect. Therefore, people at risk of hypertension should especially avoid drinking caffeinated drinks when working pressure is high. Some people who drink coffee all the year round think they are immune to the effects of caffeine, but this is not the case. A study shows that after drinking a cup of coffee, the blood pressure can rise for as long as 12 hours.
3. Induced osteoporosis
Caffeine itself has a good diuretic effect. If you drink a lot of coffee for a long time, it will easily lead to bone loss, which will adversely affect the preservation of bone mass and may increase the threat of osteoporosis in women. However, the premise is that people who usually have insufficient calcium intake in food, or people who don't exercise often, and postmenopausal women, due to insufficient estrogen, calcium loss, coupled with a large amount of caffeine, may pose a threat to bones. If you can enjoy it in a reasonable amount, you can still do it without choking.
In addition, the following six kinds of people should not drink coffee:
Suffering from hypertension, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis and other diseases-drinking coffee for a long time or in large quantities can cause cardiovascular diseases.
Older women-coffee can reduce calcium and cause osteoporosis. After menopause, women need to supplement ten times as much calcium every day.
Patients with stomach trouble-drinking too much coffee will make stomach trouble worse.
Pregnant women-drinking too much coffee can lead to fetal malformation or miscarriage.
Vitamin B 1 deficiency-vitamin B 1 can keep the balance and stability of the nervous system, and coffee can destroy it.