To be said to be the most conflicting era in China, it must be the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Dickens wrote in "A Tale of Two Cities": ""It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. " This sentence is most appropriate when used in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. This is the darkest era in China, where intrigues, strife, betrayal, and disputes are all used to the extreme; this is the most brilliant era in China, where blending, metaphysics, and celebrities , Buddhism, everything has reached its peak. The Three Kingdoms, the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, the Five Husties, and the split between the north and the south happened here; the Seven Sons of Jian'an, the Zhengshi Famous Scholars, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest, and the Wei and Jin Dynasties... This is the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Jin. It is an era that makes people sigh, and it makes people feel excited. Why is it said that the Wei and Jin Dynasties are the darkest era in China? The beginning of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" says: Speaking of the general trend of the world, the history of China must be divided. Development always follows the rules of unity-division-unification, peace-war and peace. The Wei and Jin Dynasties were exactly at the turning point of division and war. First, both Wei and Jin were established through maneuvering and "dove occupying the magpie's nest". , lack of legitimacy. Wei first conquered the world and cleared the obstacles, and then directly replaced Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty to establish the country; Jin relied on Sima Yi, Sima Shi, and Sima Zhao to lay the foundation, and waited until Sima Yan replaced Emperor Yuan of Wei to establish the country. The methods of dynasty change are exactly the same. On the surface, they are abdication, but in fact they are stealing the country. Second, those in power promote Confucianism, but they are conspirators at heart. In the Qin and Han Dynasties before the Wei Dynasty, China practiced the Legalist spirit, although there was Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty. "" only respected Confucianism," but Confucianism was still in a dominant position, and the emperor still governed the country mainly by law. Cao Wei, in particular, was a model of ruling the country by law. However, in the Jin Dynasty, the Sima family changed its tune. , governed the country with Confucian ethics, and talked about benevolence and morality, but in fact they were full of male prostitutes and female thieves, thus creating the most deformed dynasty in Chinese history. The high-ranking royal relatives talked about the principles of Confucius and Mencius, but actually practiced the law of the jungle. Logic. Third, both the Cao family and the Sima family relied on power to "steal the country", so they were naturally wary of the gentry class, which resulted in unprecedented high pressure in terms of ideology and public opinion. A generation of celebrities and hidden knights said that they disagreed. Kill them. Kong Rong, Ji Kang and others have all become the enemies of those in power. This is true even for celebrities all over the world, and it is even more conceivable for ordinary people. This led to the white terror period in ancient China. Fourth, those in power. The Sima family has a dark heart and is cruel, as evidenced by the Eight Kings Rebellion. Seeing that the emperor was young, the queen mother invited the prince who was enfeoffed to kill the king and took over the power herself. As a result, after the prince killed the young prince, he also killed the queen mother, but Unexpectedly, he was also killed by his subordinates... Such bloody dramas were staged in the Jin Dynasty. If the royal family was like this, you can imagine the suffering of ordinary people. Fifth, the so-called evil in the heart will be humiliated outside. It was because of the internal struggle for power in the Sima family that led to the Rebellion of the Eight Kings and the decline of national power, which gave an opportunity for foreign invasion. As a result, the five Hu people, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Qiang, and Di, who had been active in the north for a long time, were defeated. The alliance of nomadic tribes moved south one after another, and established dozens of countries of various sizes over a period of more than 100 years. During this period, more than tens of thousands of Han people were massacred and robbed? It was the Han people who were known in history as the "Five Husbands". The darkest period of the nation. Should we curse or thank Wei and Jin? So, should we curse the Jin Dynasty established by Sima? Not really. Although the Sima Jin Dynasty was a mess, it was not without merit. At least it gave Chinese civilization a chance to achieve nirvana and be reborn. You can't help but ask: How can we talk about rebirth when the people are suffering like this? The actual situation is that although people are living under white terror and in dire straits, the multi-ethnic culture, great exchange of ideas, and great integration that have been spawned are of epoch-making significance. Many historians believe that the cultural prosperity during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was no less than that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Why is this? 1. Before the Wei and Jin Dynasties, China experienced hundreds of years of stability and peace during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Although there were brief wars at the end of the Qin Dynasty, generally speaking, the Han Dynasty was a unified country. As Confucius said, the world is deteriorating and people's hearts are not as old as they used to be. In a unified dynasty, there is no opposition force, or the opposition force is very weak. Over time, it will form a situation where opinions suppress other opinions, resulting in a monoculture phenomenon, just like Dong Zhongshu's "Depose all schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." . This is the blessing of the people, but it is the tragedy of the culture. 2. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the world was in ruins, especially the Wuhu chaos, and the Han nation was even more humiliated, but it also promoted the exchanges and exchanges of multi-ethnic cultures in a certain way. Integration, thus injecting fresh blood into the lifeless Han culture. As the saying goes, it is in this era that after absorbing the advantages of many Hu people’s national cultures, the Chinese culture ushered in the nirvana of the phoenix. 3. Civilization always develops in a spiral, and China is no exception. It was the chaos of Wei and Jin that caused Chinese culture to burst out with a strong desire for survival after a short period of depression and loss. In addition to passive multi-ethnic integration, Chinese culture has also completed the coordination of self-contradictions and conflicts. This is reflected in: the conflict between Legalism and Confucian morality, and the conflict between royal power and gentry power. In these conflicts, representatives of the China's advanced cultural ethnic group at that time, the gentry, was rising and eventually replaced the royal relatives and became an important force that dominated the course of Chinese history.

Because of this, we say that the Wei and Jin Dynasties ushered in a period of nirvana and rebirth of Chinese culture. So, in what aspects are the great cultural prosperity and great leaps reflected? 1. The rise of Wei and Jin styles and metaphysics. The Wei and Jin Dynasties were a turbulent era and an era of active thinking. The living environment of the emerging class, the gentry, was extremely harsh, but their personalities, thoughts, and behaviors were extremely confident, romantic, and free and easy, thus forming the style of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. In short, Wei and Jin style refers to the frank, willful, elegant and free style of celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Its external manifestations include drinking, taking drugs, talking and indulging in landscapes. Not to mention drinking. "The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" are all wine-drinking immortals, the most famous of which are Ruan Ji and Liu Ling. In order to stop Sima's matchmaking, Ruan Ji would get drunk for two months until Sima lost his patience and the marriage was called off. Liu Ling is even more powerful. This guy is known as the "Drunken Marquis" and once wrote "Ode to the Virtue of Wine". He is addicted to alcohol and often travels in the mountains and rivers in a deer cart. The only thing he brings with him is wine, and he also lets The man followed with a shovel and said an eternal famous saying: ""If I die drunk, you can bury me anywhere. "When talking about drug abuse, it does not refer to the current drugs, but refers specifically to the popular ""Viagra" at that time - Wushi Powder. What is Wushi Powder? As the name suggests, it is an elixir made from five kinds of ores. China Taoist alchemy has a long history. In the Han Dynasty, some people began to take it. It is said to have miraculous effects on elderly people with weak body and weak yang energy. After taking it, the whole body will become hot and energetic, so it is also called the "Viagra" of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Mr. Lu Xun In "The Relationship between Styles and Articles, Medicines and Wine in the Wei and Jin Dynasties", the theory of Wushi Powder was mentioned. It was a fashion among the rich at that time, but the poor could not afford it because they would get fever after taking Wushi Powder. People who take it tend to wear loose robes and long sleeves, so people who don't take it also start to dress up like celebrities. This is indeed a chronic drug. Because of its strong medicinal properties, many people go crazy and violent after taking it. The heat was so painful that many people died of poisoning. But why did people still flock to it? Given the situation at that time, they didn't dare to speak, let alone do anything. They could only take drugs to relieve their depression. Is it possible? Dead people can't control that much. Of course, they don't dare to discuss important matters in the court, but there is no harm in talking about everything. Therefore, in addition to taking drugs, talking has become a collective hobby of the scholar-bureaucrats, which also gave birth to China The most mysterious school in ancient times - metaphysics. Metaphysics was a trend of thought that respected Laozi and Zhuangzi in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Its representatives were He Yan, Wang Bi, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Xiang Xiu, Guo Xiang and others. They worshiped Laozi and Zhuangzi. 》 and "Book of Changes" as the model, called "Three Mysteries", which specializes in the study of some profound and far-reaching issues, mainly talking about the ""ultimate propositions"" of life philosophy such as existence and non-existence, the beginning and the end. 2. The prosperity of chanting poems and pastoral poems At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the talented woman Cai Wenji was inspired by the current situation and wrote two famous "Poems of Sorrow and Indignation", one is a five-character ancient poem, and the other is an autobiographical Li Sao style. The description of life and encounters, as well as the redemption and separation, expressed the poet's mixed feelings of sadness and joy when he heard that he was about to return to the south. This poem of embracing and emotions quickly aroused the enthusiasm of the scholars living in the white terror. *Ming. Poems about poetry became the mainstream of poetry development in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, from Jian'an's banquet poems (such as Cao Cao's "Dan Ge Xing"), Zuo Si's epic poems, miscellaneous poems (such as Cao Zhi and Tao Yuanming), and drinking poems (Tao Yuanming). , to Ruan Ji's "Poems of Ode to Love" and Ji Kang's "Poems of Indignation", the forms are different and the themes are diverse, but the thoughts they want to express are the same, that is, to express the poet's feelings and feelings about life, nature and the current situation. Worry. It has to be said that this was influenced by metaphysics. At the same time, because of the high-pressure rule of the Sima family, poets lived more like hermits while talking about metaphysics, which led to the rise of immortal poems and pastoral poems. The immortal poetry is represented by Guo Pu, while the pastoral poetry is represented by Tao Yuanming. 3. Beyond reality, the peak of ideals. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the reality was very skinny, but the ideals were full. Under the high-pressure rule of the Sima family, wars continued. The people were in dire straits, but the intellectuals surpassed the times in their ideals and reached peaks. For example, the scholars at that time advocated nature, opposed dogmatism and empiricism, pursued freedom, and had a spirit of bold questioning, which truly showed. It shows the noble character and integrity of Chinese nobles. Ruan Ji pretended to be drunk for two months in order not to join the Sima family; Ji Kang even died generously. The celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties also gave a hearty response to the decadent feudal ethics. For example, Liu Ling was walking naked in the courtyard. When people came to visit him, he said, "The world is my house, and the rooms are my clothes. Why did you get into my crotch?" It’s really ridiculous. 4. A great leap forward in Chinese aesthetic thought. It is this kind of celebrity style that advocates natural personality that made China's traditional aesthetic thought undergo a leap-forward change at this time. This period of history has also become one of the most creative eras in the history of Chinese aesthetics. Li Zehou wrote in "History of Chinese Aesthetics" that from then on ""aesthetics truly began to acquire its own character, identity and value". The influence of Wei and Jin metaphysics on poetry and later generations. Generally speaking, metaphysics, as a philosophy of life, will inevitably It affected the mentality of the scholars and caused corresponding changes in their life attitudes and aesthetics, which led to profound changes in the poetry of the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Under the influence of metaphysics, the Confucian outlook on life of making achievements was gradually diluted, and the metaphysical outlook on life of "letting nature take its course" gradually formed. Poems about immortals, metaphysical poems, landscape poems and pastoral poems gradually emerged as four main poetic themes. , which greatly expanded the expression form and scope of Chinese poetry. The theme of "Wandering Immortal Poems" is to describe the lives of immortals and their visits to fairyland. The first ones to write "Wandering Immortals" poems were Cao Zhi and his son. The establishment of the theme. The three Cao poets all had great ambitions to make great achievements. Most of the poems about immortals expressed the poet's dissatisfaction with reality and his desire for immortality. They were surreal and magical, but they reflected a positive tendency. Influenced by metaphysics' "advocating nature", the transcendental color of the poems about immortals gradually faded and developed in the direction of naturalization and reality. In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the poems about immortals represented by Guo Pu once again took a turn. It expresses the ideal of life that is seclusion from the world, showing the interweaving sentiment of immortality and mystery. Xuanyan poetry is a poem with the purpose of talking about mystery. Representative poets include Yu Liang, Huan Wen, Sun Chuo, Wang Xizhi, Liu Yan, etc. Among them, Sun Chuo, Xu Xun is respected as the "Wen Zong of the Generation". The characteristic of this type of poetry is that it uses metaphysics into poetry and is seriously divorced from real life. Therefore, it only appeared in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and did not develop into a major genre later. Landscape poetry is based on The subject matter is the description of landscapes, such as Cao Cao's "Viewing the Sea". The whole poem is about the scenery. The author's grandeur of expressing the world and the landscape are integrated. Under the influence of metaphysics, the aesthetic concepts of natural landscapes among celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties slowly emerged. With the changes, descriptions of scenery became more and more common in literature, and the representative figure was Xie Lingyun. Pastoral poems took pastoral scenery and pastoral life as their themes. With the formation of aesthetic consciousness, pastoral scenery has become an independent aesthetic object like mountains and rivers. Tao Yuanming created a large number of poems describing pastoral scenery and pastoral farming, making pastoral poetry an independent poetry form, and Tao Yuanming became the founder of pastoral poetry. What should Miao Xue learn from Wei and Jin metaphysics? What should Miao Xue learn from Wei and Jin metaphysics? 1. Wei and Jin metaphysics regard "Book of Changes", "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi" as its classics. , the core content involves various fields of philosophy, including ontology, theory of knowledge, philosophy of language, ethics and aesthetics, etc., which are issues that have never been touched or failed to be explored in depth by predecessors. Therefore, metaphysics also became a topic for celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. "The theoretical cornerstone of "perverse character". Yu Qiuyu said that the so-called Wei and Jin style is the collective personality of Wei and Jin celebrities, that is, natural personality. A major proposition of metaphysics is the relationship between nature and famous religions. Nature is the original nature of all things in the universe. Looks like. Mingjiao is a general term for the various levels and techniques established to adjust the relationship between people. It is also called etiquette and system. In the early stage of metaphysics, it was believed that Mingjiao is the end and nature is the foundation. Mingjiao comes from nature. , there is no contradiction between the two. In the era of Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, they believed that there was an essential conflict between Mingjiao and nature and could not be reconciled. Only by transcending etiquette and eliminating etiquette could human beings' natural temperament be restored. Therefore, the common thought of celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties is that nature is the most basic, and Mingjiao is established to serve people. If there is a conflict between the two, it is better to abandon Mingjiao and return to nature. To a certain extent, Miaoxue also advocates this. Only when people return to nature and get rid of the constraints of all kinds of complicated etiquette can they realize their maximum potential and achieve true transcendence. 2. Implement the concept of nothingness. Another important proposition of Wei and Jin metaphysics is the multi-layered relationship between existence and non-being. The origin of Confucianism is benevolence and righteousness, so the function of ritual is harmony. The origin of Taoism is nothingness, and its function is to use nature. In the early stage of metaphysics, it was believed that the so-called "nothing" is the source and ontology of the existence of all things in Central and European countries, and the so-called "you" is the specific existence of all things in the universe, including all the rules and regulations of human society. The former is the foundation, and the latter The former is substance, and the latter is function. There is no gap between existence and substance, and substance and function are inseparable. To study the science of seconds, it is also necessary to implement the concept of emptiness. The origin of everything in the universe is nothingness. , because it is empty, it cannot change and is eternal; while all concrete things are in constant change, so if you want to cultivate the Dao, you must understand the true nature of nothingness. 3. Oppose dogmatism. Jin celebrities were the most opposed to dogmatism. Although it cannot be said that they opposed feudal ethics, they also had a certain positive and progressive tone. For example, Ruan Ji, the ethics at that time prohibited communication between uncles and sisters-in-law, and they were not even allowed to meet, but Ruan Ji went out of his way to do so. When sending his sister-in-law out and back to her parents' home, the strangers did not interact with each other, but Ruan Ji went to ***'s shop to drink, and after drinking, he fell asleep next to *** to study in seconds. It should be like this. All systems and ethics are bound to people's minds. If you want to fully understand the true meaning of Miaoxue, the first thing to do is to break these constraints. 4. Only after you have achieved the above three points can you demand the liberation of your mind. The liberation of one’s mind is exactly the ultimate goal pursued by Miaoxue.